Exam 1 anatomy Flashcards
what parts of the spine are primary curvatures?
thoracic and sacral
what is the normal curvature degree of the thoracic curvature?
20-45 degrees
what is the normal degree of curvature of the lumbar lordosis curvature?
40-60 degrees
what is sway back?
lumbar lordosis coupled w thoracic kyphosis
what is flat back and what is the degree of the curvature?
decrease in lumbar lordosis (20 degrees)
center of gravity centered anteriorly
what is the function of the vertebral arch?
protects the spinal chord
where is the spinal chord located?
vertebral foramen
what is another name for zygapophysial joints?
facet joints
where do the spinal nerves come out laterally?
intervertebral foramens
what vertebrae have transverse foramen?
cervical vertebrae
where does the vertebral artery go down?
transverse foramen
which vertebrae has the biggest spinous process?
c7
explain luschka joints
between uncinate processes of cervical vertebrae and body of adjacent vertebrae
what joint does flexion and extension in the neck area
atlantoocipital joint
what joint does rotation in the neck area
Atlanto axial
what vertebrae would you give a spinal tap and epidural anesthesia?
L3/L4 spinal tap and L4/L5 epidural
what vertebrae does the spinal chord extend to?
L1,L2
Pars Fractures
fracture in weakest bony part of cervical and lumbar vertebrae (par interarticularis)
Scotty dog fracture
another name for spondylolysis
scotty dog fracture or par fracture
spondylolisthesis
when vertebrae slips posteriorly or anteriorly
(anterior is anteriolisthesis)
(posterior is retrolisthesis)
lumbar stenosis
narrowing of lumbar canal due to movement or hypercalcification
laminectomy
take spinous process off to make more room in vertebral canal
intervertebral disc prolapse
bulging disc, when position of disc changes with some impingement to the spinal canal
what does the thoracolumbar fascia wrap around
intrinsic back muscles
extrusion vs sequestration of intervertebral discs
extrusion=nucleus pulpous breaks thru the annulus fibrosus but remains within the disc
sequestration= nucleus pulpous breaks through annulus fibrosus and lies outside the disc in the spinal canal
what two muscles are in the superficial layer of the intrinsic muscles of the back?
splenius wapitis and splenius cervicis
what muscles are in the erector spinae, or intermediate layer of the intrinsic back muscles
spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis
What muscles are in the transversospinalis, or deep layer of the intrinsic back muscles?
rotatores, multifidus, and semispinalis
between what part of the vertebrae are the deep layer of intrinsic back muscles located?
between spinous process and transverse process
name the muscles of the sub occipital region
inferior oblique, superior oblique, rectus capitis posterior major, and rectus capitis posterior minor
what plane does flexion and extension occur in?
sagittal except thumn
give examples of anatomic variations that are not necessarily pathological
circle of willis not having all 4 arteries symmetrical, varied aortic arch, piriformis syndrome, appendix not being retrocecal
wallerian degeneration
after injury axons degenerate distal to lesion
visceral sensory
sensory from organs (ischemia, stretch)
what are the cranial nerves covered by and where do they emerge from?
they are covered by cranial meninges and emerge from foramina/fissures in the cranium
List the 12 cranial nerves
(on occasion our trusty truck acts funny, very good vehicle any how)
1 olfactory
2 optic
3 oculomotor
4 trochlear
5 trigeminal
6 abducens
7 facial
8 vestibulocochlear
9 glossopharyngeal
10 vagus
11 spinal accessory
12 hypoglossal
which cranial nerves are sensory, motor, or both?
some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more
1 sensory
2 sensory
3 motor
4 motor
5 both
6 motor
7 both
8 sensory
9 both
10 both
11 motor
12 motor
functions of cranial nerve motor fibers to striated (voluntary) muscle
- somatic motor= to orbit, tongue, and external muscles of neck
- branchial motor= axons to striated muscles of mastication derived from pharyngeal arches
functions of cranial nerve motor fibers to smooth (involuntary) muscle and glands
- cranial outflow of parasympathetic division of ans
- presynaptic fibers emerging from brain synapse outside cns in parasympathetic ganglia
functional cranial nerve components of sensory fibers
- carotid body and sinus
- pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, heart, GI
functional cranial nerve components- general sensation
- somatic sensory fibers mainly from cranial nerve 5
- some sensory fibers also in CNS 7,9,10
unique sensations from cranial nerve fibers
- special sensory
- taste and smell
- vision, hearing, balance
actions, nerve cell bodies, and cranial exit of olfactory nerve
action- sense of smell
nerve cell bodies- olfactory epithelium
cranial exit- foramina in cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
action, nerve cell bodies, and cranial exit of optic nerve
action- sense of vision
nerve cell body- retina
cranial exit- optic canal via sphenoid bone
action, nerve cell body, exit of oculomotor nerve
action- raises eyelid, turns eye superiorly, inferiorly, and medially
nerve cell body- midbrain
exit- superior orbital fissure
action, nerve cell bodies, and cranial exit of trochlear nerve
action- turns eye inferolaterally
nerve cell body- midbrain
exit- superior orbital fissure
what are the 3 parts of the trigeminal nerve
v1= opthalmic nerve
v2=maxillary nerve
v3=mandibular nerve
action, nerve cell bodies, and exit of aducent nerve
action- turns eye laterally
nerve cell bodies-pons
exit- superior orbital fissure
action, nerve cell bodies, and exit of facial nerve
action- motor to muscles of facial expression
nerve cell bodies- pons
exit- internal acoustic meatus, facial canal, stylomastoid foramen
nervus intermedius
part of facial nerve that deals with taste and saliva
nerve cell bodies- geniculate ganglion, pons
exit- internal acoustic meatus, facial canal, stylomastoid foramen
actions, nerve cell bodies, and exit of vestibulocochlear nerve
vestibular:
action-balance
cell bodies-vestibular ganglion
exit-internal acoustic meatus
cochlear:
action-hearing from spiral organ
cell bodies- spiral ganglion
exit-internal acoustic meatus
action and cell bodies of glossopharyngeal nerve
action- assist in swallowing (these cell bodies are in medulla)
taste in posterior 1/3rd of tongue, sensory from carotid body and sinus, general sensory from external ear, pharynx, middle ear (these nerve cell bodies in sensory ganglion)
cranial nerve 10 (longes cranial nerve)
innervates most muscles responsible for swallowing and phonation (pharynx and larynx), parasympathetic innervation to smooth muscle of trachea, bronchi, digestive tract, cardiac muscle of heart, taste from epiglottis and palate
*cranial exit is jugular foramen
action, cell bodes, and exit of spinal accessory cranial nerve
action- motor to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
nerve cell bodies- spinal cord
exit- jugular foramen
action, nerve cell bodies, and exit of hypoglossal nerve
action- motor to intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue
nerve cell bodies- medulla
cranial exit- hypoglossal canal
what does the the falx cerebri do?
