Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Muscles of adduction (2)
- laryngeal cricoarytenoid
- transverse arytenoid
CN X (2)
- Vagus
- larynx, respiratory, cardiac, and gastrointestinal systems (sensory and motor)
the effect dictating that, given a constant volume flow of air or fluid, at a point of constriction there will be a decrease in air or fluid pressure perpendicular to the flow and an increase in velocity of the flow
Bernoulli effect
the opening into the scal vestibuli to which the footplate of stapes is attached
oval window
the process of a neuron that conducts information away from the soma or body
axon
the final bone of the ossicular chain
stapes
the membranous separation between the outer and middle ear, responsible for initiating the mechanical impedance-matching process of the middle ear
tympanic membrane
regions of myelinated fibes in which there is no myelin
nodes of Ranvier
portion of cochlear duct upon which organ of Corti is attached
basilar membrane
the waxy secretion in the external auditory meatus
cerumen
CN VI
Abducens
the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe; the point at which execution of voluntary motor acts is initiated
motor strip
CN VIII
- Vestibulocochlear
- hearing and balance (sensory)
The laryngopharynx and the oropharynx add resonance to sounds produced by the larynx. the nasopharynx adds noticeable resonance to which sounds? (3)
- m
- n
- ng
muscle of the middle ear that acts on the stapes
stapedius
middle ear muscle acting on the malleus
tensor tympani
fatty sheath surrounding axons of some nerves
myelin
cartilage that forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx and protects the larynx
thyroid cartilage
Extrinsic laryngeal muscles
suprahyoid muscles (8)
- located above the hyoid bone
- primary function is elevation of the larynx
- digastrics
- geniohyoids
- mylohyoids
- stylohyoids
- hyoglossus
- genioglossus
the membranous chochlear labyrinth, housing the sensory organs of the inner ear
cochlear duct
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
CN IV
Trochlear
- The U shaped bone from which the larynx is suspended
- floats under the mandible or lower jaw
- muscles of the tongue and variosu muscles of the mandible, skull, and larynx are attached to this bone
hyoid bone
CN XI (2)
- Accessory
- shoulder, arm, and throat movements (motor)
CN IV
Trochlear
the respiratory passageway form the larynx to the oral and nasal cavities
pharynx
abnormal dilation or ballooning of a blood vessel (typically an artery)
aneurysm
same side
ipsilateral
muscles that tense vocal folds (2)
- cricothyroid
- thyrovocalis
fluid originating in the choroid plexuses of the ventricles, and providing a cushion to the brian structures
cerebrospinal fluid
air pressure generated by the respiratory system beneath the level of the vocal folds
subglottal pressure
- small cone shaped cartilages
- cartilages that sit on the apex of the arytenoids
- assist in reducing the laryngeal opeing when a person is swallowing
corniculate cartilages
neurotransmiter involved in communication among several classes of neurons and between nerve and muscle
Acetylcholine (AcH)
- some consider to be the uppermost tracheal ring
- cartilage is linked with the thyroid cartilage and the paired arytenoid cartilages
- compleely surrounds the trachea
cricoid cartilage
pertaining to the brainstem
bulbar
sensory organ of hearing within inner ear
organ of corti
Diaphragm
Inspiration
malocculusion in which there is normal orientation of the molars, but an abnormal orientation of the incisors
Class I malocclusion
the membranous structure overlying the hair cells fo the cochlea
tectorial membraneeeee
CN IX (3)
- Glossopharyngeal
- tongue and pharynx (sensory)
- pharynx only (motor)
Muscles that contribute to velopharyngeal closure through tensing or elevating the velum are the: (3)
- palatoglossus
- tensor veli palatini
- levator veli palatini
Extrinsic laryngeal muscles (3)
- primary function is to support the larynx and fix its position
- have one attachment to a structure within the larynx, one attachment to a structure outside the larynx
- all are attached to the hyoid bone and loweer or raise the position of the larynx within the neck
the saccules within the end bouton of an axon, containing neurotransmitter substance
synaptic vesicles
connective tissue attaching muscle to bone or cartilage
tendon
Speech is typically produced on inhalation or exhalation
exhalation
pertaining to the cheek
buccal
the region of the pharynx bounded posteriorly by the faucial pillars, superiorly by the velum, and inferiorly by the epiglottis
oropharynx
Four lobes of the cerebrum
- occipital
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
entrance to the ear canal
concha
anterior four teeth of the dentl arch
incisors
middle bone of the ossicular chain of middle ear
Incus
lymphoid tissue within the nasopharynx
adenoids
theory of vocal fold function that acounts for phonation through the lawful interplay of tissue mass, elasticity, and aerodynamic principles
myoelastic-aerodynamic theory
rectus abdominus
expiration
- small, pyramid-shaped cartialges connected to the criocoid through the cricoarytenoid joint, which permits sliding and circular movements
arytenoid cartilages
canals of the vestibular system, responsible for sensation of movement of the head in space
semicircular canals
