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Praxis > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles of adduction (2)

A
  • laryngeal cricoarytenoid
  • transverse arytenoid
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1
Q

CN X (2)

A
  • Vagus
  • larynx, respiratory, cardiac, and gastrointestinal systems (sensory and motor)
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2
Q

the effect dictating that, given a constant volume flow of air or fluid, at a point of constriction there will be a decrease in air or fluid pressure perpendicular to the flow and an increase in velocity of the flow

A

Bernoulli effect

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3
Q

the opening into the scal vestibuli to which the footplate of stapes is attached

A

oval window

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4
Q

the process of a neuron that conducts information away from the soma or body

A

axon

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5
Q

the final bone of the ossicular chain

A

stapes

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5
Q

the membranous separation between the outer and middle ear, responsible for initiating the mechanical impedance-matching process of the middle ear

A

tympanic membrane

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6
Q

regions of myelinated fibes in which there is no myelin

A

nodes of Ranvier

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7
Q

portion of cochlear duct upon which organ of Corti is attached

A

basilar membrane

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7
Q

the waxy secretion in the external auditory meatus

A

cerumen

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7
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens

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8
Q

the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe; the point at which execution of voluntary motor acts is initiated

A

motor strip

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8
Q

CN VIII

A
  • Vestibulocochlear
  • hearing and balance (sensory)
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9
Q

The laryngopharynx and the oropharynx add resonance to sounds produced by the larynx. the nasopharynx adds noticeable resonance to which sounds? (3)

A
  • m
  • n
  • ng
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10
Q

muscle of the middle ear that acts on the stapes

A

stapedius

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11
Q

middle ear muscle acting on the malleus

A

tensor tympani

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12
Q

fatty sheath surrounding axons of some nerves

A

myelin

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12
Q

cartilage that forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx and protects the larynx

A

thyroid cartilage

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13
Q

Extrinsic laryngeal muscles

suprahyoid muscles (8)

A
  • located above the hyoid bone
  • primary function is elevation of the larynx
  • digastrics
  • geniohyoids
  • mylohyoids
  • stylohyoids
  • hyoglossus
  • genioglossus
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14
Q

the membranous chochlear labyrinth, housing the sensory organs of the inner ear

A

cochlear duct

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14
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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15
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear

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15
Q
  • The U shaped bone from which the larynx is suspended
  • floats under the mandible or lower jaw
  • muscles of the tongue and variosu muscles of the mandible, skull, and larynx are attached to this bone
A

hyoid bone

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15
Q

CN XI (2)

A
  • Accessory
  • shoulder, arm, and throat movements (motor)
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16
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear

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17
Q

the respiratory passageway form the larynx to the oral and nasal cavities

A

pharynx

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18
Q

abnormal dilation or ballooning of a blood vessel (typically an artery)

A

aneurysm

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19
Q

same side

A

ipsilateral

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20
Q

muscles that tense vocal folds (2)

A
  • cricothyroid
  • thyrovocalis
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21
Q

fluid originating in the choroid plexuses of the ventricles, and providing a cushion to the brian structures

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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22
Q

air pressure generated by the respiratory system beneath the level of the vocal folds

A

subglottal pressure

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22
Q
  • small cone shaped cartilages
  • cartilages that sit on the apex of the arytenoids
  • assist in reducing the laryngeal opeing when a person is swallowing
A

corniculate cartilages

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23
Q

neurotransmiter involved in communication among several classes of neurons and between nerve and muscle

A

Acetylcholine (AcH)

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23
Q
  • some consider to be the uppermost tracheal ring
  • cartilage is linked with the thyroid cartilage and the paired arytenoid cartilages
  • compleely surrounds the trachea
A

cricoid cartilage

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24
Q

pertaining to the brainstem

A

bulbar

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24
Q

sensory organ of hearing within inner ear

A

organ of corti

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24
Q

Diaphragm

A

Inspiration

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26
Q

malocculusion in which there is normal orientation of the molars, but an abnormal orientation of the incisors

A

Class I malocclusion

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27
Q

the membranous structure overlying the hair cells fo the cochlea

A

tectorial membraneeeee

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28
Q

CN IX (3)

A
  • Glossopharyngeal
  • tongue and pharynx (sensory)
  • pharynx only (motor)
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29
Q

Muscles that contribute to velopharyngeal closure through tensing or elevating the velum are the: (3)

