Physio & Psychopharmacology Flashcards
Build up of (…) in the cerebral (…) can cause (…).
cerebrospinal fluid, ventricles, hydrocephalus
The hypothalamus controls the (…) system and (…) glands, mediates basic (…), and regulates (…) expression. The (…) nucleus (SCN) regulates the circadian rhythms.
autonomic nervous system, endocrine, drives, emotional, suprachiasmatic
“I hear blue” and “smell someone yelling” are examples of (…), the rare condition of one sensory modality triggers a sensation in another.
synesthesia
Hypoglycemia involves low (…) and excessive (…) production by the (…). Symptoms include: dizziness, (…), blurred vision, anxiety, (…), and (…).
blood glucose, insulin, pancreas, headaches, depression, confusion
Three emotion areas of the brain are: (…), (…), and (…).
amygdala, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex
The (…) facilitates perception and expression of anger, (…), sadness, (…), and attaches these emotions to (…). It is in the (…) system.
amygdala, fear, happiness, memory, limbic
The (…) translates emotions into (…) response.
hypothalamus, physical
The (…) processes emotions hemispherically, with the (…) hemisphere processing (…) emotions and the (…) processing (…) emotions.
cerebral cortex, left, positive, right, negative
(…)-(…) Syndrome results from a lesion in the (…) and the following symptoms: altered (…) habits, (…), and reduced (…) and (…).
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome, amygdala, dietary, hypersexuality, fear and aggression
The (…) is involved in extrapyramidal control of motor activities. Damage can result in (…), characterized by (…) speech, severe (…), and a loss of balance.
cerebellum, ataxia, slurred, tremors
The (…) lobe houses the (…) cortex. Visual (…) is the inability to recognize familiar objects.
occipital, visual
The (…) is another limbic system structure involved in (…) and (…) memory, as well as the (…) of declarative memories.
Hippocampus, spatial and explicit, consolidation
MAOI stands for (…). It deactivates dopamine, (…), and serotonin. A (…) crisis is a side-effect can occur with foods with the amino acid (…). Symptoms include: stiff neck, rapid heart rate, (…), (…), (…), and sensitivity to light.
monoamine oxidase inhibitor, norepinephrine, hypertensive, tyramine; nausea, vomiting, sweating
Opioids or (…)-(…) have sedative and (…) properties. Used to treat (…) and as a (…) suppressant. Opiod peptides are also known as (…).
narcotic-analgesics, analgesic, diarrhea, cough, endorphines
Older adults often experience an (…) sleep phase, meaning they go to bed (…) and wake up (…).
advanced sleep phase (ASP), earlier, earlier
There are two basic types of seizures or epilepsies: (…) and (…). The later includes (…) type that does not involve LOC, while (…) type involves some alteration in consciousness.
general and partial, simple, complex
Generalized seizures are bilaterally (…) and do not have a (…) onset. They include (…) and (…) seizures. Grand mal include muscle contraction and rhythmic shaking, while petit mal are (…) with LOC but without (…) symptoms.
symmetrical, focal, tonic-clonic and absence, brief, motor
Type A personality and heart disease is most consistently linked to (…) and (…).
hostility and anger
Huntington’s Disease is an autosomal (…) disorder.
dominant
Tourette’s Disorder is associated with both (…) symptoms as well as (…) and (…).
ADHD, obsessions and compulsions
Sides effects of Benzo’s include: (…), memory loss, and (…) impairment.
confusion, psychomotor
Parkinson’s disease is characterized by (…), muscular rigidity, (…), akinesia, and speech difficulties. Symptoms temporarily relieved by (…), a (…) agonist. Caused by a degeneration in (…)-containing cells in the (…) nigra.
tremor, akathisia, L-dopa, dopamine, dopamine, substantia
akathisia is known as “cruel (…)”, akinesia is a reduction or absence of (…) movement
restlessness, spontaneous
Sleep EEG patterns include (…), beta, (…), delta, and REM. In stage (…), alpha are replaced by beta. Stage (…), (…) waves are interrupted by sleep (…) and (…)-complexes.
alpha, theta, one(1), two(2), theta, spindles, K-complexes
Newborns start with (…) sleep, that turns into (…) sleep. This reverses by (…) months. Adulthood sees the decline of total sleep time, stage (…) sleep, and (…).
