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Q1 > Exam 1 anatomy > Flashcards

Exam 1 anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what parts of the spine are primary curvatures?

A

thoracic and sacral

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2
Q

what is the normal curvature degree of the thoracic curvature?

A

20-45 degrees

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3
Q

what is the normal degree of curvature of the lumbar lordosis curvature?

A

40-60 degrees

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4
Q

what is sway back?

A

lumbar lordosis coupled w thoracic kyphosis

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5
Q

what is flat back and what is the degree of the curvature?

A

decrease in lumbar lordosis (20 degrees)

center of gravity centered anteriorly

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6
Q

what is the function of the vertebral arch?

A

protects the spinal chord

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7
Q

where is the spinal chord located?

A

vertebral foramen

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8
Q

what is another name for zygapophysial joints?

A

facet joints

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9
Q

where do the spinal nerves come out laterally?

A

intervertebral foramens

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10
Q

what vertebrae have transverse foramen?

A

cervical vertebrae

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11
Q

where does the vertebral artery go down?

A

transverse foramen

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12
Q

which vertebrae has the biggest spinous process?

A

c7

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13
Q

explain luschka joints

A

between uncinate processes of cervical vertebrae and body of adjacent vertebrae

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14
Q

what joint does flexion and extension in the neck area

A

atlantoocipital joint

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15
Q

what joint does rotation in the neck area

A

Atlanto axial

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16
Q

what vertebrae would you give a spinal tap and epidural anesthesia?

A

L3/L4 spinal tap and L4/L5 epidural

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17
Q

what vertebrae does the spinal chord extend to?

A

L1,L2

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18
Q

Pars Fractures

A

fracture in weakest bony part of cervical and lumbar vertebrae (par interarticularis)

Scotty dog fracture

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19
Q

another name for spondylolysis

A

scotty dog fracture or par fracture

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20
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

when vertebrae slips posteriorly or anteriorly

(anterior is anteriolisthesis)

(posterior is retrolisthesis)

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21
Q

lumbar stenosis

A

narrowing of lumbar canal due to movement or hypercalcification

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22
Q

laminectomy

A

take spinous process off to make more room in vertebral canal

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23
Q

intervertebral disc prolapse

A

bulging disc, when position of disc changes with some impingement to the spinal canal

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24
Q

what does the thoracolumbar fascia wrap around

A

intrinsic back muscles

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24
Q

extrusion vs sequestration of intervertebral discs

A

extrusion=nucleus pulpous breaks thru the annulus fibrosus but remains within the disc

sequestration= nucleus pulpous breaks through annulus fibrosus and lies outside the disc in the spinal canal

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25
Q

what two muscles are in the superficial layer of the intrinsic muscles of the back?

A

splenius wapitis and splenius cervicis

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25
Q

what muscles are in the erector spinae, or intermediate layer of the intrinsic back muscles

A

spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis

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26
Q

What muscles are in the transversospinalis, or deep layer of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

rotatores, multifidus, and semispinalis

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27
Q

between what part of the vertebrae are the deep layer of intrinsic back muscles located?

A

between spinous process and transverse process

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28
Q

name the muscles of the sub occipital region

A

inferior oblique, superior oblique, rectus capitis posterior major, and rectus capitis posterior minor

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29
Q

what plane does flexion and extension occur in?

A

sagittal except thumn

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30
Q

give examples of anatomic variations that are not necessarily pathological

A

circle of willis not having all 4 arteries symmetrical, varied aortic arch, piriformis syndrome, appendix not being retrocecal

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31
Q

wallerian degeneration

A

after injury axons degenerate distal to lesion

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32
Q

visceral sensory

A

sensory from organs (ischemia, stretch)

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33
Q

what are the cranial nerves covered by and where do they emerge from?

