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Biology Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane

A

The function of a cell membrane is to control what comes in and goes out of the cell through its semi permeable membrane

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2
Q

Where is dna held in a prokaryotic cell

A

In the plasmid

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3
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a light microscope

A

Advantages
-Cheap
-Can see colour of the cell
Disadvantages
-Can’t see specific organells

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4
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a electron microscope

A

Positives
-Electron microscopes work at a higher resolution and resolving power which makes you able to see organells
Negatives
-Expensive

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5
Q

What is the function of the cell wall and what is it build up of

A

It is built up of cellulose and is used to keep the form of the cell

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6
Q

What is the function Cytoplasm

A

It is the place in which most chemical reactions take place

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7
Q

What is the function of the ribosome

A

It is where protein synthesis occurs

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8
Q

What if the function of mitochondria

A

It is the site of aerobic respiration

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9
Q

What is the function of chloroplast

A

Contains chlorophyll in where photosynthesis occurs

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10
Q

What organells do plant and animal cells share

A

-Cytoplasm
-Ribosome
-Nucleus
-Cell membrane

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11
Q

How are diploid cells made and what is the reason for them to be made

A

They are made by mitosis( aesexual reproduction) for growth and repair

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12
Q

How does mitosis occur

A

Nucleus dissolved and genetic material is duplicated
The two sets of chromosomes move to different sides
And then the cell divides producing two identical diploid cells

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13
Q

What are stem cells

A

They are cells that can differiate to perform specific functions and are found in animal embryos and plant meristems

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14
Q

What is diffusion

A

Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration down the concentration gradient and it require no energy

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15
Q

What is Osmosis

A

Osmosis is the net movement of water through a semi permeable membrane

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16
Q

What is osmosis needed for

A

To balance out the concentration of solution in and out of the cell

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17
Q

Which conditions can affect the rate of Osmosis and Diffusion

A

The difference in Concentration
Temperature
Surface area

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18
Q

What are the two main functions of bile

A

-Emulsify (break down) fats into smaller droplets in order to increase surface area
-To Neutralise the Ph level from the foods that come from the stomach

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19
Q

What are the two functions of the gall blader

A

-To hold bile
-To release bile into the small intestine

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20
Q

What is the main function of the small intestine

A

Its main function is to absorb nutrients into the bloodstream

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21
Q

Which Organ do most of the digestive enzymes in the small intestine come from

A

They come from the Pancreas in the form of pancreatic fluid

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22
Q

What are the two main types of digestion

A

Mechanical and Chemical

23
Q

What are the three functions of the stomach

A

-Mechanical Digestion via stomach churning
-Produces pepsin a enzyme that chemically digests food
-Produces Hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria also works as an optimum environment for

24
Q

What is the symbol Equation for Photosynthesis

A

6CO2+6H20 –>C6H12O6

25
What are pathogens
They a microorganisms that cause infectious diseases
26
What are communicable diseases
they are infectious diseases that can be spread between animals and plants
27
Name the four different types of pathogens
Bacteria Viruses Fungi Protist
28
What do viral Bacterial Pathogens do inside the body
They reproduce quickly in the body They produce toxins that damage tissue
29
What do viral pathogens do inside the body
They infect and reproduce themselves inside body cells They cause damage to body cells
30
Name The 4 different types of non specific human defence systems and describe there function
Nose-Contain hair and mucus to trap microbes Stomach-Contains HCL which kills microbes Skin-A physical Barrier Trachea and bronchi- Cillia (Tiny hairs) and mucus traps microbes Cilia move microbes back up
31
What is phagocytosis?
Phagocytosis is a way in which white blood cells destroy pathogens by engulfing and then digesting the pathogen
32
What are Antibodies and what are there function
Antibodies are protein molecules produced by white blood cells thats function is to stick to the virus and then destroy it
33
What are Antitoxins and what are there functions?
Antitoxins are chemicals created by white blood cells that attach to toxin molecules which prevents them from damaging cells.
34
How do Vaccinations work?
A dead or weakened pathogen is injected into the body White blood cells are stimulated to produce antibodies against the pathogen Memory cells stay in the body On reinfection antibodies are made quickly and in large numbers Pathogens is quickly destroyed
35
What are Antibodies and what are there function
Antibodies are protein molecules produced by white blood cells that's function is to bind to the virus in order to neutralise the pathogen
36
What organelles do Bacterial and eukaryotic cells share
ribosomes cytoplasm
37
What organelles do Eukaryotic cells have that Prokaryotic cells dont
Nucleus Cell Wall Cell membrane
38
What are the steps for Testing new drugs
Possible Drugs selected to treat a targeted disease these chemicals made by chemists or extracted from plants if found to be safe it is moved onto pre clinical trials. pre clinical trials are ran in which the drug is tested on cells, tissues or animals in a lab if found to be safe the drug goes to clinical trials Clinical trials are where the drug is tested on healthy volunteers to test for side effects Very low doses are given then trials are done for optimum dose and if safe trials for efficacy are ran (How well the drug works)when done Double blind trials are done After this it is given to people suffering from the illness that the drug is made for in order to find the optimum dosage.
39
What are the two ways in which tests are ran to ensure that drug test results are valid?
Double blind trials are ran in which the scientist that gives out the drug nor the volunteers know if the drug is real or a placebo drug which may look identical But does not contain the drugs. Peer reviewing is the next one which is where fellow scientists examine the results of the drug to make sure that it works
40
What are the similarities and differences between Benign tumours and malignant tumours
Similarities: * result from changes in the cell / DNA / genes * uncontrolled cell growth / division * can form a lump of cells * made up of abnormal cells Differences: Malignant Tumours(usually) grow faster than benign tumours Malignant tumours are made of cancer cells, benign tumours are not
41
Why is skin cancer less likely to develop in younger people
little exposure to UV (light) allow older people’s (skin) cells are more susceptible to DNA damage
42
What is Cancer?
Cancer is an auto-immune disease when a cell divides uncontrollably Forming tumours' benign cancer will not spread A malignant cancer will
43
What is the function of the waxy cuiticle
Waterproof layer to stop water evaporating from top of the leaf
44
What is the function of the Spongy Mesyphyll
gas exchange takes place in the leaf
45
What is the function of the Palisade mesophyll
Where photosynthesis occurs
46
What is the function of the Guard cells
These control the size of the stomata through gases enter and exit
47
Word Equation for Anerobic respiration in plants and animal cells
Animals Glucose -> Lactic Acid Plants -> Glucose ->Ethanol + carbon dioxide
48
What are the 5 uses of glucose in the plant
*Respiration *Stored as Starch *Produces amino acids *Used to make cellulose *Makes fat
49
How do we test for Starch
We place the product inside the tube that contains iodine solution if present it changes from orange to black starch is present
50
How do we test for Sugar
We place the product inside the tube that contians benedicts if sugars are present it will turn from blue to orange
51
How do we test for Protein
We place the product inside the tube that contains biurets reagent if sugars are present it will turn from blue to purple
52
What are the function of the xylem
Unbroken tubes that run the length of a plant carrying water upwards unidirectional by transpiration
53
What are the function of the Phloem
Tubes of cells that carry nutrients up and down the plant by active transport

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