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Praxis > Physiological and Acoustic Phonetics > Flashcards

Physiological and Acoustic Phonetics Flashcards

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1
Q

study of the use of instrumentation to study speech sound production

A

experimental phonetics

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2
Q

study of the anatomy and physiology of speech

A

physiological phonetics

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3
Q

a branch of phonetics dealing with the study of speech sound properties such as frequency, intensity, and duration

A

acoustic phonetics

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4
Q

study of the impact of variations in the acoustic characteristics of speech on perception

A

perceptual phonetics

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5
Q

use of a specialized alphabet to capture similarities and differences between speech sounds, and capture subtleties in speech sound production

A

descriptive phonetics

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6
Q

the study of the sound patterns of language

A

phonology

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7
Q

abstract representation of sound

A

phoneme

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8
Q

separate phones that are physical representations of the same phoneme

A

allophone

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9
Q

acceptability of sounds and sequences of sounds in the language

A

phonotactics

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10
Q

relative prominence of a syllable in the context of other syllables

A

stress

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11
Q

variations in pitch

A

intonation

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12
Q

suprasegmentals (3)

A

stress, intonation, juncture

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13
Q

2 types of vowels

A

monopthongs, dipthongs

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14
Q

vowels produced with relatively steady positioning of the articulators

A

monopthongs

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15
Q

vowels produced with the articulators changing from 1 position to another

A

dipthongs

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16
Q

manners of articulation (5)

A 
stop
nasal
fricative
affricate
approximants (liquids, glides)
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17
Q

a consonant produced with complete stoppage of the airflow through the vocal tract, often with an audible burst of air on release

A

stop/plosive

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18
Q

a consonant produced with the airstream directed through the nose; a distinctive feature used to characterize those speech sounds made with lowered soft palate thus coupling the mouth cavity resonance with nasal cavity resonance

A

nasal

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19
Q

a consonant produced with partial blockage of the breath stream causing turbulence or friction during its production

A

fricative

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20
Q

a consonant that begins as a stop and is released as a fricative

A

affricate

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21
Q

a consonant sound that differs from another by voicing so that place and manner are the same whereas one sound is voiced and the other is voiceless

A

cognate

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22
Q

the friction noise usually heard on production originating at the level of the vocal folds

A

glottal fricative

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23
Q

a speech sound produced by allowing air pressure to build up behind the closed (adducted) vocal folds. When the folds are relaxed, the drop in breath pressure creates typical stop release

A

glottal stop

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24
Q

refers to a consonant made with the vocal tract airflow partially impeded so that turbulence is produced, or completely blocked

A

obstruents

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25
Q

obstruent sound classes

A

fricatives, affricates, stops

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26
Q

a consonant that is produced with mid-to-high frequency turbulence

A

sibilant

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27
Q

a sound produced with an unobstructed vocal tract, including the vowels, dipthongs, and semivowels

A

sonorant

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28
Q

a fricative or affricate that is produced by directing the airflow against a hard surface such as the back of the upper teeth, so that friction is produced; a distinctive feature characterizing those speech sounds produced by high frequency turbulence resulting from a constricted airflow that is directed against a surface or partial closure

A

strident

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29
Q

bilabial sounds

A

m,p,b,w

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30
Q

labiodental sounds

A

f,v

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31
Q

linguadental sounds

A

voiced and voiceless th

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32
Q

lingua-alveolar sounds

A

n, t, d, s, z, l

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33
Q

linguapalatal sounds

A

“Sh,” “dgg,” “ch,” “juh,” r, j

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34
Q

linguavelar sounds

A

“ng,” k, g

35
Q

glottal sounds

A

h

36
Q

nasal sounds

A

m, n, “ng”

37
Q

stop/plosive sounds

A

p,b,t,d,k,g

38
Q

fricative sounds

A

f,v, voiced and voiceless th, s,z,”sh,”“dgg,”h

39
Q

affricate sounds

A

“ch,” “juh”

40
Q

liquid sounds

A

l, r

41
Q

glide sounds

A

w, j

42
Q

vowel characterization dimensions (4)

