Physics paper 1 Flashcards by Addz Man

What is the law of conservation of energy?

Energy is always conserved- it cannot be created or destroyed

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What is energy measured in?

Joules

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What is sound/ vibrational energy?

Kinetic energy

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What 3 things contain chemical potential energy?

Fuels, food and cells

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What specific heat capacity?

The energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1’C

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What is a system?

When objects interact and energy is transferred from one store to another.

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How is energy transferred if an object falls?

GPE is transferred to Kinetic Energy

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What is a feature of a closed system?

No energy is transferred to/from the surroundings

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What is the specific heat capacity?(practical)

measure mass of water in beaker

place electrical heater in water

measure initial temperature of substance using thermometer

turn heater on, start timer and measure p.d. and current supplied to the heater using voltmeter and ammeter

After set time, measure final temp and calculate change in temperature.

Calculate SHC

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What is power?

The rate of energy transfer

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What is efficiency?

The proportion of total input energy that is converted to useful output energy

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What are energy sources?

Where we harness energy from in the world

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What examples of finite sources?

Nuclear fuel

Fossil fuels (Coal, oil and natural gas)

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What are examples of renewable sources?

Wind power

Hydroelectric

Solar power

geothermal

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What does a cell do?

Supply energy to electrons, which then move through wires to transfer energy

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What direction does charge always flow from?

Positive to negative

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What is potential difference?

The measure of how much energy is transferred to each coulomb of charge.

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What is potential difference measured in?

Volts

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What is current?

The rate of flow of charge

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What is current measured in?

Amps

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How are ammeters connected in a circuit?

In series with components

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How are voltmeters connected in a circuit?

In parallel with components

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What is resistance?

the measure of how much a component resists the flow of current.

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What unit is resistance measured in?

Ohms

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What is Ohm's law?

P.D. = current * resistance

How is resistance calculated from an I-V graph?

By pick a point on the line and rearranging ohm's law. NEVER draw a tangent.

How do you draw an I-V graph for a fixed resistor?

Straight line through origin: V and I are directly proportional

How do you draw an I-V graph for a filament lamp?

The line curves: resistance NOT constant This due to delocalised electrons colliding with ionic lattice and vibrating more Larger current = increased resistance (non-ohmic)

What do diodes do?

Only let current flow in one direction

How direction does current flow in low resistance?

Forward direction

How do you obtain the negative values for V and I?

Reverse the cell

What are the features of a series circuit?

Total p.d. is shared between all components Current is the same for all components Total resistance = sum of resistances

What are the features of a paralell ciruit?

p.d. for each branch = p.d. of cell/ battery Current is split between branches Adding more resistors in parallel REDUCES total R

What does a thermistor do?

If the temperature increases the resistance decreases

What is an LDR?

If light intensity decreases the resistance of the circuit decreases

What's mains electricity?

Alternating current, resulting for an alternating potential difference

What colour is the neutral wire?

Blue

What is the P.D. of the neutral wire?

What is the colour of the live wire?

Brown

What is the average p.d. of the live wire?

230V - This is UK mains voltage

What is the Earth wire?

A safety feature that acts as an escape route for currents that would cause a shock

What does a direct p.d. result in?

A direct current

What does every plug contain?

A FUSE connected to a live wire, designed to blow if there is a fault causing high current.

What do power stations do?

Produce a relatively high current

What does a step-up transformer do?

Increases the voltage, which decreases the current Reducing the power lost due to heating in the cables.

What does a step-down transformer do?

It reduces the voltage down to a safer 230V for homes/ businesses.

What instrument can be used to calculate the volume of an irregular object?

A eureka/ displacement can

What is the practical for volume of an irregular object?

Measure the mass of the object Fill displacement can up to spout Using a string, submerge object and wait for all water to be displaced out into a beaker Pour water into measuring cylinder to measure volume

How does changing state work?

Energy must be supplied to overcome ELECTROSTATIC FORCES OF ATTRACTION between particles.

What is internal energy?

The SUM of KINETIC ENERGY and POTENTIAL ENERGY of all particles in a substance.

In a heating curve, what happens to temperature during a change of state?

It remains constant

In a heating curve, what happens to temperature when particles are gaining KINETIC ENERGY?

It increases

what is gas pressure?

Gas pressure is a result of the particles colliding with the walls of its container, exerting a force outwards.

what is the radius of the atom?

1x10*-10

what is the radius of the nucleus?

1x10*-14

what did the ancient greeks think the atom structure was?

thought matter to be made of invisible particles

what did JJ Thomson do?

created the 'plum pudding' model

what did Ernerst Rutherford discover?

discovered that the nucleus was small and positively charged by finding that most alpha particles went straight through a gold 'leaf' very few deflected back.

what did Neils Bohr discover?

he deduced that electrons exist in 'shells' or 'energy levels', James Chadwick determined taht the nucleus must contain neutrons as well as protons

what are isotopes?

same element(number of protons), but different numbers of neutrons

what is gamma radiation?

is as high energy EM wave that can be emitted by a nucleus, but this isnt due to decay; it's just due to a nucleus having excess energy

one quality of alpha decay?

larger nuclei

one quality of beta decay?

samller nuclei

what is the mass and charge of alpha radiation?

the mass is 4 and the charge +2

what is the mass and charge of beta radiation?

the mass is 0 and the charge is -1

what is the mass and charge of gamma radiation?

the mass is 0 and the charge is 0

what is the ionising power and penetrating ability of alpha radiation

-its ionising power is high -its penetrating ability is low

what is the ionising power and penetrating ability of alpha radiation

-its ionising power is medium -its penetrating ability is medium

what is the ionising power and penetrating ability of alpha radiation

-its ionising power is low -its penetrating ability is high

what is the unit of activity?

Bq(becquerel) which is essentailly the same as c.p.s(counts per second) detected

what is radioactivity?

is the rate of decay in a sample of radioactive material.

what is half-life?

it's the time it takes for the activity to halve.