REM, NREM, three, 4, REM
The (…) theory of color vision includes three primary colors: (…). The (…)-(…) theory postulates three bipolar receptors: (…). In the later, some cells are (…), while the other is (…).
trichromatic; red, blue, and green; opponent-process, red-green, yellow-blue, and white-black; excited, inhibited
The (…) (…) are subcoritcal structures involved in planning, (…), and coordinating (…) movements. Linked to Hungtington’s, (…) disease, (…) disorder, (…), and ADHD.
basal ganglia, organizing, voluntary, Parkinson’s, Tourette’s, OCD
The Basal Ganglia includes four structures: caudate nucleaus, (…), (…), and substantia nigra.
putamen, globus pallidus
Depth perception relies on (…) and (…) cues. Retinal (…) is a (…) cue, suggests the closer the object, the greater the (…) of the two images.
binocular, monocular, disparity, binocular, disparity
Huntington’s Disease involves (…), (…), and motor symptoms. (…) appear first. Early motor symptoms include (…), clumsiness, followed by “piano-playing” movements. Due to loss of (…)-secreting neurons and (…) excitotoxicity in the (…) (…).
emotional, cognitive, emo-cog, fidgeting, GABA, glutamate, basal ganglia
The (…) is a hindbrain structure regulating (…), heartbeat, and (…).
medulla, breathing, blood pressure
CT and MRI are (…) techniques, PET, SPECT, and fMRI are (…).
structural, functional
Postconcussional disorder requires a (…) trauma with LOC, (…) disturbance, and 3+ symptoms for at least (…) months (e.g. headache, irritability).
head, cognitive, three
The (…) nervous system governs (…) activities. Information travels from (…) nerves to CNS and/or (…) nerves to (…) muscles through the CNS.
somatic, voluntary, sensory, motor, skeletal
3 Theories of Emotion: 1) James-(…): emotions represent perceptions of (…) reactions to (…) stimuli; (…)-Bard: emo and body simultaneous resulting from (…) stimulation; (…): emo are universal, differ by how they are (…) or (…) - primary, secondary, and (…).
James-Lange, bodily, sensory, Cannon-Bard, thalamic, Lazarus, interpreted or appraised, re-appraisal
3 Aphasias: Broca’s, Wernicke’s and (…). (…) aphasia is from damaged (…) (…). It does not affect (…), but does result in (…), paraphasia, and impaired repetition.
Conduction x 2, arcuate fasciculus, comprehension, anomia
Apraxia, sensory neglect, and dominant hemisphere aphasia are stroke symptoms from a blocked (…) cerebral artery.
middle
memory loss, unilateral cortical blindness, and visual agnosia are stroke symptoms from a blocked (…) cerebral artery.
posterior
apathy, depression, confusion, bowel and bladder incontinence, mutism are stroke symptoms from a blocked (…) cerebral artery.
anterior
Learning and memory: (…) lobes, (…), (…), prefrontal cortex, and (…).
temporal (encoding, storing, retrieval LTM), hippocampus (transferring STM to LTM), amygdala (learning about rewards and punishments), thalamus (transferring info to neocortex)
MS involves the degeneration of (…). Initial symptoms include: optic neuritis, (…) impairments, (…) abnormalities, and fatigue. Later symptoms include (…), (…) problems, mood symptoms, and (…) impairment.
myelin, motor, sensory, tremors, speech, cognitive
(…) Circuit mediates the experience and expression of (…). It includes the hippocampus, (…) bodies, thalamus, and (…) gyrus.
Papez’s, emotion, mammillary, cingulated
The (…) lobe contains the primary auditory cortex.
temporal
General Adaptation Syndrome: response to stress is mediated by the (…)-(…) secretions and 3 stages: alarm reaction, (…), and (…). Can cause death if prolonged.
adrenal-pituitary (cortisol), resistance, exhaustion.
