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Physiological Psychology > Physiological Psychology: Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Physiological Psychology: Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sex Hormones

A

• Released mostly by gonads and to a lesser degree be adrenal glands affect the brain, genitalia, and other organs.

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2
Q

Two Types of Sex Hormones

A
  • Androgens (e.g. Testosterone)
  • Estrogens (e.g. Estradiol)
  • Both sexes have each.
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3
Q

Organizing Effects

A
  • Occur mostly at sensitive stages of prenatal development

* Determine whether the brain and body will develop male or female characteristics

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4
Q

Activating Effects

A

• Occur at any time of life and temporarily activate a particular response

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5
Q

Organizing Effects of Sex Hormones

A
  • Sexual differentiation begins with 23rd pair of chromosomes.
  • Female mammal has two X chromosomes, a male has an X and a Y.
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6
Q

Organizing Effects and Prenatal Development

A
  • Up to 7 weeks, XX and XY fetuses are identical

* Both have primitive gonads, Müllerian ducts and Wolffian ducts

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7
Q

Wolffian Ducts

A

• Precursors to other male internal reproductive organs: vas deferens, seminal vesicles

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8
Q

Müllerian Ducts

A

• Precursors to other female organs: oviducts, uterus, upper vagina

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9
Q

SRY Gene

A

• On the Y chromosome
• Causes primitive gonads to develop into testes and other internal male structures (e.g. testes)
• Testes produce androgens
• Androgens induce the development of external male sex organs
penis and scrotum

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10
Q

No SRY Gene

A
  • On the XX chromosome
  • Primitive gonads develop into ovaries and other internal female structures
  • Lack of androgen induces development of external female sex organs
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11
Q

Estrogens

A
  • Necessary for complete feminization as adult
  • XX ovaries do not release estrogens
  • Sex organs will be normal
  • Brain areas will be affected
  • Sexual behavior will be affected
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12
Q

Brain Differentiation

A
  • Sex hormones affect apoptosis (the way the brain strengthens some connections and gets rid of others)
  • Results in differences in size of brain structures in males and females
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13
Q

Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus (SDN)

A
  • In hypothalamus

* Larger in males, smaller in females

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14
Q

Brain Organization

A

• Hypothalamus in females generates cyclical pattern of hormone release.

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15
Q

Drug Effects during Prenatal Development

A
  • Does not affect XX as much as it affects XY
  • Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, some antipsychotics block androgen effects (feminize)
  • Substance used to line plastic bottles increase estrogens (feminize).
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16
Q

Turner’s Syndrome

A
  • X0; there is no second chromosome
  • Needs Y for testes, X for ovaries
  • Will appear female and have normal female sex organs, but they will not work properly internally
  • Will not go into puberty
17
Q

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

A
  • Affects XY
  • Testes develop and produce androgen but fetus is not responsive to it
  • Male internal and external sex organs do not develop
  • Appear female
  • Often caught at puberty
  • Don’t have ovaries
  • Do have testes (un-descended)
18
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

A

Excess androgens released by adrenal glands
Does not have an effect on XY
• Masculinizes XX
• Enlarged clitoris, fused labia
• In extreme cases, structures look like deformed penis and scrotum
• May be surgically altered to feminize
• There is sort of a continuum based on how much androgen is being secreted
• No testes, but there are ovaries

19
Q

CAH XX

A
  • Usually reared as females
  • Show “tomboy” behaviors
  • Girls draw more animate objects like people and dogs, boys tend to draw more inanimate objects such as trucks
  • Higher incidence of homosexuality and bisexuality
  • Alters brain development; hypothalamus develops in a more masculine way
  • Debate about rearing male
20
Q

Klinefelters Syndrome

A
  • XXY
  • Will have testes because of the Y chromosome
  • Males, but feminized
  • Smaller penis and testicles
  • Behaviorally shyer than most boys
  • May develop breasts at puberty
21
Q

XYY

A
  • Very masculine males
  • More muscle mass
  • Masculine features more prominent
  • Higher levels of testosterone
  • Assumed that more XYY males are incarcerated because of high levels of testosterone and its association with violence, though it was proven to not be true
22
Q

Activating Effects of Sex Hormones

A
  • Temporary effects that the hormones are going to have

* Sex hormones necessary for puberty

23
Q

Activating Effects of Sex Hormones in Males

A
  • Testosterone

* Oxytocin

24
Q

Testosterone

A
  • Highest levels from 15-25, but declines with age
  • Aggression
  • Sexual interest; not associated with impotence. 2 way relationship.
  • Has the same effects on females
  • Spatial skills; decrease as men age
  • Klinefelters males have poor spatial skills because they are feminized
25
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • Higher levels just after orgasm

* Promotes pair bonding (e.g. snuggling)

26
Q

Activating Effects of Sex Hormones in Females

A
  • More complex than males
  • Hypothalamus regulates cyclical variations
  • Estrogen
27
Q

Menstrual Cycle

A
  • FSH, LS, estradiol, progesterone
  • Pregnancy, birth, maternal behavior
  • Estrogen levels highest during ovulation (midway through cycle), causing increased sexual interest and a better chance of getting pregnant
28
Q

Estrogen

A
  • Increased levels associated with:
  • Temporary growth of dendritic spines (communication, learning)
  • Improved verbal memory
  • Improved fine motor skills
  • Impaired spatial skills
  • Enhanced mood, changed in monoamine receptors
29
Q

Gender Identity

A
  • Biology vs. Environment
  • Evidence from Intersexed individuals
  • Default is to rear as female
30
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasics

A
  • Most raised as females and identify as female

* More likely to adopt male gender identity the more male they looked at birth

31
Q

Androgen Insensitive

A
  • Genetically and chromosomally XY, but look female
  • Raised female and identify as female
  • Brain organized a female
32
Q

Delayed Penis Development

A
  • XY baby
  • Penis does not develop due to lack of dihydrotestosterone
  • Looks female at birth
  • Penis develops at puberty
  • Raised female until penis develops
  • Gender identity switches from female to male
  • Does not really have psychologically damaging effects

Physiological Psychology (9 decks)

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