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Q1 > physio exam 1 > Flashcards

physio exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the organization of the body

A

elements, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

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2
Q

what are the basic functions of cells?

A

obtain food, perform chemical reactions, eliminate waste, synthesize componenets, control exchange of materials, move materials around, respond to environemtn, reprodcution

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3
Q

what are the 4 types of tissues

A

muscle, epithelial, nervous, and connective

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4
Q

name an examples of different types of tissue working together for a complex function

A

muscle tissue working with connective tissue resulting in movement

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5
Q

describe muscle tissue

A

excitable tissues that consists of cells for contracting. 3 types are smooth, skeletal, and cardiac

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6
Q

what are epithelial cells specialized in ?

A

exchange between cell and environment

*this level of exchange depends on the location of the tissue in the body

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7
Q

what kind of tissue are glands?

A

epithelial tissue

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8
Q

where is nervous tissue found?

A

brain, spinal chord, nerves, and sensory organs

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9
Q

what do organs consist of?

A

two or more types of primary tissue

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10
Q

dynamic steady state

A

describes the idea of our body’s state constantly changing

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11
Q

what is the mechanisms by which homeostasis occurs?

A

cells

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12
Q

what must be maintained in the internal environment for optimal cell function

A
  1. oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions
    2.concentrations of glucose and other metabolites
  2. osmotic pressure
  3. concentrations of hydrogen, potassium, calcium, and sodium
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13
Q

internal vs external envioronments

A

internal=fluid surround cells (intracellular and extracellular fluikd)

external= environment that surrounds the organ

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14
Q

what is ECF made up of?

A

plasma and interstitial fluid

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15
Q

what two stages is ECF transported in?

A
  1. circulatory systems
  2. movement of fluid between blood capillaries and cells
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16
Q

name the two homeostatic control systems

A

extrinsic and intrinsic
extrinsic initiated outside the organ system
intrinsic is local, inherit to the organ

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17
Q

example of intrinsic homeostatic control systems

A

falling o2 in muscles directly triggers dilation of loval blood vessels

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18
Q

example of extrinsic homeostatic control system

A

increase in blood co2 triggers neural response to respiratory system, increase in respiration rate

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19
Q

give an example of a negative feedback loop

A

you sweat alot so your body increases sodium until regulatory mechanism stops it

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20
Q

give an example of feed forward control system

A

digestion (the 1st phase)

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21
Q

is steady state always an equal state?

A

no

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22
Q

describe why the plasma membrane is made of ampipathic molecules

A

one hydrophobic end and one hydrophilic end

fatty acid tail= hydrophobic
phosphate group=hydrophilic

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23
Q

glycoproteins

A

membrane proteins have carbohydrates attached on outer surface of plasma membrane only

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24
Q

what does cholesterol do in the plasma membrane and list exaples

A

contributes to fluidity and stability of cell membrane

steroids, cortisol

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25
Q

what is the primary function of the plasma membrane

A

establish a region of selective permeability

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26
Q

sphingolipids

A

make up lipid rafts and have more cholesterol and proteins and phospholipids

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27
Q

caveolae

A

tiny indentations where lipid rafts exist as flat platforms

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28
Q

what kind of proteins are the ones gathered in lipid rafts

A

receptor proteins

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29
Q

what allows epithelial layer to be tough but stretch

A

desmosomes

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30
Q

cadherins

A

proteins from desmosomes that come from plasma of neighboring cells to interlock neighboring cells

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31
Q

describe gap junctions

A

-form physical pore
-non selective
-communication junctions

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32
Q

describe tight junctions

A

-closed junctions
-made up of claudins
-prevent undesirable leaks

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33
Q

paracellular transport

A

slightly leaky behavior

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34
Q

aquaporins

A

specific to kidney and gi cells permit rapid movement of water

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35
Q

nuclear pore complex

A

regulates movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus

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36
Q

VDAC

A

voltage dependent anion channel

functions as gatekeeper for the entry and exit of mitochondiral metabolites

also key player in mitochondria mediated apoptosis

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37
Q

gated channels

A

opening and closing of this channel is dependent upon a particular stimulus

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38
Q

voltage gated channel

A

open or close when the membrane potential reaches a particular threshold value

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39
Q

ligand gated ion channel

A

stimulated to open when bound to ligand
(ligan is a neurotransmitter)

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40
Q

tunneling nanotubules

A

form between cells and could provide a direct passage for larger cargo such as signaling molecules

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41
Q

paracrines

A

local chemical messengers

(autocrines= exert effect on cell which secreted it)

