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Science > Chemistry paper 2 > Flashcards

Chemistry paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaking down longer chain alkanes into a shorter alkane and an alkene.

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1
Q

What are the two types of cracking?

A

Steam cracking
Catalytic cracking

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2
Q

What are the requirements for catalytic cracking?

A

A temperature of 550C
and
A Zeolite Catalyst

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3
Q

What are the requirements for steam cracking?

A

No Catalyst
Temperature > 800C

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4
Q

How do you Crack?

A

Split the large hydrocarbon down the middle

Divide the carbon atoms and make one set a double bond

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5
Q

What are the features of Earth’s EARLY atmosphere?

A

Mostly contained CO2

C02 then dissolved into the oceans as they were formed

Then into sediment (fossil fuels)

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6
Q

What happened to earth’s atmosphere over time?

A

Plants converted CO2 into O2
(Photosynthesis)

Lack of organisms undergoing respiration

Now earth’s atmosphere is 78% Nitrogen

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7
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

What keeps earth warm and habitable

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8
Q

What are the steps of the greenhouse effect?

A

Greenhouse Gases absorb long wavelength radiation that has been reflected off earth’s surface.

This keeps the earth warm!

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9
Q

What are the greenhouse gases?

A

Water vapour
Carbon Dioxide
Methane

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10
Q

What is the role of water vapour in the greenhouse effect?

A

It causes 95% of the greenhouse effect

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11
Q

What are polymers made from?

A

Alkenes

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12
Q

What is an alkene?

A

A hydrocarbon that contains at least one double covalent bond

An unsaturated hydrocarbon

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13
Q

What does it mean if a hydrocarbon is unsaturated?

A

It isn’t full

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14
Q

What is the bromine water test?

A

Add bromine water to the compound

If an alkene / alkyne is present bromine atoms will break the double bond

The alkene / alkyne will become saturated

The solution will turn colourless

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15
Q

What does it mean if no colour change occurs during the bromine water test?

A

The compound tested was an alkane

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16
Q

What are the steps of factional distillation?

A

Heating the crude oil mixture until it evaporates.

Passing the vapour through a column that is hot at the bottom and cooler at the top.

Condensing the vapour when it reaches a part of the column that is below its boiling point.

Collecting the liquids that condense in the column.

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17
Q

What are the benefits of fractional distillation?

A

Hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated according to their different BPs

So they can be used

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18
Q

Why are shorter chain Hydrocarbons more useful as fuels?

A

They require less energy to severe bonds

More flammable

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19
Q

What is the word equation for complete combustion?

A

Fuel + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water

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20
Q

What is the word equation for Incomplete combustion?

A

Fuel + Oxygen = Carbon monoxide (OR Carbon) + water

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21
Q

What are the features of longer chain alkanes?

A

More viscosity (thickness)
Less flammable (due to strong IMFs)

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22
Q

What is desalination?

A

Removal of salt by distillation (e.g. from salt water)

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23
Q

What is a disadvantage of desalination?

A

Requires a lot of energy

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24
Q

What is potable water?

A

Water that is safe to drink AND contains low enough levels of dissolved salts and microbes

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25
Q

What the methods of obtaining potable water?

A

Taking water from a FRESH WATER source

Filtering it to remove large insoluble particles

Finally sterilise it to kill microbes (Using UV or Chlorine)

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26
Q

What are the 4 atmospheric pollutants?

A

Carbon Monoxide
Sulphur Dioxide
Nitrogen Oxide
Soot

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27
Q

What is soot?

A

Particulates of carbon produced by INCOMPLETE combustion.

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28
Q

How is Carbon Monoxide harmful?

A

It binds to the haemoglobin in red blood cells.

This reduces the oxygen they’re able to transport.

Less respiration = deadly

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29
Q

What are the features of Carbon monoxide?

A

Colourless
Odourless
Very hard to detect

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30
Q

How is Sulphur Dioxide harmful?

A

Causes acid rain

Acid rain corrodes metals and erodes stone

Destroying buildings

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31
Q

How is nitrogen oxide harmful?

A

Causes respiratory issues in animals and humans

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32
Q

How is Soot harmful?

A

Easily enters the lungs and bloodstream and causes health issues

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33
Q

What are resources needed for?

A

Warmth
Shelter
Food
Transport

34
Q

Natural resources include…

A

Food
Wood (for building)
Fuels (for energy)
Materials (for clothing)

35
Q

What are the features of natural resources?

A

Supplemented via agriculture

36
Q

What is the aim of natural resources?

A

To replace them with SYNTHETIC materials

37
Q

What does synthetic mean?

A

Man made

38
Q

What is sustainability?

A

Using natural resources WITHOUT compromising the future generation’s ability to use these as well.

39
Q

How do you increase Rate of reaction for solids?

A

Increase surface area, causing particles to collide more frequently.