the two major branches from the trachea leading to right and left lungs
bronchi
the obstruction of a blood vessel by an object or clot
embolism
the quality of a materail that causes it to return to its original positon after being distended
elasticity
the peripheral cavity of the cochlea that communicates with the middle ear via the round window
scala tympani
small opening between the scala vestibuli and the subarachnoid space of the cranial cavity
cochlear aqueduct
Sternocleidomastoid
inspiration
respiration relies on the muscles of inspiration and expiration. The thick, dome-shaped muscle that separates the abdomen from th thorax is called the
diaphragm
- protective structure
- leaf shaped piece of cartilage medial to the thyroid cartilae and hyoid bone
- during swallowing, drops to cover the orifice of the larynx
epiglottis
Brodmann areas 44 and 45 of the dominant cerebral hemisphere, maybe responsible for motor planning for speech and components of expressive language
Broca’s area
CN II
Optic
Cranial nerves most critical to speech, language, and hearing (7)
- V
- VII
- VIII
- IX
- X
- XI
- XII
relationship between upper and lower dental arches in which the first molar of the mandibular arch is one-half tooth advanced beyond the maxillary molar
Class I occlusion
the neurons that transmit information away from the brain are called:
efferent neurons
the bony portion of the rof of the mouth, made up of the palatal processes of the maxillae and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones
hard palate
How many vertebrae are there total?
32-33
Muscle of abduction
posterior cricoarytenoid
carrying towar a central loction; generally, sensory nerve impulses
afferent
cell bodies and dendrites of neurons
gray matter
body in horizontal position with face up
supine
CN I
olfactory
external ear canal, terminating at the tympanic membrane
external auditory meatus
the peripheral cavity of the cochlea that communicates with the middle ear via the vestibule and oval window
scala vestibuli
the space between he true vocal folds
glottis
the central nervous system structures responsible for mediation of motivation and arousal, including thehippocampus, amygdala, dentate gyrus, cingulate gyrus, and fornix
limbic system
originating on the opposite side
contralateral
These are composed of a ring of connective tissue and muscle extending from the tips of the arytenoid cartilages to the larynx. They separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and heps preserve the airway
aryepiglottic folds
nuclei deep within the cerebral hemispheres, involved in movement initiation and termination, and including the caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, amydala, and claustrum
Basal ganglia
When a person is producing voiced and voiceless /th/, the muscle that is most involved is the:
genioglossus
connective tissue embedded in matrix, capable of withstanding significant compressive and tensile forces
Cartilage
CN III
Oculomotor
lattimus dorsi
expiration
transversus abdominus
expiration
Extrinsic laryngeal, infrahyoid, and suprahyoid muscles innervated by (4)
- V
- VII
- XII
- X
grasping by th toes upon light stimulation of the sole of the foot
plantar grasp reflex
auricle, making up the readily visible portion of the outer ear
pinna
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles (7)
- Primaily responsible for controling sound production
- thyroarytenoids
- lateral cricoarytenoids
- transverse arytenoids
- oblique arytenoids
- cricothyroids
- posterior cricoarytenoids
- tiny cone shaped cartilages
- located under the mucous membrane that covers the aryepiclottic folds
- serve to stiffen or tense the aryepiglottic folds
The cuneiform cartilages
extrinsic laryngeal muscles
infrahyoid muscles
- lie below the hyoid bone
- primary function is depression of the larynx
- thyrohyoids
- omohyoids
- sternothyroids
- sternohyoids
toward the tail or coccyx
caudal
the membranous separation between the otuer and middle ear, responsible for initiating the mechanical impedance- matching process of the middle ear
ear drum
a flaccid portion of the tympanic membrane in the superior region
pars flaccida
The structure that regulates body posture, equilibrium, and coordinated fine-motor movements is the
cerebellum
the process of a neuron that transmits information to the cell body
dendrites
relationship between upper and lower dental arches in which thef irst mandibular molar is advanced farther than one tooth beyond the first maxillary molar
Class III malocclusion
pectoralis major
inspiration
regions of the cerebral hemisphere, identified by numeric characterization based upon functional and anatomical organization
Brodmann areas
the final common neurological pathway leading to the muscle, including the anterior horn cell of the spinal cord, nerve roots, and nerves
lower motor neuron
initial brainstem nucleus of the auditory pathway, found within the pons, and subdivided into anteroventral, posteroventral, and dorsal cochlear nuclei
cochlear nucleus
Literally, “little man”; referring to the spatiotopic array of fiber distrubution along the cnetral sulcas, representing body parts served by the cortical region
homunculus
embryonic division of the brain from which the pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata ultimately arise
rhombencephalon
the middle space of the cochlea created by the membranous labyrinth, containing the sensory organ of hearing