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42
Q

neurotransmitters

A

short range chemical transmitters

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43
Q

hormones

A

long range messengers, secreted into blood by endocrine glands

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44
Q

neurohormones

A

hormones released into blood by neurosecretory neurons, distributed thru blood to distant target cells

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45
Q

cytokines

A

act locally to regulate immune responses, protein signal molecules secreted by immune cells

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46
Q

eicosanoids

A

locally acting chemical messengers derived from plasma membrane

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47
Q

hydrophilic hormones

A

water soluble, cannot cross membrane

ex. peptides

48
Q

lipophilic hormones

A

high lipid solubility, can cross membrane

ex, steroid hormones

49
Q

extracellular messenger binding to receptor initiates intracellular response by either….

A
  1. opening or closing channels
  2. activating second messenger systems (amplification)
50
Q

what does binding to a g protein coupled receptor activate in intercellular signal transduction?

A

activates a second messenger system

51
Q

what properties of particles influence their passage thru the membrane

A

relative solubility of the particles and size of the particle

52
Q

what are the two types of unassisted membrane transport

A

osmosis and diffusion

53
Q

what are the 3 types of assisted membrane transport

A

carrier mediated transport, facilitated transport, active transport

54
Q

give an example of active transport

A

calcium getting pumped back into muscle via sarcoplasmic reticulum

55
Q

what are the two forces that control diffusion

A

concentration gradient and electrical gradient

56
Q

Ficks law of diffusion

A
  1. magnitude of concentration gradient
  2. permeability of the membrane to the substance
  3. surface area of the membrane
  4. molecular weight of the substance
  5. distance thru which diffusion takes place
57
Q

what is the difference in charge called

A

electrical gradient

58
Q

what establishes membrane potential

A

ions

59
Q

what is the electrochemical gradient

A

the net effect of chemical and electrical gradients on a particular ion

60
Q

tonicity

A

effect that the concentrations of nonpenetrating solutes in a solution has on cell volume

61
Q

osmolarity

A

measurement of the solute concentration of a solution in terms of its particles per volume

62
Q

which way does water flow in osmosis

A

to the area of higher solute concentration

63
Q

what corrects imbalance of water in membrane during osmosis

A

hydrostatic pressure

64
Q

describe carrier mediated transport

A

assisted, can be active or passive, membrane carrier protiens w morphology that forms binding pocket for solutes

65
Q

what are characteristics that determine what can be transferred across the membrane in carrier mediated transport

A

specificity, saturation, competition

66
Q

what are the types of assisted membrane transport and which ones are active and which are passive

A

facilitated diffusion (passive)
active transport (active)
vesicular transport (active)

67
Q

describe facilitated diffusion

A

substances move down concentration gradient, requires carrier molecules, no energy reqired, how glucose is transferred into cells

68
Q

describe active transport

A

moves a substance against concentration gradient, reqires carrier molecule, requires atp

69
Q

describe secondary active transport

A

driven by ion concentration gradient established by a primary active transport system, atp not directly used to move molecule, works as symport or antiport carrier

70
Q

describe vesicular transport

A

material moved in or out of cell wrapped in membrane, active method of membrane transport

71
Q

what are the two types of vesicular transport

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

72
Q

what is typical mv of cells at rest

A

about -70 mv but leak channels change this numebr

73
Q

what does equilibirum potential tell us?

A

what direction membrane potential is going to change

74
Q

what is the nernst equation and why is it limited?

A

calculates the membrane potential for one cell but this is limited bc multiple ions make up the membrane potential

75
Q

what is the goldman hodgkin kats equation

A

extension of nernst equation that includes other elements and is how we arrived at -70 mv as resting membrane potential

76
Q

what is the difference between efferent and afferent neurons?

A

efferent= send signals out of cns
afferent= send sensor signals to cns

77
Q

interneurons

A

found entirely in cns and deal with higher mental functions associated with the mind

78
Q

what are the 4 major types of glial cells

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. oligodendrocytes
  3. microglia
  4. ependymal cells
79
Q

describe astrocytes

A

main glue of cns, guide neurons during fetal brain development, aid in establishment of blood brain barrier, help transfer nutrients from blood to the neurons, important in repair of brain injuries and in neural scar formation, take up and degrade locally released NTs, take up excess K from the brain ECF, enhance synaptic formation, communicate w neurons via chemical signals, clear toxins from the brain via glymphatic systems