A
  • palatoglossus
  • tensor veli palatini
  • levator veli palatini
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30
Q

Extrinsic laryngeal muscles (3)

A
  • primary function is to support the larynx and fix its position
  • have one attachment to a structure within the larynx, one attachment to a structure outside the larynx
  • all are attached to the hyoid bone and loweer or raise the position of the larynx within the neck
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31
Q

the saccules within the end bouton of an axon, containing neurotransmitter substance

A

synaptic vesicles

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31
Q

connective tissue attaching muscle to bone or cartilage

A

tendon

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33
Q

Speech is typically produced on inhalation or exhalation

A

exhalation

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34
Q

pertaining to the cheek

A

buccal

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35
Q

the region of the pharynx bounded posteriorly by the faucial pillars, superiorly by the velum, and inferiorly by the epiglottis

A

oropharynx

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35
Q

Four lobes of the cerebrum

A
  • occipital
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • temporal
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37
Q

entrance to the ear canal

A

concha

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38
Q

anterior four teeth of the dentl arch

A

incisors

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38
Q

middle bone of the ossicular chain of middle ear

A

Incus

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39
Q

lymphoid tissue within the nasopharynx

A

adenoids

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39
Q

theory of vocal fold function that acounts for phonation through the lawful interplay of tissue mass, elasticity, and aerodynamic principles

A

myoelastic-aerodynamic theory

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40
Q

rectus abdominus

A

expiration

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40
Q
  • small, pyramid-shaped cartialges connected to the criocoid through the cricoarytenoid joint, which permits sliding and circular movements
A

arytenoid cartilages

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41
Q

canals of the vestibular system, responsible for sensation of movement of the head in space

A

semicircular canals

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43
Q

the two major branches from the trachea leading to right and left lungs

A

bronchi

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44
Q

the obstruction of a blood vessel by an object or clot

A

embolism

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45
Q

the quality of a materail that causes it to return to its original positon after being distended

A

elasticity

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46
Q

the peripheral cavity of the cochlea that communicates with the middle ear via the round window

A

scala tympani

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48
Q

small opening between the scala vestibuli and the subarachnoid space of the cranial cavity

A

cochlear aqueduct

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49
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

inspiration

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49
Q

respiration relies on the muscles of inspiration and expiration. The thick, dome-shaped muscle that separates the abdomen from th thorax is called the

A

diaphragm

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50
Q
  • protective structure
  • leaf shaped piece of cartilage medial to the thyroid cartilae and hyoid bone
  • during swallowing, drops to cover the orifice of the larynx
A

epiglottis

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51
Q

Brodmann areas 44 and 45 of the dominant cerebral hemisphere, maybe responsible for motor planning for speech and components of expressive language

A

Broca’s area

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52
Q

CN II

A

Optic

52
Q

Cranial nerves most critical to speech, language, and hearing (7)

A
  • V
  • VII
  • VIII
  • IX
  • X
  • XI
  • XII
53
Q

relationship between upper and lower dental arches in which the first molar of the mandibular arch is one-half tooth advanced beyond the maxillary molar

A

Class I occlusion

54
Q

the neurons that transmit information away from the brain are called:

A

efferent neurons

55
Q

the bony portion of the rof of the mouth, made up of the palatal processes of the maxillae and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones

A

hard palate

56
Q

How many vertebrae are there total?

A

32-33

57
Q

Muscle of abduction

A

posterior cricoarytenoid

58
Q

carrying towar a central loction; generally, sensory nerve impulses

A

afferent

58
Q

cell bodies and dendrites of neurons

A

gray matter

59
Q

body in horizontal position with face up

A

supine

60
Q

CN I

A

olfactory

62
Q

external ear canal, terminating at the tympanic membrane

A

external auditory meatus

63
Q

the peripheral cavity of the cochlea that communicates with the middle ear via the vestibule and oval window

A

scala vestibuli

64
Q

the space between he true vocal folds

A

glottis

64
Q

the central nervous system structures responsible for mediation of motivation and arousal, including thehippocampus, amygdala, dentate gyrus, cingulate gyrus, and fornix

A

limbic system

66
Q

originating on the opposite side

A

contralateral

67
Q

These are composed of a ring of connective tissue and muscle extending from the tips of the arytenoid cartilages to the larynx. They separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and heps preserve the airway