A

lip position, tense/lax qualities, tongue height, tongue retraction

43
Q

high front vowels

A

/I/ and /i/

44
Q

mid front vowels

A

/e/ and “Eh”

45
Q

low front vowels

A

“ae”

46
Q

central vowels

A

stressed and unstressed “er,” stressed and unstressed “uh”

47
Q

high back vowels

A

“ooo” and “ooh”

48
Q

mid back vowels

A

“oh” and “aww”

49
Q

low back vowels

A

“aaaa”

50
Q

irregular sound wave, having no definite pattern of repeating cycles

A

aperiodic

51
Q

noise generated from turbulent airflow upon release of some stop gestures, likely a function of the transition of the vocal folds from voicing to unvoicing and back to voicing

A

aspiration

52
Q

a specified range of frequencies between the low and high pass cutoff frequencies to be passed effectively

A

Band-pass filter

53
Q

the range of frequencies between the low and high pass cutoff frequencies

A

bandwidth

54
Q

states that in a fluid under movement, the pressure exerted by a fluid on a surface decreases as the velocity of the fluid across the surface increases

A

Bernoulli effect

55
Q

a sound wave consisting of two or more pure sounds

A

complex tone

56
Q

the collisions of air molecules result in regions of increased density (high air pressure)

A

compression

57
Q

an articulatory gesture in which the vocal tract constriction is incomplete and airflow continues.

A

continuant

58
Q

continuant sound classes

A

fricatives, glides, liquids, and nasals

59
Q

corner vowels

A

/i/ /ae/ “ooo” and “aaaa”

60
Q

the characteristic resonances of the vocal tract

A

formant

61
Q

the rate at which particles vibrate back and forth per second

A

frequency

62
Q

the repetition frequency of a sine wave or a complex pattern

A

fundamental frequency

63
Q

an integer multiple of the fundamental

A

harmonic

64
Q

a numerical evaluation of the ratio of the energy in the fundamental and harmonics to the energy in the aperiodic, or noise component of the speech signal, averaged over a number of cycles

A

harmonic-to-noise ratio (H/N)

65
Q

an acoustic filter that blocks the low-frequency components of a sound wave and allows the high-frequency components to be passed

A

High-pass filter

66
Q

the non-volitional variability in the fundamental frequency as measured during sustained vowel production

A

jitter

67
Q

Newton-meters, the metric unit of measurement for work

A

Joules (J)

68
Q

an acoustic filter that blocks the high-frequency components of a sound wave, and allows the low-frequency components to be passed

A

Low-pass filter

69
Q

the area of the smallest amplitude of vibration of a sound wave

A

node

70
Q

a sound wave consisting of energy at a single periodic frequency

A

pure tone

71
Q

regions of decreased density of air particles, caused by restorative force and momentum (lower air pressure)

A

rarefaction

72
Q

the portion of the energy of a sound wave that returns back after meeting a boundary

A

reflected wave

73
Q

the change in the speed and direction of a sound wave due to interaction with a boundary

A

refraction

74
Q

a series of consecutive fundamental frequency values of approximately equivalent vocal quality.

A

register

75
Q

the short-term variability in the amplitude of the acoustic waveform

A

shimmer

76
Q

uniform circular motion. Periodic motion around a central equilibrium point

A

simple harmonic motion

77
Q

the graphic representation of the frequency and intensity of the sound pressure wave as a function of time.

A

sound spectrography

78
Q

the study of the acoustics, aerodynamics, and physiology of the production, transmission, and effects of speech.

A

Speech science

79
Q

the distance traveled by one cycle of vibration

A

wavelength

80
Q

kinetic energy+ potential energy =

A

total energy

81
Q

true or false media with greater elasticity or lower density will transmit sound more quickly than media with lesser elasticity and greater density

A

true

82
Q

inverse sound is expressed as force/area, however, the wave has a finite amount of force. The intensity varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source

A

inverse square law

83
Q

What four things can happen when a sound wave strikes an object?

A

Reflection, Absorption, transmission, diffraction

Praxis (13 decks)

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