Long-term (…) (LTP) is a physiological process involving the modification of (…) synapses, at (…) receptors in the (…). Inhibiting (…) at the time of learning prevents LTP.
potentiation, nerve, glutamate, hippocampus, protein or RNA
Naltrexone (e.g. (…)) is an (…) antagonist that blocks craving for (…). 4 Side effects include: (…) cramping, (…), (…), and (…).
Vivitrol, opioid, alcohol, abdominal, nausea, vomiting, insomnia
Damage to the (…) lobe can cause apraxia, (…), and (…) syndrome, which involves (…) agnosia, (…), and (…).
parietal lobe, anosognosia, Gerstmann’s syndrome, finger, agraphia, and acalculia
Anosognosia is the inability to recognize (…).
one’s own neurological symptoms or other disorder
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome begins with mental confusion, (…) movements, and (…); followed by Korsakoff’s symptoms.
abnormal eye, ataxia
Beta-Blockers ((…)) diminish (…) excitatory response to the hormones (…) and (…). Used to treated heart conditions and anxiety. 4 sides effects include: (…), (…), (…), (…).
Propranolol, cardiovascular, epinephrine, norepinephrine, bradycardia, nausea, diarrhea, dizziness
Primary hypertension accounts for (…)-(…)% of all cases of high blood pressure and is (…) due to a known physiological cause.
85-90%, NOT
(…) (…) Syndrome is rare, but potential fatal side effect of antipsychotic drugs. It involves: (…), (…), (…), and altered consciousness. The drug must be stopped (…) to avoid death.
Neuroleptic Malignant, muscle rigidity, tachycardia, hyperthermia, as soon as symptoms develop
There are 3 Psychophysical laws: (…), (…), and (…). (…)’s law states that the (…) (…) difference in stimulus intensity is a (…) (…) of the initial stimulus intensity.
Weber, Fechner, and Steven’s Power Law; Weber’s, just noticeable, constant proportion
Fechner’s law states that physical stimulus changes are (…) related to their (…) sensations.
logarithmically, subjective
Steven’s Power Law proposes that the (…) of the sensation is equal to the (…) magnitude of the stimulus producing sensation raised to a certain (…) which varies, depending on the sensation being measured.
magnitude, physical, power or expontent
Top to bottom, spinal cord sections include: (…), (…), (…), (…), and (…). Damage to the (…) level results in quadriplegia or (…), while damage to the (…) causes paraplegia.
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal, cervical, tetraplegia, thoracic
Traditional antipsychotics are best for (…) symptoms of Schizophrenia. 3 side effects: (…), (…), (…). Block (…) receptors.
positive, anticholinergic, extrapyramidal effects, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome, dopamine
An (…) (…) produces an effect opposite a neurotransmitter. (…) (…) similar but less than, and (…) produces no activity, but actually blocks the effect.
inverse agonist, partial agonist, antagonist
Hyperthyroidism is caused the (…) of (…) by the thyroid gland, characterized by increased metabolism, elevated temperature, accelerated (…) rate, increased (…) with weight loss, (…), and insomnia.
hypersecretion, thyroxine, heart, appetite, nervousness
Hyporthyroidism is caused the (…) of (…) by the thyroid gland, characterized by slowed metabolism, lowered temperature, slowed (…) rate, (…), impaired concentration and (…), and depression.
hyposecretion, thyroxine, heart, lethargy, memory
Methylphenidate (e.g. (…)) is a psychostimulant used to treat (…), side effects: decreased (…), insomnia, (…), and growth (…).
Ritalin, ADHD, appetite, dysphoria, suppression
Action Potential: Neuron becomes (…), interior cell less negative, triggering an electrical impulse. All-or-none, AP will be same (…) regardless of amount of (…) as long as minimal (…) has been reached.
depolarized, magnitude, stimulation, threshold
The (…) (…) system is a network of nerve fibers involved in (…), arousal, and (…).
reticular activating, wakefulness, consciousness
SSRIs (e.g. (…)) (…) the reuptake of serotonin. Side effects: GI disturbance, (…) dysfunction, insomnia, (…), headache, and (…). VS TCAs, they are less (…), safer in overdose, and less (…) impairments.
