Physiological Psychology: Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Insula

A

• Important for taste and disgust

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2
Q

James-Lange Theory

A
  • The autonomic arousal and skeletal actions come first.
  • Frightening situation — Running away, increased heart rate — Fear
  • Arousal and actions lead to emotions, what he meant was the feeling aspect of an emotion.
  • Event — Appraisal (Cognitive) — Action (Behavioral aspect) — Emotional feeling
  • People with weak autonomic or skeletal responses should feel less emotion, or causing/increasing someone’s responses should enhance an emotion.
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3
Q

Pure Autonomic Failure

A
  • Output from the autonomic nervous system to the body fails either completely or almost completely.
  • Heart beat and other organ activities continue, but the nervous system no longer regulates them.
  • Lacks reflexes to constrict veins in the head, must stand slowly
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4
Q

Panic Attack

A
  • Marked by extreme sympathetic nervous system arousal.

* Rapid breathing in particular makes people worry that they are suffocating.

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5
Q

Möbius Syndrome

A

• Unable to move facial muscles to smile.

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6
Q

Behavioral Activation System (BAS)

A
  • Activity of the left hemisphere, especially its frontal and temporal lobes.
  • Marked by low to moderate autonomic arousal and a tendency to approach.
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7
Q

Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

A
  • Increased activity of the frontal and temporal lobes of the right hemisphere.
  • Increases attention and arousal, inhibits action, and stimulates emotions such as fear and disgust.
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8
Q

Hemispheres and Happiness

A
  • On the average, people with greater activity in the frontal cortex of the left hemisphere tend to be happier, more outgoing, and more fun-loving.
  • People with greater right hemisphere activity tend to be socially withdrawn, less satis- fied with life, and prone to unpleasant emotions.
  • The right hemisphere appears to be more responsive to emotional stimuli than the left.
  • Damage to the right temporal cortex have trouble identifying other people’s emotional expressions.
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9
Q

Prefrontal Cortex Damage and Decision Making

A
  • Damage to the prefrontal cortex affects decision making and blunts people’s emotions except for the occasional outburst of anger.
  • Often make impulsive decisions without pausing to consider the consequences.
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10
Q

Testosterone

A
  • Male aggressive behavior depends on testosterone.
  • Men fight more often than women, get arrested for violent crimes more often, shout insults at each other more often, and so forth.
  • Young adult men have more instances of aggression and violent crimes because of the higher levels of testosterone.
  • Affects different brain areas differently.
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11
Q

Aggression

A
  • Amygdala turns on aggression.

* Prefrontal cortex turns off aggression.

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12
Q

Serotonin and Aggression

A
  • Low levels of serotonin are related to aggression.
  • MAOa: Enzyme breaks down serotonin
  • More MAOa means less serotonin
  • Interaction between childhood maltreatment, high MAOa, and higher antisocial behavior.
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13
Q

Serotonin Turnover

A
  • Rate at which 5HT is being made, released, and taken back in to be used again.
  • Can be determined by measuring 5HIAA (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid).
  • Low turnover associated with violent and antisocial behavior.
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14
Q

5HIAA

A
  • Started out as serotonin and ends up in cerebrospinal fluid.
  • A spinal tap could measure 5HIAA levels.
  • High 5HIAA means high 5HT turnover.
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15
Q

Serotonergic Pathways to Prefrontal Cortex

A
  • Low 5HT impairs function of the prefrontal cortex – Aggression initiated in amygdala not suppressed.
  • Prozac (5HT agonist) increases activity of prefrontal cortex and reduces aggression.
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16
Q

Startle Reflex

A
  • The response to an unexpected loud noise.
  • Extremely fast.
  • Auditory information goes first to the cochlear nucleus in the medulla and from there directly to an area in the pons that commands the tensing of the muscles, especially the neck muscles.
  • Amygdala most important for enhancing the startle reflex.
17
Q

Urbach-Wiethe Disease

A

• Suffer skin lesions; many of them also accumulate calcium in the amygdala until it wastes away.

18
Q

Amygdala Damage

A
  • Interferes with the social judgments that we constantly make about other people.
  • Regard all faces as about equally trustworthy, and they approach people for help indiscriminately, instead of trying to find people who seem friendly.
  • Fail to focus their attention on emotional stimuli the way other people do.
19
Q

Anxiety

A
  • CCK increases anxiety.

* GABA inhibits anxiety.

20
Q

Anxiety-Reducing Drugs

A
  • Injections of CCK-stimulating drugs into the amygdala enhance the startle reflex.
  • Drugs that block GABA type B receptors can induce an outright panic.