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Biology Paper 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How does the body respond to glucose levels being too low.

A

-Pancreases secretes Glucagon
-Causes liver and muscles to convert glycogen back into glucose
Known as Negative feedback

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2
Q

How does the body respond to glucose levels being to high

A

-Pancrease creates insulin
-This causes glucose to move from bloodstream into cells for respiration
-Excess glucose converted in glycogen as energy store.

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3
Q

What is the function of the Testes

A

Produce sperm

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4
Q

What is the function of the Ovaries

A

Release Eggs and hormones

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5
Q

What is the function of the adrenal glands

A

Release Adrenaline

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6
Q

What is the function of the Thyroid gland

A

Controls growth and metabolism

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7
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland

A

Sends signals to other glands

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8
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A system of glands that secretes hormones to send signals to the effectors which are transported via blood.

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9
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

When an electrical signal bypasses the brain and is much quicker

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10
Q

How would the body respond to an external change

A

A receptor detects a change via a stimulus
-It sends an electrical signal travels to the spine through the sensory and relay neurone
Travels through the spine and into the brain where you can make the conscious decision to act. The brain sends a signal down to the effectors in our body via relay and motor neurone

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11
Q

How does the signal travel across the gaps of the neurone?

A

The signal travels across the synapse via neurotransmitter chemicals.

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12
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

Brain and Spinal chord

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13
Q

What is the Peripheral nervous system?

A

All other nerves

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14
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The regulation of internal bodily conditions, so reactions can occur at optimal rates.

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15
Q

What are examples of homeostasis?

A

Regulating …

Water levels
Temp
Glucose concentration

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16
Q

What is an apex predator?

A

A predator with NO natural predator (Top of the food chain)

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17
Q

What do the arrows in a food chain represent?

A

The direction of biomass transfer

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18
Q

How do you calculate the percentage of biomass absorbed?

A

Biomass at 2nd level divided by the biomass at 1st level (x100)

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19
Q

What are glands?

A

Effectors that secrete necessary chemicals

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20
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A junction (gap) between 2 neurones

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21
Q

What are the features of type 1 diabetes?

A

Pancreas can’t secrete enough insulin

Injections needed.

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22
Q

What are the features of type 2 diabetes?

A

Cells don’t absorb glucose normally

Obesity increases risk

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23
Q

Give an example of a fertility treatment

A

In Vitro Fertilisation

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24
Q

What are the steps of In Vitro Fertilisation?

A

The woman takes medication to stimulate healthy egg development and regulate her menstrual cycle.

Eggs are collected after release

These eggs are fertilised in a lab with sperm

Developed embryos are inserted back into the uterus

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25
Q

What are the disadvantages of IVF?

A

Very low success rate

Can cause multiple embryos to develop- too many kids!

Very expensive

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26
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Inserting a gene into an organism’s genome
Causing the gene to synthesise a specific protein

This produces a desired characteristic

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27
Q

What are the steps of genetic engineering?

A

The gene is spliced from another organisms DNA using an enzyme

The gene is inserted into a vector (e.g. bacteria)

The vector then inserts the gene into the cells of another organism that is in early development

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28
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

Increases blood flow and breathing rate

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29
Q

What does the body do when there is low thyroxine?

A

The brain and pituitary gland secrete TSH

TSH causes the Thyroid to secrete more thyroxine

30
Q

What is interdependence?

A

When organisms depend on each other for survival

This means a community has been formed

31
Q

What is a transect?

A

A line across a habitat

32
Q

What are the steps of sampling?

A

Place quadrats in random locations in an area

Count the number of organisms in each quadrat

Calculate the mean number of organisms and multiply it by the total area

This provides an estimate for the total population

33
Q

Why do we move quadrats along a transect?

A

It allows us to observe changes in population density over a distance

34
Q

What are the gametes of plants?

A

Pollen and ovules

35
Q

How do plants reproduce?

A

Both sexually and asexually

36
Q

What are the benefits of sexual reproduction in plants?

A

Wider variation and higher adaptability in offspring

37
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The process by which gametes are made (haploids)

38
Q

What are the steps of meiosis?

A

Chromosomes in diploid cell are duplicated

Similar chromosomes pair up and exchange genes

The cell divides to produce 2 diploid cells

These cells then divide to produce 4 haploid cells (gametes)

39
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entire genetic code in an organism

40
Q

What is DNA?

A

A double helix polymer that stores the genetic code of an organism.

41
Q

What is a gene?

A

A DNA strand that codes for a protein

42
Q

What are phenotypes?

A

Physical characteristics

43
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different versions of the same gene

44
Q

What needs to happen for a recessive allele to be expressed in the phenotype?

A

There must be no dominant allele present

45
Q

What does it mean if someone only has one type of allele?

A

They’re homozygous

46
Q

What does it mean if someone two different types of allele?

A

They’re heterozygous

47
Q

What is a peat bog?

A

Areas of land that are waterlogged and acidic – plants living in bogs do not decay fully when they die due to a lack of oxygen

The carbon that would have been released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (if the plants had been able to fully decompose) is instead stored in the peat

48
Q

What are peatbogs used for?

A

They’re destroyed to make compost, which reduces biodiversity of an ecosystem

Peat bogs are drained so that the area can be used for farming

Peat can be dried and used as a fuel

49
Q

What are the Negative impacts of burning peat?

A

Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere when peat is burned as a fuel – this contributes to global warming

Peat bogs take so long to form that peat is a non-renewable energy source

50
Q

What is Lamarck’s theory of evolution?

A

Adaptations are a result of a changing environment

This effects the characteristics offspring inherit

NOT RANDOM

51
Q

What are fossils?

A

The preserved remains of a dead organism from millions of years ago.

52
Q

Why do some fossils look like bones?

A

The bones have been replaced with minerals.

53
Q

What do FSH-stopping pills do?

A

Stop eggs from maturing

54
Q

What does a progesterone implant do?

A

Stops the release of eggs.

55
Q

What do condoms do?

A

Stop sperm entering the vagina

56
Q

What does an IVD (Copper coil) do?

A

Stops egg embedding in the uterus lining

57
Q

What does a vasectomy do?

A

Cuts sperm tubes

58
Q

What is FSH?

A

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that causes an egg to mature and ovaries to produce Oestrogen.

59
Q

What does Oestrogen do?

A

Thickens uterus lining

Stops FSH production until the next menstrual cycle

60
Q

What does Progesterone do?

A

Maintains uterus lining

61
Q

Where is progesterone produced?

A

It’s secreted by ovaries

62
Q

What does LH do?

A

Causes eggs to release, which travel to the uterus for fertilisation.

63
Q

What type of allele causes polydactyly?

A

Dominant

64
Q

What type of allele causes Cystic Fibrosis?

A

Recessive

65
Q

What chromosomes do females have?

A

XX

66
Q

What chromosomes do males have?

A

XY

67
Q

What is the practical for reaction times?

A

Drop ruler between index finger and thumb

Measure distance fallen before caught

Repeat 3 times- calculate mean distance

Use S = 1/2 at^2

68
Q

Give an example of a stimulant?

A

Energy drink

69
Q

Give an example of a depressant?

A

Alcohol

70
Q

What do depressants and stimulants do?

A

They decrease / increase neurotransmission.

71
Q

What are stimulants?

A

Drugs that excite bodily functions, particularly those that stimulate the brain and central nervous system.

72
Q

What are depressants?

A

They reduce arousal and stimulation.

They affect the central nervous system, slowing down the messages between the brain and body.

Science (6 decks)

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