Fluoxetine, block, sexual, anxiety, anorexia, cardiotoxic, cognitive
There are 3 sedative-hypnotics: (…), (…), and alcohol. They are (…) depressants. Low dose reduce arousal and motor activity, moderate sleep, high anesthesia and death.
barbiturates, anxiolytics, CNS
Benzo’s are a type of (…), side effects: drowsiness, (…), slurred speech, (…), and impaired (…) ability; abrupt cessation can cause (…) hyperexcitability.
anxiolytic, ataxia, lethargy, psychomotor, rebound
4 Neurotransmitters: (…). They are (…) substances released from axon (…), diffuse across (…), and (…) or (…) receptor sites on postsynaptic nerve cells.
Acetylcholine, Dopamine, Serotonin, and Gaba; chemical, terminals, synapses, excite or inhibit
Acetylcholine mediates (…) transmission, (…) arousal, and (…). Dopamine is involved in (…) motor regulation and (…)/(…) functions. Too little in (…), Parkinson’s, too much and you get Schizophrenia and (…) Disorder.
neuromuscular, parasympathetic, memory; inhibitory, motivational/emotional, basal ganglia, Tourette’s
Serotonin (…) behavior, regulates mood, (…), arousal, (…), temperature, and (…). GABA most common (…) neurotransmitter, involved in (…), sleep, and (…). Too low and you get (…) Disease.
inhibits, hunger, sleep, pain; inhibitory, anxiety, seizures, Huntington’s
Migraine headache is a recurrent (…) headache, with (…) pain usually on one side of head. Triggers: alcohol, (…), and (…) following stress. May be preceded by (…) (classic migraine).
vascular, throbbing, bright lights, relaxation, aura
Mood stabilizers treat symptoms of (…) Disorder. Common are (…) and (…). For traditional BD, (…) is used. Rapid mood swings or dysphoric mania, use (…).
Bipolar, lithium and anticonvulsants, lithium and anticonvulsants,
(…) Effects are caused by several drugs including (…) and tricyclic antidepressants. They include: (…) mouth, (…) vision, tachycardia, (…) retention, constipation, memory impairment and (…).
Anticholinergic, antipsychotics, dry, blurred, urinary, confusion
Tricyclics include (…) and (…). They block the reuptake of (…), (…), and (…). Most effective for (…), (…) symptoms. Side Effects: (…) effects, confusion, weight gain, and (…) symptoms. (…) good for enuresis, (…) for Panic, Bulimia, and (…).
Imipramine and Clomipramine, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, somatic, vegetative, anticholinergic, cardiovascular, imipramine, clomipramine, OCD
Brain Lateralization: LEFT: (…) activities, (…) thought, and (…) emotions. RIGHT: (…)-(…) activities, (…) interpretation, and memory for (…), and (…) emotions.
verbal, analytical/logical, positive; visual-spatial, spatial, shapes, negative;
Split Brain Patient: A familiar object presented to (…) visual field, can name the object but cannot pick it out with his (…) hand.
right, left
Split Brain: Presented the word “headband” straight ahead, will report seeing: (…).
“band” (why - verbally state what perceived by left hemisphere, what was in her right visual field)
Front Cortex includes: (…), (…), (…), (…), and prefrontal cortex. It’s involved in (…) functioning, (…) and mood, and (…) functions.
primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, Broca’s Area; executive, personality, motor
TBI includes both (…) and (…) injuries. The first causes alteration or (…), followed by (…) and (…) amnesia. The later affects (…) versus (…) memories. (…) memories return first.
closed-head and open-head, LOC, anterograde and retrograde, recent versus remote, remote
(…) is the inability to differentiate between different hues.
achromatopsia
The three brain structures involved in implicit memory are: (…), (…), and (…).
cerebellum, basal ganglia, and amygdala
(…) is a hormone released by the (…) cortex and plays a role in sexual arousal for men and women.
androgen, adrenal
Neurogenis, the creation of new neurons, occurs in the (…) throughout the lifespan.
hippocampus