80
Q

describe communication in astrocytes

A

signals pass thru the ecf thru gap junctions, gliotransmitters, have receptors for glutamate causing influx of ca2 which triggers release of atp

81
Q

glymphatic system

A

brain not supplied by normal lymphatic system, allows for exchange of solutes between CSF and ISF (aquaporins)

82
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

form insulating myelin sheaths around axons in CNS, increase signal transmission speeds
*schwann cells in pns

83
Q

microglia

A

immune defense cells of the cns, when resting release nerve growth factor which promotes neurons and other glial cells to thrive, when activated they become swollen and migrate to areas of injury or infection

84
Q

what neurodegenerative disease may be contributed to overactive microglia

A

alzheimers

85
Q

ependymal cells

A

line internal fluid filled cavities of the cns, in ventricles of brain help form csf, act as neural stem cells for new glial cells and neurons in the hippocampus

86
Q

gliomas

A

glial cells that form into brain tumors bc they are mitotic

87
Q

meningiomas

A

tumors that originate in the meninges of cns

88
Q

what happens when you hit threshold

A

action potential happens in that section of neurons

89
Q

what are the 4 gated channels

A

voltage, ligand, mechanical, thermal

90
Q

what are the two kinds of potential change

A

graded potentials and action potentials

91
Q

graded potentials

A

short distance signals, their influence can lead to action potential in nerve cells; typically do not involve sodium/potassium channels

92
Q

action potentials

A

serve as long distance signals, all or nothing, involve voltage gated channels, absolute strength that never weakens

93
Q

what/ how does the concentration gradient get restore after being disrupted by action potentials?

A

sodium is pumped into the ecf and potassium is pumped into the icf

94
Q

what is the axon hillock?

A

the neurons triggering zone

95
Q

axon terminals

A

release neurotransmitters that simultaneously influence post synaptic cells, output zone of the neuron

96
Q

continuous conduction

A

conduction in unmyelinated fibers, action potential spreads along entire axonal membrane

97
Q

saltatory conduction

A

rapid conduction in myelinated fibers, impulse jumps to exposed membrane between myelin sheaths

98
Q

pg 21 of lecture 2

A
99
Q

what are the major functions of the cerebral cortex?

A

sensory perception, voluntary movement,language, personality and emotions, memory, decision making

100
Q

what are the major functions of the basal ganglia?

A

motor control, production of stereotyped automatic movements, enabling of cognitive, executive, and emotional behaviors

101
Q

what are the major functions of the thalamus

A

relay of sensory info to the cerebrum, relay motor info from cerebellum and basal ganglia to cerebrum, part of limbic system emotion and memory, activation of cerebral cortex conciousness system

102
Q

what are the major functions of the hypothalamus

A

regulates temp, thirst, food intake, fluid balance, and biological rhytms

relay station between nervous and endocrine systems, sex drive, emotions and behavior patterns, sleep wake cycle

103
Q

what are the major functions of the brainstem?

A

-origin of most peripheral nerves
-control centers for cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive regulation
-regulation of muscle reflexes for posture and equilibrium
-some control sleep wake cycle
-integration of synpatic input from spinal chord
-activation of cerebral cortex

104
Q

list the meninges of the brain superficial to deep

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

105
Q

what would happen if we did not have csf in our skull?

A

brain would hit the skull and become damaged

106
Q

what is the csf fluid primarily synthesized by?

A

choroid plexuses

107
Q

where does csf enter and where does it drain?

A

enters subarachnoid space and flows thru the meninges and then drains thru small openings in the 4th ventricle

108
Q

what are areas without BBB called and what is the purpose of them?

A

circumventricular organs, several located near hypothalamus and this allows it to sample blood and make adjustments

109
Q

where does nearly all of the blood to the anterior pitutiary go thru? and what does it bypass

A

goes thru hypothalamus and bypasses general circulation (second part of hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system)

110
Q

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

A

connects brain to anterior pituitary system, made up of 2 capillary beds

111
Q

what is neurohypothysis?

A

hypothalamus interconnected w posterior pituitary

112
Q

wehre do neurons originate in hypothalamic hypophyseal portal systems?

A

originate in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and terminate in posterior pituitary

113
Q

what is the release of hypophyseal hormones controlled by?

A

controlled by regulatory hypothalamic hormones for adenohypophysis and neuroendocrine reflex for neurohypophysis

114
Q

melanocortin system (which is in arcuate nucleus)

A

critical neural system underlying the control of body weight and other functions

115
Q
A
116
Q
A
117
Q
A

Q1 (15 decks)

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