A

they are covered by cranial meninges and emerge from foramina/fissures in the cranium

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34
Q

List the 12 cranial nerves
(on occasion our trusty truck acts funny, very good vehicle any how)

A

1 olfactory
2 optic
3 oculomotor
4 trochlear
5 trigeminal
6 abducens
7 facial
8 vestibulocochlear
9 glossopharyngeal
10 vagus
11 spinal accessory
12 hypoglossal

35
Q

which cranial nerves are sensory, motor, or both?

some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more

A

1 sensory
2 sensory
3 motor
4 motor
5 both
6 motor
7 both
8 sensory
9 both
10 both
11 motor
12 motor

36
Q

functions of cranial nerve motor fibers to striated (voluntary) muscle

A
  1. somatic motor= to orbit, tongue, and external muscles of neck
  2. branchial motor= axons to striated muscles of mastication derived from pharyngeal arches
37
Q

functions of cranial nerve motor fibers to smooth (involuntary) muscle and glands

A
  1. cranial outflow of parasympathetic division of ans
  2. presynaptic fibers emerging from brain synapse outside cns in parasympathetic ganglia
38
Q

functional cranial nerve components of sensory fibers

A
  1. carotid body and sinus
  2. pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, heart, GI
39
Q

functional cranial nerve components- general sensation

A
  1. somatic sensory fibers mainly from cranial nerve 5
  2. some sensory fibers also in CNS 7,9,10
40
Q

unique sensations from cranial nerve fibers

A
  1. special sensory
  2. taste and smell
  3. vision, hearing, balance
41
Q

actions, nerve cell bodies, and cranial exit of olfactory nerve

A

action- sense of smell
nerve cell bodies- olfactory epithelium
cranial exit- foramina in cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

42
Q

action, nerve cell bodies, and cranial exit of optic nerve

A

action- sense of vision
nerve cell body- retina
cranial exit- optic canal via sphenoid bone

43
Q

action, nerve cell body, exit of oculomotor nerve

A

action- raises eyelid, turns eye superiorly, inferiorly, and medially
nerve cell body- midbrain
exit- superior orbital fissure

44
Q

action, nerve cell bodies, and cranial exit of trochlear nerve

A

action- turns eye inferolaterally
nerve cell body- midbrain
exit- superior orbital fissure

45
Q

what are the 3 parts of the trigeminal nerve

A

v1= opthalmic nerve
v2=maxillary nerve
v3=mandibular nerve

46
Q

action, nerve cell bodies, and exit of aducent nerve

A

action- turns eye laterally
nerve cell bodies-pons
exit- superior orbital fissure

47
Q

action, nerve cell bodies, and exit of facial nerve

A

action- motor to muscles of facial expression
nerve cell bodies- pons
exit- internal acoustic meatus, facial canal, stylomastoid foramen

48
Q

nervus intermedius

A

part of facial nerve that deals with taste and saliva

nerve cell bodies- geniculate ganglion, pons
exit- internal acoustic meatus, facial canal, stylomastoid foramen

49
Q

actions, nerve cell bodies, and exit of vestibulocochlear nerve

A

vestibular:
action-balance
cell bodies-vestibular ganglion
exit-internal acoustic meatus

cochlear:
action-hearing from spiral organ
cell bodies- spiral ganglion
exit-internal acoustic meatus

50
Q

action and cell bodies of glossopharyngeal nerve

A

action- assist in swallowing (these cell bodies are in medulla)

taste in posterior 1/3rd of tongue, sensory from carotid body and sinus, general sensory from external ear, pharynx, middle ear (these nerve cell bodies in sensory ganglion)

51
Q

cranial nerve 10 (longes cranial nerve)

A

innervates most muscles responsible for swallowing and phonation (pharynx and larynx), parasympathetic innervation to smooth muscle of trachea, bronchi, digestive tract, cardiac muscle of heart, taste from epiglottis and palate

*cranial exit is jugular foramen

52
Q

action, cell bodes, and exit of spinal accessory cranial nerve

A

action- motor to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
nerve cell bodies- spinal cord
exit- jugular foramen

53
Q

action, nerve cell bodies, and exit of hypoglossal nerve

A

action- motor to intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue
nerve cell bodies- medulla
cranial exit- hypoglossal canal

54
Q

what does the the falx cerebri do?

A

a dural reflection that divides the brain into left and right

55
Q

what does the falx cerebelli do?

A

projects down from the tentorium cerebelli between the 2 CEREBELLAR hemispheres

56
Q

what does the tentorium cerebelli do?

