Learning Flashcards
(…) and (…) behaviors are both maintained by negative reinforcement, but the later involves a cue and (…) training (classical conditioning). Responding to the cue prevents the aversive stimulus from occurring at all.
Escape and avoidance, discriminative
Research: Tolman worked with (…), Ebbinghaus (…), Thorndike (…), and Kohler with (…).
rats, himself, cats, and chimpanzees
Beginning with a continuous schedule of reinforcement, then changing to intermittent is called (…).
thinning
In vivo (…) therapy utilizes (…) to reduce the attractiveness of a stimulus by pairing it with an (…) response. (…) (…) is similar but the (…) and (…) are presented in imagination.
aversion, counterconditioning, undesireable, Covert sensitization, CS and US
Time-out is a form of (…) (…).
negative punishment
The serial position effect evidences two effects: (…) and (…). The first occurs because items have been (…) and (…) in long-term memory. Items at the end are in (…)-(…) memory.
primacy, recency, rehearsed, stored, short-term
(…) memory is the ability to “remember to remember”. Also associated with remembering to perform a task in the future.
prospective
Observational learning includes 4 processes: (…), (…), (…), and (…). The most effective type is (…) (…). A primary source of motivation is (…)-(…) beliefs.
attention, retention, production, and motivation; participant modeling, self-efficacy
PE utilizes a (…) (…) technique by exposing s/o to the CS ((…)-(…) (…)) without the original (…).
classical extinction, anxiety-arousing, US
Wolpe developed (…) (…), an application of (…) or (…) inhibition. It pairs (…) with (…).
systematic desensitization, counterconditioning, reciprocal inhibition, anxiety-evoking stimuli with relaxation
Badeley and Hitch’s (…)-(…) model suggests working memory includes a (…) (…) and 3 subsystems: (…), (…), and (…).
multi-component, central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer
The central (…) acts as an “(…) control system”, (…) irrelevant information and coordinating subsystems of working memory.
executive, attentional, suppressing
Removing points/tokens as a negative punishment is a (…) (…).
response cost
The 3 levels of processing: (…), (…), (…). The best for retention is (…).
structural, phonemic, semantic, semantic
(…) memory contains lots of information for a few seconds. (…) memory is limited in amount, fades in 30 seconds. (…) memory is unlimited.
sensory, short term, long term
(…) (…) is when a behavior happens due to the presence of a (…) stimuli. Positive (…) stimuli signals the behavior will be reinforced.
stimulus control, discriminative x 2
Blocking occurs when a (…) blocks an association between a (…) (…) stimulus and the (…), when they are are presented together. The new neutral stimulus doesn’t work because it provides (…) information.
CS, second neutral, US, redudent
(…)-(…) conditioning occurs when a previously established (…) serves as the (…) to a (…) for a new (…).
higher-order, CS, US, CR, CS
(…) inoculation enhances (…) skills in 3 overlapping phases: (…), (…), (…). Coping in the present, helps with coping in the future.
stress, coping, cognitive preparation, skills acquisition and rehearsal, application and follow-through
Rehm’s Self-control therapy assumes deficits in the following 3 aspects increase vulnerability to depression: (…), (…), and (…).
self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement
LTM involves (…) and (…) components. The second is divided into (…) and (…) memory.
procedural, declarative, semantic, episodic
An (…) is a phrase or rhyme constructed from the first letter of each word in a list.
acrostic
Interference theory: (…) interference, (…) info stops (…) information; the other is (…).
retroactive, new, old; the other is proactive
Tolman believed in (…) learning. Learning can occur (…) reinforcement.
latent, without
(…) (…) is the elimination of a previously reinforced response through the consistent withholding of reinforcement following the response.
operant extinction
A temporary increase in the an extinct response is called an (…) (…).
extinction burst
Punishment (…) rather than (…) a behavior. More effective when in (…) and gradual increasing it’s intensity will lead to (…).
suppresses, eliminates, moderation, habituation
(…) establishes a complex behavior with that end goal being the only concern, while with (…), the entire sequence of responses is important.
shaping, chaining
(…) (…) theory proposes that forgetting is due to a gradual (…) of memory traces over time due to (…).
trace decay, decay, disuse
(…) (…) is a treatment-of-choice for Raynaud’s disease, and that PLUS (…) training for migraine headaches.
thermal biofeedback, autogenic
a (…) (…) assessment clarifies target behavior characteristics to identify an (…) behavior that serves the same (…).
functional behavioral, alternative, functions
The Law of Effect was developed by (…) and proposes behaviors will increase when followed by a (…) (…). His research with cats is associated with (…) and (…) learning.
Thorndike, satisfying consequence, trial and error
(…) involves restitution and positive practice. The first involving the (…) and the second (…).
Overcorrection, individual correcting the consequences of their behavior, practicing corrective behaviors
(…) (…) learning suggests that recall of information is best when learner is in the same (…) (…) during learning and recall.
state dependent, emotional state
The (…)-(…) Law suggests optimal learning and performance with (…) levels of arousal (inverted-U).
Yerkes-Dodson, moderate
After classical extinction, a CR may “(…) (…)” even without CS and CU pairing.
spontaneously recover
(…) in his research with chimps, discussed (…) (…), the “aha” experience or sudden understanding.
Kohler, insight learning
An organism will (…) the relative frequency of responding to two different schedules of reinforcement relative to it’s frequency, this is called (…) (…).
match, matching law
The (…) (…), pairs a high-frequency behavior as a (…) (…) for a low-frequency behavior.
Premack Principle, positive reinforcer
(…) are verbal cues that facilitate the acquisition of new behavior, graduate removal of that is known as (…).
prompt, fading
When stimulus discrimations are difficult, the organism may exhibit (…) (…), performing unusual behaviors like (…), (…), or fear.
experimental neurosis, restlessness, aggressiveness
Lweinsohn’s (…) (…) attributes depression to a low-rate of (…)-(…) reinforcements.
behavioral model, response-contingent
Tokens are what kind of reinforcer: (…).
generalized secondary (can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer; e.g. food)
In (…) (…) all behaviors are reinforced while the target behavior is ignored.
differential reinforcement
Echoic is to iconic as (…) is to (…).
auditory, visual
Scalloping is associated with the (…)-(…) reinforcement schedule, when the subject begins responding at the end of the (…).
fixed-interval (FI), interval
REBT assumes irrational beliefs are (…) based.
biologically