A

aryepiglottic folds

69
Q

nuclei deep within the cerebral hemispheres, involved in movement initiation and termination, and including the caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, amydala, and claustrum

A

Basal ganglia

70
Q

When a person is producing voiced and voiceless /th/, the muscle that is most involved is the:

A

genioglossus

72
Q

connective tissue embedded in matrix, capable of withstanding significant compressive and tensile forces

A

Cartilage

73
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor

74
Q

lattimus dorsi

A

expiration

74
Q

transversus abdominus

A

expiration

75
Q

Extrinsic laryngeal, infrahyoid, and suprahyoid muscles innervated by (4)

A
  • V
  • VII
  • XII
  • X
77
Q

grasping by th toes upon light stimulation of the sole of the foot

A

plantar grasp reflex

79
Q

auricle, making up the readily visible portion of the outer ear

A

pinna

80
Q

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles (7)

A
  • Primaily responsible for controling sound production
  • thyroarytenoids
  • lateral cricoarytenoids
  • transverse arytenoids
  • oblique arytenoids
  • cricothyroids
  • posterior cricoarytenoids
81
Q
  • tiny cone shaped cartilages
  • located under the mucous membrane that covers the aryepiclottic folds
  • serve to stiffen or tense the aryepiglottic folds
A

The cuneiform cartilages

81
Q

extrinsic laryngeal muscles

infrahyoid muscles

A
  • lie below the hyoid bone
  • primary function is depression of the larynx
  • thyrohyoids
  • omohyoids
  • sternothyroids
  • sternohyoids
83
Q

toward the tail or coccyx

A

caudal

85
Q

the membranous separation between the otuer and middle ear, responsible for initiating the mechanical impedance- matching process of the middle ear

A

ear drum

86
Q

a flaccid portion of the tympanic membrane in the superior region

A

pars flaccida

87
Q

The structure that regulates body posture, equilibrium, and coordinated fine-motor movements is the

A

cerebellum

88
Q

the process of a neuron that transmits information to the cell body

A

dendrites

89
Q

relationship between upper and lower dental arches in which thef irst mandibular molar is advanced farther than one tooth beyond the first maxillary molar

A

Class III malocclusion

90
Q

pectoralis major

A

inspiration

91
Q

regions of the cerebral hemisphere, identified by numeric characterization based upon functional and anatomical organization

A

Brodmann areas

93
Q

the final common neurological pathway leading to the muscle, including the anterior horn cell of the spinal cord, nerve roots, and nerves

A

lower motor neuron

94
Q

initial brainstem nucleus of the auditory pathway, found within the pons, and subdivided into anteroventral, posteroventral, and dorsal cochlear nuclei

A

cochlear nucleus

96
Q

Literally, “little man”; referring to the spatiotopic array of fiber distrubution along the cnetral sulcas, representing body parts served by the cortical region

A

homunculus

97
Q

embryonic division of the brain from which the pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata ultimately arise

A

rhombencephalon

98
Q

the middle space of the cochlea created by the membranous labyrinth, containing the sensory organ of hearing

A

scala media

99
Q

The structureat the inferior portion of the tongue that connects the tongue with the mandible is called the

A

lingual frenum

101
Q

sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expeiratory reserve volume, and residual volume

A

total lung capacity

102
Q

process of impounding air within the lungs through inhalation and forceful vocal fold adduction that results in increased intra-abdominal pressure

A

abdominal fixation

104
Q

coursing from the middle ear space to the nasopharynx; responsile for aeration of the middle ear

A

eustachian tube

105
Q

key cartilages of the larynx (3)

A
  • thyroid
  • cricoid
  • arytenoid
106
Q

Brodmann area 4

A

primary motor cortex

108
Q

the posterior three teeth of the mature dental arch, used for grinding

A

molars

109
Q

Mostpharyngeal muscles are innervated by cranial nerves (2)

A
  • X
  • XI
109
Q

The primary muscle of the lips is the

A

orbicularis oris

111
Q

membranous separation between scala vestibuli and scala media

A

Reissner’s membrane

112
Q

three layers of vocal folds

A
  • epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • vocalis muscle
113
Q

The cranial nerve that innervates the larynx and also innervates the levator veli palatini, palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscle is:

A

cranial nerve X, the vagus nerve

114
Q

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles innervated by

A
  • X, vagus
116
Q

motor neurons involved in activation of the majority of skeletal musculature

A

alpha motor neurons

117
Q

CN VII (3)

A
  • Facial
  • tongue (sensory)
  • face (motor)
118
Q

the smallwer of the vestibular sensory mechanisms housed within the vestibule of the inner ear

A

saccule

119
Q

Brodmann areas 3,1, and 2

A

somatosensory cortex

120
Q

the corpus striatum is composed of three nuclear masses which are the:

A
  • globus pallidus
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
122
Q

what are the two primary categories of respiratory muscles?

