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Biology Paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How does the body respond to glucose levels being too low.

A

-Pancreases secretes Glucagon
-Causes liver and muscles to convert glycogen back into glucose
Known as Negative feedback

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2
Q

How does the body respond to glucose levels being to high

A

-Pancrease creates insulin
-This causes glucose to move from bloodstream into cells for respiration
-Excess glucose converted in glycogen as energy store.

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3
Q

What is the function of the Testes

A

Produce sperm

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4
Q

What is the function of the Ovaries

A

Release Eggs and hormones

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5
Q

What is the function of the adrenal glands

A

Release Adrenaline

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6
Q

What is the function of the Thyroid gland

A

Controls growth and metabolism

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7
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland

A

Sends signals to other glands

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8
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A system of glands that secretes hormones to send signals to the effectors which are transported via blood.

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9
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

When an electrical signal bypasses the brain and is much quicker

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10
Q

How would the body respond to an external change

A

A receptor detects a change via a stimulus
-It sends an electrical signal travels to the spine through the sensory and relay neurone
Travels through the spine and into the brain where you can make the conscious decision to act. The brain sends a signal down to the effectors in our body via relay and motor neurone

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11
Q

How does the signal travel across the gaps of the neurone?

A

The signal travels across the synapse via neurotransmitter chemicals.

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12
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

Brain and Spinal chord

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13
Q

What is the Peripheral nervous system?

A

All other nerves

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14
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The regulation of internal bodily conditions, so reactions can occur at optimal rates.

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15
Q

What are examples of homeostasis?

A

Regulating …

Water levels
Temp
Glucose concentration

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16
Q

What is an apex predator?

A

A predator with NO natural predator (Top of the food chain)

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17
Q

What do the arrows in a food chain represent?

A

The direction of biomass transfer

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18
Q

How do you calculate the percentage of biomass absorbed?

A

Biomass at 2nd level divided by the biomass at 1st level (x100)

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19
Q

What are glands?

A

Effectors that secrete necessary chemicals

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20
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A junction (gap) between 2 neurones

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21
Q

What are the features of type 1 diabetes?

A

Pancreas can’t secrete enough insulin

Injections needed.

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22
Q

What are the features of type 2 diabetes?

A

Cells don’t absorb glucose normally

Obesity increases risk

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23
Q

Give an example of a fertility treatment

A

In Vitro Fertilisation

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24
Q

What are the steps of In Vitro Fertilisation?

A

The woman takes medication to stimulate healthy egg development and regulate her menstrual cycle.

Eggs are collected after release

These eggs are fertilised in a lab with sperm

Developed embryos are inserted back into the uterus

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25
What are the disadvantages of IVF?
Very low success rate Can cause multiple embryos to develop- too many kids! Very expensive
26
What is genetic engineering?
Inserting a gene into an organism's genome Causing the gene to synthesise a specific protein This produces a desired characteristic
27
What are the steps of genetic engineering?
The gene is spliced from another organisms DNA using an enzyme The gene is inserted into a vector (e.g. bacteria) The vector then inserts the gene into the cells of another organism that is in early development
28
What does adrenaline do?
Increases blood flow and breathing rate
29
What does the body do when there is low thyroxine?
The brain and pituitary gland secrete TSH TSH causes the Thyroid to secrete more thyroxine
30
What is interdependence?
When organisms depend on each other for survival This means a community has been formed
31
What is a transect?
A line across a habitat
32
What are the steps of sampling?
Place quadrats in random locations in an area Count the number of organisms in each quadrat Calculate the mean number of organisms and multiply it by the total area This provides an estimate for the total population
33
Why do we move quadrats along a transect?
It allows us to observe changes in population density over a distance
34
What are the gametes of plants?
Pollen and ovules
35
How do plants reproduce?
Both sexually and asexually
36
What are the benefits of sexual reproduction in plants?
Wider variation and higher adaptability in offspring
37
What is meiosis?
The process by which gametes are made (haploids)
38
What are the steps of meiosis?
Chromosomes in diploid cell are duplicated Similar chromosomes pair up and exchange genes The cell divides to produce 2 diploid cells These cells then divide to produce 4 haploid cells (gametes)
39
What is a genome?
The entire genetic code in an organism
40
What is DNA?
A double helix polymer that stores the genetic code of an organism.
41
What is a gene?
A DNA strand that codes for a protein
42
What are phenotypes?
Physical characteristics
43
What are alleles?
Different versions of the same gene
44
What needs to happen for a recessive allele to be expressed in the phenotype?
There must be no dominant allele present
45
What does it mean if someone only has one type of allele?
They're homozygous
46
What does it mean if someone two different types of allele?
They're heterozygous
47
What is a peat bog?
Areas of land that are waterlogged and acidic – plants living in bogs do not decay fully when they die due to a lack of oxygen The carbon that would have been released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (if the plants had been able to fully decompose) is instead stored in the peat
48
What are peatbogs used for?
They're destroyed to make compost, which reduces biodiversity of an ecosystem Peat bogs are drained so that the area can be used for farming Peat can be dried and used as a fuel
49
What are the Negative impacts of burning peat?
Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere when peat is burned as a fuel – this contributes to global warming Peat bogs take so long to form that peat is a non-renewable energy source
50
What is Lamarck's theory of evolution?
Adaptations are a result of a changing environment This effects the characteristics offspring inherit NOT RANDOM
51
What are fossils?
The preserved remains of a dead organism from millions of years ago.
52
Why do some fossils look like bones?
The bones have been replaced with minerals.
53
What do FSH-stopping pills do?
Stop eggs from maturing
54
What does a progesterone implant do?
Stops the release of eggs.
55
What do condoms do?
Stop sperm entering the vagina
56
What does an IVD (Copper coil) do?
Stops egg embedding in the uterus lining
57
What does a vasectomy do?
Cuts sperm tubes
58
What is FSH?
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that causes an egg to mature and ovaries to produce Oestrogen.
59
What does Oestrogen do?
Thickens uterus lining Stops FSH production until the next menstrual cycle
60
What does Progesterone do?
Maintains uterus lining
61
Where is progesterone produced?
It's secreted by ovaries
62
What does LH do?
Causes eggs to release, which travel to the uterus for fertilisation.
63
What type of allele causes polydactyly?
Dominant
64
What type of allele causes Cystic Fibrosis?
Recessive
65
What chromosomes do females have?
XX
66
What chromosomes do males have?
XY
67
What is the practical for reaction times?
Drop ruler between index finger and thumb Measure distance fallen before caught Repeat 3 times- calculate mean distance Use S = 1/2 at^2
68
Give an example of a stimulant?
Energy drink
69
Give an example of a depressant?
Alcohol
70
What do depressants and stimulants do?
They decrease / increase neurotransmission.
71
What are stimulants?
Drugs that excite bodily functions, particularly those that stimulate the brain and central nervous system.
72
What are depressants?
They reduce arousal and stimulation. They affect the central nervous system, slowing down the messages between the brain and body.

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