scala media
The structureat the inferior portion of the tongue that connects the tongue with the mandible is called the
lingual frenum
sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expeiratory reserve volume, and residual volume
total lung capacity
process of impounding air within the lungs through inhalation and forceful vocal fold adduction that results in increased intra-abdominal pressure
abdominal fixation
coursing from the middle ear space to the nasopharynx; responsile for aeration of the middle ear
eustachian tube
key cartilages of the larynx (3)
- thyroid
- cricoid
- arytenoid
Brodmann area 4
primary motor cortex
the posterior three teeth of the mature dental arch, used for grinding
molars
Mostpharyngeal muscles are innervated by cranial nerves (2)
- X
- XI
The primary muscle of the lips is the
orbicularis oris
membranous separation between scala vestibuli and scala media
Reissner’s membrane
three layers of vocal folds
- epithelium
- lamina propria
- vocalis muscle
The cranial nerve that innervates the larynx and also innervates the levator veli palatini, palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscle is:
cranial nerve X, the vagus nerve
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles innervated by
- X, vagus
motor neurons involved in activation of the majority of skeletal musculature
alpha motor neurons
CN VII (3)
- Facial
- tongue (sensory)
- face (motor)
the smallwer of the vestibular sensory mechanisms housed within the vestibule of the inner ear
saccule
Brodmann areas 3,1, and 2
somatosensory cortex
the corpus striatum is composed of three nuclear masses which are the:
- globus pallidus
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
what are the two primary categories of respiratory muscles?
- thoracic muscles of inspiration
- abdominal muscles of expiration
a section dividng the body intor front and back halves
coronal section
connective tissue impregnated with fat cells
adipose
the law stating that given a gas of constant temperature, an increase in the volume of the chamber in which the gas is contained will cause a decrease in air pressure
Boyle’s Law
Parts of the brainstem (3)
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla
sensory receptors sensitive to mechanical stimulation such as pressure upon the skin
mechanoreceptors
area 41 of the temporal lobe; the primary reception area for auditory sense
Heschl’s gyrus
minute blood vessel
capillary
the condition wherein the incisors of upper and lower dental arches show a vertical gap due to malocclusion of the psoterior arch that prohibits anterior contact
persistent open bite
the anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to the: (2)
- corpus callosum
- basal ganglia
divides body or body part into right and left
sagittal
oxygen deficiency
hypoxic
microscopic cellular structures that provide the energy source for a cell
mitochondria
- helps coordinate and regulate neural impulses
- requlates equilibrium, body posture, andcoordinated fine-motor movments
- critical to speech production
- people with damage to this area may show ataxia and dysarthria
cerebellum
An important structure adjacent to the brainstem that contains the hypothalamus (which controls emotions) and the thalamus (which relays sensory impulses to various portions of the cerebral cortex) is called the:
diencephalon
portion of the skeleton including the trunk, head, and neck
axial skeleton
cranial nerves primarily responsible for nnervation of articulatory structures (6)
- V
- VII
- IX
- X
- XI
- XII
Brodmann area 6
supplementary motor cortex
CN XII
- Hypoglossal
- mostly tongue movements (motor)
relationship between upper and lower dental arches in which the first mandibular molars are retracted at least one tooth from the first maxillary molars
Class II malocclsion
the condition wherein supravision of the anterior dental arch prohibits the posterior teeth from occlusion
persistant closed bite
muscles that relax vocal folds (2)
- thyromuscularis
- superior thyroarytenoid
system of cavities and passageways of the brain and spinal cord through which cerebrospinal fluid passes
ventricular system
closer to the trunk or thorax; nearer to the pubic bone
proximal
pertaining to the back of the body or distal
dorsum
forceful evacuation through the respiratory passagemeway, entailing deep inhalation through widely abducted vocal folds, tensing and tight adduction of the vocal folds, and elevation of the larynx, followed by forceful expiration
cough
the premature ossification of cranial sutures
craniostosis
CN V (4)
- Trigeminal
- 3 branches
- face (sensory)
- jaw (motor)
internal oblique abdominus
expiration
the opening between the scal tympani of the inner ear and the middle ear space
round window
dorsiflexion of the great toe and spreading of other toes upon stimulation of the ventral surface of the foot
Babinski Reflex
embryonic structure from which cerebral hemispheres and rhinencephalon develop
telencephalon
nuclear relay of brainstem apparently invovled in localiation of sound in space
inferior colliculus
the region of the pharynx posterior to the nasal cavity and superior to the velum
nasopharynx
pectoralis minor
inspiration
electrical potential arising from depolarization of a cell membrane
action potential
the midbrain
mesencephalon
carrying away from a central point
efferent