40
Q

How do you increase Rate of reaction for solutions/ liquids?

A

Increase concentration, causing particles to collide more frequently.

41
Q

How do you increase Rate of reaction for gases?

A

Increase pressure, causing particles to collide more frequently.

42
Q

How do you increase Rate of reaction for ALL states of matter?

A

Increase temperature
Use a catalyst

43
Q

How does increasing temperature increase rate of reaction?

A

Particles move faster

Particles collide more frequently with MORE energy

44
Q

How do catalysts increase rate of raction?

A

They reduce the activation energy of a reaction.

45
Q

How do you calculate rate?

A

Change in quantity divided by time taken

46
Q

What represents rate of reaction on a a graph? How do you calculate it?

A

Gradient

Draw a tangent at the point and use…
m = change in y DIVIDED by change in x

47
Q

What is the test for hydrogen?

A

Lit splint produces a squeaky pop noise

48
Q

What is the test for oxygen?

A

Will relight a glowing splint

49
Q

What is the test for Carbon Dioxide?

A

Limewater turns cloudy when CO2 bubbles through it.

50
Q

What is the test for chlorine?

A

Bleach blue litmus paper (it turns white)

51
Q

What is the test for lithium?

A

Crimson Flame

52
Q

What is the test for sodium?

A

Yellow flame

53
Q

What is the test for potassium?

A

Purple flame

54
Q

What is the test for calcium?

A

Orange flame

55
Q

What is the test for copper?

A

Green flame

56
Q

What is the test for metal ions in solutions?

A

Add sodium hydroxide to produce metal hydroxide

Different metals produce different colour precipitate.

57
Q

What colour precipitate do aluminium/ calcium / magnesium produce?

A

White colour precipitate

58
Q

What colour precipitate does Iron (II) produce?

A

Green colour precipitate

59
Q

What colour precipitate does Iron (III) produce?

A

Brown colour precipitate

60
Q

What is global warming?

A

The rise in global temperature.

61
Q

What is a carbon footprint?

A

The measure of how much CO2 is released into the atmosphere because of a persons actions.

62
Q

What is Le Chatelier’s Principle?

A

If a system at equilibrium is subjected to change…

The system will adjust to counteract the change

63
Q

How does Le chatelier’s principle work?

A

REMOVING product from one side shifts the position of equilibrium in that direction.

64
Q

How does increasing pressure effect a system at equilibrium?

A

The equilibrium will shift towards the side of the reaction with fewer moles of gas.

65
Q

How does increasing temperature effect a system at equilibrium?

A

The equilibrium will shift towards the endothermic side of the reaction.

So that the temperature can increase again.

66
Q

What is a formulation?

A

Mixtures of certain substances, designed for a specific function / purpose.

67
Q

What is are two examples of formulations?

A

Paint and Fuels

68
Q

What is chromatography?

A

The separating of a mixture to identify its constituent substances (like pigments in ink)

69
Q

What is the stationary phase?

A

The part that remains fixed in place (e.g. chromatography paper)

70
Q

What is the mobile phase?

A

The solvent (e.g. water)

71
Q

What are the steps of chromatography?

A

Spots of ink are placed on a pencil line

The mobile rises up the stationary, due to capillary action

Dragging the substances in the mixture up with it

Lighter particles move higher up the stationary

72
Q

What are features of chromatography?

A

Start line drawn in pencil:

Doesn’t dissolve in solvent
Won’t move up stationary

73
Q

How do you calculate RF value?

A

Distance moved by substance DIVIDED by Distance moved by solvent.

74
Q

Why do we extract metals?

A

Great demand for metals

75
Q

What are majority of metals obtained from?

A

Quarrying - mining ores from the ground

The pure metal is then obtained via electrolysis or a displacement reaction.

76
Q

What are the new methods of obtaining metals?

A

Phyto mining and Bio-Leaching

77
Q

What are the drawbacks of the new methods of obtaining metals?

A

BOTH have very low yields of the desired metal.

78
Q

What are the steps of Phyto-mining?

A

Plants absorb metal ions into their roots

Burn plants and obtain metal from the ash

79
Q

What are the steps of Bio-Leaching?

A

Bacterial produce LEACHATE solutions

These contain metal compounds

PURE metals can then be extracted.

80
Q

What are the features of waster water?

A

Produced by toilet water and industrial processes

Harmful chemicals must be removed before releasing water back into environment.

81
Q

Why are life cycle assessments carried out?

A

To predict the impact of a new product on the environment

82
Q

What is taken into account when performing life cycle assessments?

A

Extraction of raw materials
Manufacturing
Use over lifetime
Disposal
Transportation

83
Q

How do you reduce the impact of a product on the environment?

A

Using products less
Reducing materials
Reduce energy needed to make
Recycling

Science (6 decks)

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