A

and dural reflection that seperates the cerebrum from the cerebellum and brain stem;aka strong membranous roof over the cerebrellum

57
Q

what does the diaphragm sellae do?

A

a dural reflection that seperates the pituitary gland from intradural space and is used as a surgical landmark

58
Q

what does the vein of galen do and what is it made of/drains into it?

A

vein of galen drains the cerebrum and is made of up the basal vein of rosenthal

59
Q

describe the structures passing thru the cavernous sinuses

A

cranial nerves 3-6, internal carotid artery, and pituitary gland

60
Q

what are possible causes of cavernous sinus syndrome?

A

tumor (pituitary adenoma, infection bc sinus infection can drain into cavernous sinouses, arterial rupter of the internal carotid)

61
Q

where is the brocas area located? what happens if this is damaged

A

located in frontal lobe left hemisphere if right handed and in both hemispheres if left handed. If this area is damaged pt will have trouble in production of language

62
Q

what does the corpus callosum (white matter) do?

A

myelinated axons that flow info from right to left side of brain

63
Q

describe the primary motor cortex

A

in front lobe and control mvmt on the opposite side of the body

64
Q

describe primary somatosensory cortex

A

in parietal lobes involved in sensation for opposite side of body

65
Q

describe the primary visual cortex

A

in the occipital lobe along the CALCARINE FISSURE where optic radiations go back to

66
Q

describe the primary auditory cortex

A

composed of the transverse gyri of heschi, which are on superior surface of each temporal lobe

67
Q

wernickes area

A

seeing and hearing comprehension

68
Q

what arteries make up the circle of willis

A

anterior cerebral artery, anterior communication artery, middle cerebral artery, posterior communicating artery, posterior cerebral, basilar

69
Q

describe the flow of the superior sagittal sinus

A

superior sagittal sinus, transverse sinus, becomes sigmoid sinuses, exits via jugular foramen, forms internal jugular veins

70
Q

describe the flow of the cavernous sinus

A

cavernous sinus, superior pertrosal sinus, trasnverse and inferior petrosal sinus, internal jugular vein

71
Q

describe the flow of deep veinous drainage

A

anterior cerebral and deep middle cerebral veins, basal veins of rosenthal, and then join internal cerebral veins to form great vein of galen

72
Q

where does blood supply to cervical spinal chord come from?

A

arteries that branch from vertebral arteries

73
Q

where does blood supple to thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spinal chord areas come from?

A

aorta

74
Q

describe venous drainage of the spinal chord

A

drainage via batson’s plexus(veins in epidural space) (that is bidirectional becasue batson plexus do not involve valves)

and then medullary veins converge into segmental spinal veins

75
Q

subdural hematoma

A

tears of the cerebral bridging VEIN, caused by a blow to the head that jerks the brain (dura arachnoid junction)

76
Q

epidural hematoma

A

arterial origin, hard blow to the head that breaks middle meningeal artery which is located between calvaria and dura; brief concussion followed by lucid interval; some hours later drowsiness/coma

77
Q

subarachnoid hemorage

A

leaking of blood into subarachnoid space, arterial (usually), usually results from a saccular aneurysm but sometimes head trauma involved (symptoms meningeal irritation, severe headache, stiff neck, and loss of conciousness)

78
Q

what arteries are responsible for anterior circulation of the brain?

A

internal carotid arteries (does not go thru basilar)

79
Q

what arteries are responsible for the posterior circulation of the brain?

A

vertebral arteries

80
Q

what 3 segments are responsible for blood supply of the brain?

A

internal carotid arteries, vertebral arteries, and circle of willis

81
Q

where do the internal carotid arteries (responsible for anterior circulation) go in?

A

carotid canal, internal carotid arteries

82
Q

where do the arteries responsible for the posterior blood supply of the brain enter the skull?

A

vertebral arteries, foramen magnum

83
Q

which nerve innervates the submandibular salivary gland

A

cn 7

84
Q

which cn innervates the parotid gland?

A

cn 9

85
Q

which cn innervates the lacrimal gland?

A

cn 7

86
Q

which cn innervates the palatal glands?

A

cn v2

87
Q

which cn is responsible for blinking?

A

facial nerve

Q1 (15 decks)

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