Physiological and Acoustic Phonetics Flashcards
study of the use of instrumentation to study speech sound production
experimental phonetics
study of the anatomy and physiology of speech
physiological phonetics
a branch of phonetics dealing with the study of speech sound properties such as frequency, intensity, and duration
acoustic phonetics
study of the impact of variations in the acoustic characteristics of speech on perception
perceptual phonetics
use of a specialized alphabet to capture similarities and differences between speech sounds, and capture subtleties in speech sound production
descriptive phonetics
the study of the sound patterns of language
phonology
abstract representation of sound
phoneme
separate phones that are physical representations of the same phoneme
allophone
acceptability of sounds and sequences of sounds in the language
phonotactics
relative prominence of a syllable in the context of other syllables
stress
variations in pitch
intonation
suprasegmentals (3)
stress, intonation, juncture
2 types of vowels
monopthongs, dipthongs
vowels produced with relatively steady positioning of the articulators
monopthongs
vowels produced with the articulators changing from 1 position to another
dipthongs
manners of articulation (5)
stop nasal fricative affricate approximants (liquids, glides)
a consonant produced with complete stoppage of the airflow through the vocal tract, often with an audible burst of air on release
stop/plosive
a consonant produced with the airstream directed through the nose; a distinctive feature used to characterize those speech sounds made with lowered soft palate thus coupling the mouth cavity resonance with nasal cavity resonance
nasal
a consonant produced with partial blockage of the breath stream causing turbulence or friction during its production
fricative
a consonant that begins as a stop and is released as a fricative
affricate
a consonant sound that differs from another by voicing so that place and manner are the same whereas one sound is voiced and the other is voiceless
cognate
the friction noise usually heard on production originating at the level of the vocal folds
glottal fricative
a speech sound produced by allowing air pressure to build up behind the closed (adducted) vocal folds. When the folds are relaxed, the drop in breath pressure creates typical stop release
glottal stop
refers to a consonant made with the vocal tract airflow partially impeded so that turbulence is produced, or completely blocked
obstruents
obstruent sound classes
fricatives, affricates, stops
a consonant that is produced with mid-to-high frequency turbulence
sibilant
a sound produced with an unobstructed vocal tract, including the vowels, dipthongs, and semivowels
sonorant
a fricative or affricate that is produced by directing the airflow against a hard surface such as the back of the upper teeth, so that friction is produced; a distinctive feature characterizing those speech sounds produced by high frequency turbulence resulting from a constricted airflow that is directed against a surface or partial closure
strident
bilabial sounds
m,p,b,w
labiodental sounds
f,v
linguadental sounds
voiced and voiceless th
lingua-alveolar sounds
n, t, d, s, z, l
linguapalatal sounds
“Sh,” “dgg,” “ch,” “juh,” r, j
linguavelar sounds
“ng,” k, g
glottal sounds
h
nasal sounds
m, n, “ng”
stop/plosive sounds
p,b,t,d,k,g
fricative sounds
f,v, voiced and voiceless th, s,z,”sh,”“dgg,”h
affricate sounds
“ch,” “juh”
liquid sounds
l, r
glide sounds
w, j
vowel characterization dimensions (4)
lip position, tense/lax qualities, tongue height, tongue retraction
high front vowels
/I/ and /i/
mid front vowels
/e/ and “Eh”
low front vowels
“ae”
central vowels
stressed and unstressed “er,” stressed and unstressed “uh”
high back vowels
“ooo” and “ooh”
mid back vowels
“oh” and “aww”
low back vowels
“aaaa”
irregular sound wave, having no definite pattern of repeating cycles
aperiodic
noise generated from turbulent airflow upon release of some stop gestures, likely a function of the transition of the vocal folds from voicing to unvoicing and back to voicing
aspiration
a specified range of frequencies between the low and high pass cutoff frequencies to be passed effectively
Band-pass filter
the range of frequencies between the low and high pass cutoff frequencies
bandwidth
states that in a fluid under movement, the pressure exerted by a fluid on a surface decreases as the velocity of the fluid across the surface increases
Bernoulli effect
a sound wave consisting of two or more pure sounds
complex tone
the collisions of air molecules result in regions of increased density (high air pressure)
compression
an articulatory gesture in which the vocal tract constriction is incomplete and airflow continues.
continuant
continuant sound classes
fricatives, glides, liquids, and nasals
corner vowels
/i/ /ae/ “ooo” and “aaaa”
the characteristic resonances of the vocal tract
formant
the rate at which particles vibrate back and forth per second
frequency
the repetition frequency of a sine wave or a complex pattern
fundamental frequency
an integer multiple of the fundamental
harmonic
a numerical evaluation of the ratio of the energy in the fundamental and harmonics to the energy in the aperiodic, or noise component of the speech signal, averaged over a number of cycles
harmonic-to-noise ratio (H/N)
an acoustic filter that blocks the low-frequency components of a sound wave and allows the high-frequency components to be passed
High-pass filter
the non-volitional variability in the fundamental frequency as measured during sustained vowel production
jitter
Newton-meters, the metric unit of measurement for work
Joules (J)
an acoustic filter that blocks the high-frequency components of a sound wave, and allows the low-frequency components to be passed
Low-pass filter
the area of the smallest amplitude of vibration of a sound wave
node
a sound wave consisting of energy at a single periodic frequency
pure tone
regions of decreased density of air particles, caused by restorative force and momentum (lower air pressure)
rarefaction
the portion of the energy of a sound wave that returns back after meeting a boundary
reflected wave
the change in the speed and direction of a sound wave due to interaction with a boundary
refraction
a series of consecutive fundamental frequency values of approximately equivalent vocal quality.
register
the short-term variability in the amplitude of the acoustic waveform
shimmer
uniform circular motion. Periodic motion around a central equilibrium point
simple harmonic motion
the graphic representation of the frequency and intensity of the sound pressure wave as a function of time.
sound spectrography
the study of the acoustics, aerodynamics, and physiology of the production, transmission, and effects of speech.
Speech science
the distance traveled by one cycle of vibration
wavelength
kinetic energy+ potential energy =
total energy
true or false media with greater elasticity or lower density will transmit sound more quickly than media with lesser elasticity and greater density
true
inverse sound is expressed as force/area, however, the wave has a finite amount of force. The intensity varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source
inverse square law
What four things can happen when a sound wave strikes an object?
Reflection, Absorption, transmission, diffraction
