Learning

Question 1

(…) and (…) behaviors are both maintained by negative reinforcement, but the later involves a cue and (…) training (classical conditioning). Responding to the cue prevents the aversive stimulus from occurring at all.

Answer 1

Escape and avoidance, discriminative

Question 2

Research: Tolman worked with (…), Ebbinghaus (…), Thorndike (…), and Kohler with (…).

Answer 2

rats, himself, cats, and chimpanzees

Question 3

Beginning with a continuous schedule of reinforcement, then changing to intermittent is called (…).

Answer 3

thinning

Question 4

In vivo (…) therapy utilizes (…) to reduce the attractiveness of a stimulus by pairing it with an (…) response. (…) (…) is similar but the (…) and (…) are presented in imagination.

Answer 4

aversion, counterconditioning, undesireable, Covert sensitization, CS and US

Question 5

Time-out is a form of (…) (…).

Answer 5

negative punishment

Question 6

The serial position effect evidences two effects: (…) and (…). The first occurs because items have been (…) and (…) in long-term memory. Items at the end are in (…)-(…) memory.

Answer 6

primacy, recency, rehearsed, stored, short-term

Question 7

(…) memory is the ability to “remember to remember”. Also associated with remembering to perform a task in the future.

Answer 7

prospective

Question 8

Observational learning includes 4 processes: (…), (…), (…), and (…). The most effective type is (…) (…). A primary source of motivation is (…)-(…) beliefs.

Answer 8

attention, retention, production, and motivation; participant modeling, self-efficacy

Question 9

PE utilizes a (…) (…) technique by exposing s/o to the CS ((…)-(…) (…)) without the original (…).

Answer 9

classical extinction, anxiety-arousing, US

Question 10

Wolpe developed (…) (…), an application of (…) or (…) inhibition. It pairs (…) with (…).

Answer 10

systematic desensitization, counterconditioning, reciprocal inhibition, anxiety-evoking stimuli with relaxation

Question 11

Badeley and Hitch’s (…)-(…) model suggests working memory includes a (…) (…) and 3 subsystems: (…), (…), and (…).

Answer 11

multi-component, central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer

Question 12

The central (…) acts as an “(…) control system”, (…) irrelevant information and coordinating subsystems of working memory.

Answer 12

executive, attentional, suppressing

Question 13

Removing points/tokens as a negative punishment is a (…) (…).

Answer 13

response cost

Question 14

The 3 levels of processing: (…), (…), (…). The best for retention is (…).

Answer 14

structural, phonemic, semantic, semantic

Question 15

(…) memory contains lots of information for a few seconds. (…) memory is limited in amount, fades in 30 seconds. (…) memory is unlimited.

Answer 15

sensory, short term, long term

Question 16

(…) (…) is when a behavior happens due to the presence of a (…) stimuli. Positive (…) stimuli signals the behavior will be reinforced.

Answer 16

stimulus control, discriminative x 2

Question 17

Blocking occurs when a (…) blocks an association between a (…) (…) stimulus and the (…), when they are are presented together. The new neutral stimulus doesn’t work because it provides (…) information.

Answer 17

CS, second neutral, US, redudent

Question 18

(…)-(…) conditioning occurs when a previously established (…) serves as the (…) to a (…) for a new (…).

Answer 18

higher-order, CS, US, CR, CS

Question 19

(…) inoculation enhances (…) skills in 3 overlapping phases: (…), (…), (…). Coping in the present, helps with coping in the future.

Answer 19

stress, coping, cognitive preparation, skills acquisition and rehearsal, application and follow-through

Question 20

Rehm’s Self-control therapy assumes deficits in the following 3 aspects increase vulnerability to depression: (…), (…), and (…).

Answer 20

self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement

Question 21

LTM involves (…) and (…) components. The second is divided into (…) and (…) memory.

Answer 21

procedural, declarative, semantic, episodic

Question 22

An (…) is a phrase or rhyme constructed from the first letter of each word in a list.

Answer 22

acrostic

Question 23

Interference theory: (…) interference, (…) info stops (…) information; the other is (…).

Answer 23

retroactive, new, old; the other is proactive

Question 24

Tolman believed in (…) learning. Learning can occur (…) reinforcement.

Answer 24

latent, without

Question 25

(…) (…) is the elimination of a previously reinforced response through the consistent withholding of reinforcement following the response.

Answer 25

operant extinction

Question 26

A temporary increase in the an extinct response is called an (…) (…).

Answer 26

extinction burst

Question 27

Punishment (…) rather than (…) a behavior. More effective when in (…) and gradual increasing it’s intensity will lead to (…).

Answer 27

suppresses, eliminates, moderation, habituation

Question 28

(…) establishes a complex behavior with that end goal being the only concern, while with (…), the entire sequence of responses is important.

Answer 28

shaping, chaining

Question 29

(…) (…) theory proposes that forgetting is due to a gradual (…) of memory traces over time due to (…).

Answer 29

trace decay, decay, disuse

Question 30

(…) (…) is a treatment-of-choice for Raynaud’s disease, and that PLUS (…) training for migraine headaches.

Answer 30

thermal biofeedback, autogenic

Question 31

a (…) (…) assessment clarifies target behavior characteristics to identify an (…) behavior that serves the same (…).

Answer 31

functional behavioral, alternative, functions

Question 32

The Law of Effect was developed by (…) and proposes behaviors will increase when followed by a (…) (…). His research with cats is associated with (…) and (…) learning.

Answer 32

Thorndike, satisfying consequence, trial and error

Question 33

(…) involves restitution and positive practice. The first involving the (…) and the second (…).

Answer 33

Overcorrection, individual correcting the consequences of their behavior, practicing corrective behaviors

Question 34

(…) (…) learning suggests that recall of information is best when learner is in the same (…) (…) during learning and recall.

Answer 34

state dependent, emotional state

Question 35

The (…)-(…) Law suggests optimal learning and performance with (…) levels of arousal (inverted-U).

Answer 35

Yerkes-Dodson, moderate

Question 36

After classical extinction, a CR may “(…) (…)” even without CS and CU pairing.

Answer 36

spontaneously recover

Question 37

(…) in his research with chimps, discussed (…) (…), the “aha” experience or sudden understanding.

Answer 37

Kohler, insight learning

Question 38

An organism will (…) the relative frequency of responding to two different schedules of reinforcement relative to it’s frequency, this is called (…) (…).

Answer 38

match, matching law

Question 39

The (…) (…), pairs a high-frequency behavior as a (…) (…) for a low-frequency behavior.

Answer 39

Premack Principle, positive reinforcer

Question 40

(…) are verbal cues that facilitate the acquisition of new behavior, graduate removal of that is known as (…).

Answer 40

prompt, fading

Question 41

When stimulus discrimations are difficult, the organism may exhibit (…) (…), performing unusual behaviors like (…), (…), or fear.

Answer 41

experimental neurosis, restlessness, aggressiveness

Question 42

Lweinsohn’s (…) (…) attributes depression to a low-rate of (…)-(…) reinforcements.

Answer 42

behavioral model, response-contingent

Question 43

Tokens are what kind of reinforcer: (…).

Answer 43

generalized secondary (can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer; e.g. food)

Question 44

In (…) (…) all behaviors are reinforced while the target behavior is ignored.

Answer 44

differential reinforcement

Question 45

Echoic is to iconic as (…) is to (…).

Answer 45

auditory, visual

Question 46

Scalloping is associated with the (…)-(…) reinforcement schedule, when the subject begins responding at the end of the (…).

Answer 46

fixed-interval (FI), interval

Question 47

REBT assumes irrational beliefs are (…) based.

Answer 47

biologically