A
  • thoracic muscles of inspiration
  • abdominal muscles of expiration
123
Q

a section dividng the body intor front and back halves

A

coronal section

124
Q

connective tissue impregnated with fat cells

A

adipose

125
Q

the law stating that given a gas of constant temperature, an increase in the volume of the chamber in which the gas is contained will cause a decrease in air pressure

A

Boyle’s Law

126
Q

Parts of the brainstem (3)

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
128
Q

sensory receptors sensitive to mechanical stimulation such as pressure upon the skin

A

mechanoreceptors

130
Q

area 41 of the temporal lobe; the primary reception area for auditory sense

A

Heschl’s gyrus

131
Q

minute blood vessel

A

capillary

132
Q

the condition wherein the incisors of upper and lower dental arches show a vertical gap due to malocclusion of the psoterior arch that prohibits anterior contact

A

persistent open bite

133
Q

the anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to the: (2)

A
  • corpus callosum
  • basal ganglia
135
Q

divides body or body part into right and left

A

sagittal

137
Q

oxygen deficiency

A

hypoxic

138
Q

microscopic cellular structures that provide the energy source for a cell

A

mitochondria

139
Q
  • helps coordinate and regulate neural impulses
  • requlates equilibrium, body posture, andcoordinated fine-motor movments
  • critical to speech production
  • people with damage to this area may show ataxia and dysarthria
A

cerebellum

140
Q

An important structure adjacent to the brainstem that contains the hypothalamus (which controls emotions) and the thalamus (which relays sensory impulses to various portions of the cerebral cortex) is called the:

A

diencephalon

141
Q

portion of the skeleton including the trunk, head, and neck

A

axial skeleton

142
Q

cranial nerves primarily responsible for nnervation of articulatory structures (6)

A
  • V
  • VII
  • IX
  • X
  • XI
  • XII
143
Q

Brodmann area 6

A

supplementary motor cortex

144
Q

CN XII

A
  • Hypoglossal
  • mostly tongue movements (motor)
145
Q

relationship between upper and lower dental arches in which the first mandibular molars are retracted at least one tooth from the first maxillary molars

A

Class II malocclsion

146
Q

the condition wherein supravision of the anterior dental arch prohibits the posterior teeth from occlusion

A

persistant closed bite

147
Q

muscles that relax vocal folds (2)

A
  • thyromuscularis
  • superior thyroarytenoid
148
Q

system of cavities and passageways of the brain and spinal cord through which cerebrospinal fluid passes

A

ventricular system

149
Q

closer to the trunk or thorax; nearer to the pubic bone

A

proximal

150
Q

pertaining to the back of the body or distal

A

dorsum

151
Q

forceful evacuation through the respiratory passagemeway, entailing deep inhalation through widely abducted vocal folds, tensing and tight adduction of the vocal folds, and elevation of the larynx, followed by forceful expiration

A

cough

152
Q

the premature ossification of cranial sutures

A

craniostosis

153
Q

CN V (4)

A
  • Trigeminal
  • 3 branches
  • face (sensory)
  • jaw (motor)
154
Q

internal oblique abdominus

A

expiration

155
Q

the opening between the scal tympani of the inner ear and the middle ear space

A

round window

156
Q

dorsiflexion of the great toe and spreading of other toes upon stimulation of the ventral surface of the foot

A

Babinski Reflex

157
Q

embryonic structure from which cerebral hemispheres and rhinencephalon develop

A

telencephalon

158
Q

nuclear relay of brainstem apparently invovled in localiation of sound in space

A

inferior colliculus

159
Q

the region of the pharynx posterior to the nasal cavity and superior to the velum

A

nasopharynx

160
Q

pectoralis minor

A

inspiration

161
Q

electrical potential arising from depolarization of a cell membrane

A

action potential

162
Q

the midbrain

A

mesencephalon

163
Q

carrying away from a central point

A

efferent

Praxis (13 decks)

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