Physiological and Acoustic Phonetics Flashcards by Katie Kallenbach

study of the use of instrumentation to study speech sound production

experimental phonetics

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study of the anatomy and physiology of speech

physiological phonetics

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a branch of phonetics dealing with the study of speech sound properties such as frequency, intensity, and duration

acoustic phonetics

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study of the impact of variations in the acoustic characteristics of speech on perception

perceptual phonetics

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use of a specialized alphabet to capture similarities and differences between speech sounds, and capture subtleties in speech sound production

descriptive phonetics

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the study of the sound patterns of language

phonology

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abstract representation of sound

phoneme

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separate phones that are physical representations of the same phoneme

allophone

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acceptability of sounds and sequences of sounds in the language

phonotactics

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relative prominence of a syllable in the context of other syllables

stress

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variations in pitch

intonation

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suprasegmentals (3)

stress, intonation, juncture

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2 types of vowels

monopthongs, dipthongs

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vowels produced with relatively steady positioning of the articulators

monopthongs

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vowels produced with the articulators changing from 1 position to another

dipthongs

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manners of articulation (5)

stop
nasal
fricative
affricate
approximants (liquids, glides)

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a consonant produced with complete stoppage of the airflow through the vocal tract, often with an audible burst of air on release

stop/plosive

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a consonant produced with the airstream directed through the nose; a distinctive feature used to characterize those speech sounds made with lowered soft palate thus coupling the mouth cavity resonance with nasal cavity resonance

nasal

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a consonant produced with partial blockage of the breath stream causing turbulence or friction during its production

fricative

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a consonant that begins as a stop and is released as a fricative

affricate

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a consonant sound that differs from another by voicing so that place and manner are the same whereas one sound is voiced and the other is voiceless

cognate

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the friction noise usually heard on production originating at the level of the vocal folds

glottal fricative

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a speech sound produced by allowing air pressure to build up behind the closed (adducted) vocal folds. When the folds are relaxed, the drop in breath pressure creates typical stop release

glottal stop

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refers to a consonant made with the vocal tract airflow partially impeded so that turbulence is produced, or completely blocked

obstruents

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obstruent sound classes

fricatives, affricates, stops

a consonant that is produced with mid-to-high frequency turbulence

sibilant

a sound produced with an unobstructed vocal tract, including the vowels, dipthongs, and semivowels

sonorant

a fricative or affricate that is produced by directing the airflow against a hard surface such as the back of the upper teeth, so that friction is produced; a distinctive feature characterizing those speech sounds produced by high frequency turbulence resulting from a constricted airflow that is directed against a surface or partial closure

strident

bilabial sounds

m,p,b,w

labiodental sounds

f,v

linguadental sounds

voiced and voiceless th

lingua-alveolar sounds

n, t, d, s, z, l

linguapalatal sounds

"Sh," "dgg," "ch," "juh," r, j

linguavelar sounds

"ng," k, g

glottal sounds

nasal sounds

m, n, "ng"

stop/plosive sounds

p,b,t,d,k,g

fricative sounds

f,v, voiced and voiceless th, s,z,"sh,""dgg,"h

affricate sounds

"ch," "juh"

liquid sounds

l, r

glide sounds

w, j

vowel characterization dimensions (4)

lip position, tense/lax qualities, tongue height, tongue retraction

high front vowels

/I/ and /i/

mid front vowels

/e/ and "Eh"

low front vowels

"ae"

central vowels

stressed and unstressed "er," stressed and unstressed "uh"

high back vowels

"ooo" and "ooh"

mid back vowels

"oh" and "aww"

low back vowels

"aaaa"

irregular sound wave, having no definite pattern of repeating cycles

aperiodic

noise generated from turbulent airflow upon release of some stop gestures, likely a function of the transition of the vocal folds from voicing to unvoicing and back to voicing

aspiration

a specified range of frequencies between the low and high pass cutoff frequencies to be passed effectively

Band-pass filter

the range of frequencies between the low and high pass cutoff frequencies

bandwidth

states that in a fluid under movement, the pressure exerted by a fluid on a surface decreases as the velocity of the fluid across the surface increases

Bernoulli effect

a sound wave consisting of two or more pure sounds

complex tone

the collisions of air molecules result in regions of increased density (high air pressure)

compression

an articulatory gesture in which the vocal tract constriction is incomplete and airflow continues.

continuant

continuant sound classes

fricatives, glides, liquids, and nasals

corner vowels

/i/ /ae/ "ooo" and "aaaa"

the characteristic resonances of the vocal tract

formant

the rate at which particles vibrate back and forth per second

frequency

the repetition frequency of a sine wave or a complex pattern

fundamental frequency

an integer multiple of the fundamental

harmonic

a numerical evaluation of the ratio of the energy in the fundamental and harmonics to the energy in the aperiodic, or noise component of the speech signal, averaged over a number of cycles

harmonic-to-noise ratio (H/N)

an acoustic filter that blocks the low-frequency components of a sound wave and allows the high-frequency components to be passed

High-pass filter

the non-volitional variability in the fundamental frequency as measured during sustained vowel production

jitter

Newton-meters, the metric unit of measurement for work

Joules (J)

an acoustic filter that blocks the high-frequency components of a sound wave, and allows the low-frequency components to be passed

Low-pass filter

the area of the smallest amplitude of vibration of a sound wave

node

a sound wave consisting of energy at a single periodic frequency

pure tone

regions of decreased density of air particles, caused by restorative force and momentum (lower air pressure)

rarefaction

the portion of the energy of a sound wave that returns back after meeting a boundary

reflected wave

the change in the speed and direction of a sound wave due to interaction with a boundary

refraction

a series of consecutive fundamental frequency values of approximately equivalent vocal quality.

the short-term variability in the amplitude of the acoustic waveform

shimmer

uniform circular motion. Periodic motion around a central equilibrium point

simple harmonic motion

the graphic representation of the frequency and intensity of the sound pressure wave as a function of time.

sound spectrography

the study of the acoustics, aerodynamics, and physiology of the production, transmission, and effects of speech.

Speech science

the distance traveled by one cycle of vibration

wavelength

kinetic energy+ potential energy =

total energy

true or false media with greater elasticity or lower density will transmit sound more quickly than media with lesser elasticity and greater density

true

inverse sound is expressed as force/area, however, the wave has a finite amount of force. The intensity varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source

inverse square law

What four things can happen when a sound wave strikes an object?

Reflection, Absorption, transmission, diffraction