Language Flashcards
the linking of entities in a narrative to form a story nucleus
centering
Characteristics of Brown’s stage V (3)
- MLU: 3.75-4.5
- Approximate Age: 41-46 months
- Characteristics: joining clauses
Name 3 learning/behavioral theorists
- Mowrer
- Skinner
- Osgood
long strings of nonidentical syllables that appear in the vocal play of some 8 to 10 month old infants
variegated babbling
What is the age of mastery for contractible copula?
29-49 months
What is the age of mastery for regular past -ed?
26-48 months
- proposed by Skinner
- language acquisition is the development of a verbal behavior
- learning is not an innate and unmeasurable mechanism such as the language acquisition device, plays a major role in language development
- emphasizes the role of the environment in language learning
The behaviorist theory
What is the age of mastery for present progressive -ing
19-28 months
an alternative to nativism that views language as a structure arising from existing interacting patterns in the human brain rather than from language-specific structures, such as an LAD
Emergentism
Average MLU 6-7 years old
7.3
process of learning language in which the child uses what he or she knows to decode more mature language.
bootstrapping
- aka communication-language approach
- current functioning
- follow normal developmental sequence
- cause of language impairment unknown
the descriptive-developmental model
- the communication problems can be addressed by modifying the environment
- particularly useful with individuals with
- dialectical differences
- cultural differences
- severe disabilities
The systems model of child language disorders
- the first step in interpreting print
- consists of breaking a word into its component sounds and then blending them together to form a recognizable word.
decoding
- proposed by Chomsky
- children are born with a language acquisition device that contians the universal rules of language
- involves deep and surface structures as well as the concepts of language competence and language performance
Nativist theory
a main clause plus any attached or embedded subordinate clause or nonclausal structure
T-units
linguistic theorists associated with Chomsky and his followers, who emphasize innateness of language and contend that there are special mechanisms in the human brain dedicated to the acquisition and use of language
Nativists
What is the age of mastry for uncontractible copula?
27-39 months
narrative form consisting of a sequence of events that share attributes and lead directly from one to another
chaining
theory that each example of a meaning category shares something with a core concept. In other words, there are common elements in the meainings of pants, shirt, shoes, and hat that classify each as clothing. Vygotskyan concept.
Associative complex hypothesis
Characteristics of Brown’s stage V+ (2)
- MLU: 4.5+
- Approximate Age: 47+ months
a type of narrative that relates past experiences of which the child and the listener partook, observed, or read.
recount
What is the age of mastery for regular plural -s?
27-33 months
What is the age of mastery for irregular third person?
28-50 months
- focuses on how language is learned/what types of cognitive functioning are necessary for language learning
- strong emphasis on auditory processing
- composed of the components of auditory discrimination, attention, memory, rate, and sequencing
Information-Processing theory
placing a phrase or dependent clause within a phrase or clause.
embedding
Characteristics of Brown’s Stage III
- MLU: 2.5-3.0
- Approximate age: 31-34 months
- Characteristics: sentence-form development
- influenced by Vygotsky
- emphasize language function over language structure
- believe that language develops as a function of social interaction between a child and his environment
- motivation is key in using language
Social interactionsim theory
What is the age of mastery for “in”?
27-30 months
Characteristics of Brown’s Stage II (3)
- MLU 2.0-2.5
- Approximate Age: 27-30 months
- Characteristics: morphological development
Characteristics of Brown’s Stage IV (3)
- MLU: 3.0-3.75
- Approximate age: 35-40 months
- Characteristics: embedding of sentence elements
Who is the leading proponent of the psycholinguistic theory of language development?
Noam Chomsky
meaning unit that cannot occur alone but must be joined to a free morpheme; generally includes grammatical tags or markers that are derivational, such as -ly, -er, or -ment, or inflectional such as -ed, or -s
Bound morpheme
What is the age of mastery for regular third person -s?
26-46 months
What are Brown’s 14 morphemes?
- Present progressive -ing
- In
- On
- Regular plural -s
- Irregular past
- possessive ‘s
- uncontractible copula
- articles
- regular past -ed
- regular third person -s
- irregular third person
- uncontractible auxiliary
- contractible copula
- contractible auxiliary
nonclausal response to a question in which ellipsis or one main clause plus any attached or embedded subordinate clause or nonclausal structure (T-unit) is evident
C-unit
What is the age of mastery for possessive ‘s?
26-40 months
- model of childhood language disorders
- based on accompanying diagnoses
- not necessarily usefu for designing intervention
the categorical model of child language disorders
Characteristics of Brown’s Stage I (3)
- MLU 1.0-2.0
- Approximate Age- 12-26 months
- Characteristics: Linear semantic rules
ratio of the number of different words to the total number of words, used as a measure of vocabulary and word retrieval
- cognition and intellectual processes make language acquistion possible
- supported by Piaget
- children pass through four overlapping developmental cognitive stages: the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations stages
Cognitive theory
What is the age of mastery for articles
28-46 months
process of using the speaker’s perspective as a reference
deixis
What is the age of mastery for uncontractible auxiliary?
29-48 months
at the highest level of reading, the ability to relate content to other knowledge
dynamic literacy
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development (4)
- Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
- Preoperational (2-7 years)
- Concrete Operations (7-11 years)
- Formal Operations (11+)
a continuum of permanent birth defects caused by maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy that includes, but is not limited to, fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Average MLU 7-8 years
7.0-9.0
Substages of the Sensorimotor stage (6)
- Reflexes (birth-2 months)
- Primary circular reactions (2-4 months)
- Secondary circular reactions (4-8 months)
- Coordination of reactions (8-12 months)
- Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months)
- Early representational thought (18-24 months)
What is the age of mastery for contractible auxiliary?
30-50 months
a type of narrative that explains some current or anticipated event. these often accompany the play of young children
eventcast
What is the age of mastery for “on”?
27-30 months
What is the age of mastery for irregular past?
25-46 months
Average MLU 5-6 years old
6.0-8.0
narrative framework that specifies the underlying relationship of the story components
story grammar