a dural reflection that divides the brain into left and right
what does the falx cerebelli do?
projects down from the tentorium cerebelli between the 2 CEREBELLAR hemispheres
what does the tentorium cerebelli do?
and dural reflection that seperates the cerebrum from the cerebellum and brain stem;aka strong membranous roof over the cerebrellum
what does the diaphragm sellae do?
a dural reflection that seperates the pituitary gland from intradural space and is used as a surgical landmark
what does the vein of galen do and what is it made of/drains into it?
vein of galen drains the cerebrum and is made of up the basal vein of rosenthal
describe the structures passing thru the cavernous sinuses
cranial nerves 3-6, internal carotid artery, and pituitary gland
what are possible causes of cavernous sinus syndrome?
tumor (pituitary adenoma, infection bc sinus infection can drain into cavernous sinouses, arterial rupter of the internal carotid)
where is the brocas area located? what happens if this is damaged
located in frontal lobe left hemisphere if right handed and in both hemispheres if left handed. If this area is damaged pt will have trouble in production of language
what does the corpus callosum (white matter) do?
myelinated axons that flow info from right to left side of brain
describe the primary motor cortex
in front lobe and control mvmt on the opposite side of the body
describe primary somatosensory cortex
in parietal lobes involved in sensation for opposite side of body
describe the primary visual cortex
in the occipital lobe along the CALCARINE FISSURE where optic radiations go back to
describe the primary auditory cortex
composed of the transverse gyri of heschi, which are on superior surface of each temporal lobe
wernickes area
seeing and hearing comprehension
what arteries make up the circle of willis
anterior cerebral artery, anterior communication artery, middle cerebral artery, posterior communicating artery, posterior cerebral, basilar
describe the flow of the superior sagittal sinus
superior sagittal sinus, transverse sinus, becomes sigmoid sinuses, exits via jugular foramen, forms internal jugular veins
describe the flow of the cavernous sinus
cavernous sinus, superior pertrosal sinus, trasnverse and inferior petrosal sinus, internal jugular vein
describe the flow of deep veinous drainage
anterior cerebral and deep middle cerebral veins, basal veins of rosenthal, and then join internal cerebral veins to form great vein of galen
where does blood supply to cervical spinal chord come from?
arteries that branch from vertebral arteries
where does blood supple to thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spinal chord areas come from?
aorta
describe venous drainage of the spinal chord
drainage via batson’s plexus(veins in epidural space) (that is bidirectional becasue batson plexus do not involve valves)
and then medullary veins converge into segmental spinal veins
subdural hematoma
tears of the cerebral bridging VEIN, caused by a blow to the head that jerks the brain (dura arachnoid junction)
epidural hematoma
arterial origin, hard blow to the head that breaks middle meningeal artery which is located between calvaria and dura; brief concussion followed by lucid interval; some hours later drowsiness/coma
subarachnoid hemorage
leaking of blood into subarachnoid space, arterial (usually), usually results from a saccular aneurysm but sometimes head trauma involved (symptoms meningeal irritation, severe headache, stiff neck, and loss of conciousness)
what arteries are responsible for anterior circulation of the brain?
internal carotid arteries (does not go thru basilar)
what arteries are responsible for the posterior circulation of the brain?
vertebral arteries
what 3 segments are responsible for blood supply of the brain?
internal carotid arteries, vertebral arteries, and circle of willis
where do the internal carotid arteries (responsible for anterior circulation) go in?
carotid canal, internal carotid arteries
where do the arteries responsible for the posterior blood supply of the brain enter the skull?
vertebral arteries, foramen magnum
which nerve innervates the submandibular salivary gland
cn 7
which cn innervates the parotid gland?
cn 9
which cn innervates the lacrimal gland?
cn 7
which cn innervates the palatal glands?
cn v2
which cn is responsible for blinking?
facial nerve
