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Chemistry paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaking down longer chain alkanes into a shorter alkane and an alkene.

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1
Q

What are the two types of cracking?

A

Steam cracking
Catalytic cracking

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2
Q

What are the requirements for catalytic cracking?

A

A temperature of 550C
and
A Zeolite Catalyst

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3
Q

What are the requirements for steam cracking?

A

No Catalyst
Temperature > 800C

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4
Q

How do you Crack?

A

Split the large hydrocarbon down the middle

Divide the carbon atoms and make one set a double bond

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5
Q

What are the features of Earth’s EARLY atmosphere?

A

Mostly contained CO2

C02 then dissolved into the oceans as they were formed

Then into sediment (fossil fuels)

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6
Q

What happened to earth’s atmosphere over time?

A

Plants converted CO2 into O2
(Photosynthesis)

Lack of organisms undergoing respiration

Now earth’s atmosphere is 78% Nitrogen

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7
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

What keeps earth warm and habitable

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8
Q

What are the steps of the greenhouse effect?

A

Greenhouse Gases absorb long wavelength radiation that has been reflected off earth’s surface.

This keeps the earth warm!

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9
Q

What are the greenhouse gases?

A

Water vapour
Carbon Dioxide
Methane

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10
Q

What is the role of water vapour in the greenhouse effect?

A

It causes 95% of the greenhouse effect

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11
Q

What are polymers made from?

A

Alkenes

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12
Q

What is an alkene?

A

A hydrocarbon that contains at least one double covalent bond

An unsaturated hydrocarbon

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13
Q

What does it mean if a hydrocarbon is unsaturated?

A

It isn’t full

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14
Q

What is the bromine water test?

A

Add bromine water to the compound

If an alkene / alkyne is present bromine atoms will break the double bond

The alkene / alkyne will become saturated

The solution will turn colourless

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15
Q

What does it mean if no colour change occurs during the bromine water test?

A

The compound tested was an alkane

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16
Q

What are the steps of factional distillation?

A

Heating the crude oil mixture until it evaporates.

Passing the vapour through a column that is hot at the bottom and cooler at the top.

Condensing the vapour when it reaches a part of the column that is below its boiling point.

Collecting the liquids that condense in the column.

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17
Q

What are the benefits of fractional distillation?

A

Hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated according to their different BPs

So they can be used

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18
Q

Why are shorter chain Hydrocarbons more useful as fuels?

A

They require less energy to severe bonds

More flammable

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19
Q

What is the word equation for complete combustion?

A

Fuel + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water

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20
Q

What is the word equation for Incomplete combustion?

A

Fuel + Oxygen = Carbon monoxide (OR Carbon) + water

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21
Q

What are the features of longer chain alkanes?

A

More viscosity (thickness)
Less flammable (due to strong IMFs)

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22
Q

What is desalination?

A

Removal of salt by distillation (e.g. from salt water)

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23
Q

What is a disadvantage of desalination?

A

Requires a lot of energy

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24
What is potable water?
Water that is safe to drink AND contains low enough levels of dissolved salts and microbes
25
What the methods of obtaining potable water?
Taking water from a FRESH WATER source Filtering it to remove large insoluble particles Finally sterilise it to kill microbes (Using UV or Chlorine)
26
What are the 4 atmospheric pollutants?
Carbon Monoxide Sulphur Dioxide Nitrogen Oxide Soot
27
What is soot?
Particulates of carbon produced by INCOMPLETE combustion.
28
How is Carbon Monoxide harmful?
It binds to the haemoglobin in red blood cells. This reduces the oxygen they're able to transport. Less respiration = deadly
29
What are the features of Carbon monoxide?
Colourless Odourless Very hard to detect
30
How is Sulphur Dioxide harmful?
Causes acid rain Acid rain corrodes metals and erodes stone Destroying buildings
31
How is nitrogen oxide harmful?
Causes respiratory issues in animals and humans
32
How is Soot harmful?
Easily enters the lungs and bloodstream and causes health issues
33
What are resources needed for?
Warmth Shelter Food Transport
34
Natural resources include...
Food Wood (for building) Fuels (for energy) Materials (for clothing)
35
What are the features of natural resources?
Supplemented via agriculture
36
What is the aim of natural resources?
To replace them with SYNTHETIC materials
37
What does synthetic mean?
Man made
38
What is sustainability?
Using natural resources WITHOUT compromising the future generation's ability to use these as well.
39
How do you increase Rate of reaction for solids?
Increase surface area, causing particles to collide more frequently.
40
How do you increase Rate of reaction for solutions/ liquids?
Increase concentration, causing particles to collide more frequently.
41
How do you increase Rate of reaction for gases?
Increase pressure, causing particles to collide more frequently.
42
How do you increase Rate of reaction for ALL states of matter?
Increase temperature Use a catalyst
43
How does increasing temperature increase rate of reaction?
Particles move faster Particles collide more frequently with MORE energy
44
How do catalysts increase rate of raction?
They reduce the activation energy of a reaction.
45
How do you calculate rate?
Change in quantity divided by time taken
46
What represents rate of reaction on a a graph? How do you calculate it?
Gradient Draw a tangent at the point and use... m = change in y DIVIDED by change in x
47
What is the test for hydrogen?
Lit splint produces a squeaky pop noise
48
What is the test for oxygen?
Will relight a glowing splint
49
What is the test for Carbon Dioxide?
Limewater turns cloudy when CO2 bubbles through it.
50
What is the test for chlorine?
Bleach blue litmus paper (it turns white)
51
What is the test for lithium?
Crimson Flame
52
What is the test for sodium?
Yellow flame
53
What is the test for potassium?
Purple flame
54
What is the test for calcium?
Orange flame
55
What is the test for copper?
Green flame
56
What is the test for metal ions in solutions?
Add sodium hydroxide to produce metal hydroxide Different metals produce different colour precipitate.
57
What colour precipitate do aluminium/ calcium / magnesium produce?
White colour precipitate
58
What colour precipitate does Iron (II) produce?
Green colour precipitate
59
What colour precipitate does Iron (III) produce?
Brown colour precipitate
60
What is global warming?
The rise in global temperature.
61
What is a carbon footprint?
The measure of how much CO2 is released into the atmosphere because of a persons actions.
62
What is Le Chatelier's Principle?
If a system at equilibrium is subjected to change... The system will adjust to counteract the change
63
How does Le chatelier's principle work?
REMOVING product from one side shifts the position of equilibrium in that direction.
64
How does increasing pressure effect a system at equilibrium?
The equilibrium will shift towards the side of the reaction with fewer moles of gas.
65
How does increasing temperature effect a system at equilibrium?
The equilibrium will shift towards the endothermic side of the reaction. So that the temperature can increase again.
66
What is a formulation?
Mixtures of certain substances, designed for a specific function / purpose.
67
What is are two examples of formulations?
Paint and Fuels
68
What is chromatography?
The separating of a mixture to identify its constituent substances (like pigments in ink)
69
What is the stationary phase?
The part that remains fixed in place (e.g. chromatography paper)
70
What is the mobile phase?
The solvent (e.g. water)
71
What are the steps of chromatography?
Spots of ink are placed on a pencil line The mobile rises up the stationary, due to capillary action Dragging the substances in the mixture up with it Lighter particles move higher up the stationary
72
What are features of chromatography?
Start line drawn in pencil: Doesn't dissolve in solvent Won't move up stationary
73
How do you calculate RF value?
Distance moved by substance DIVIDED by Distance moved by solvent.
74
Why do we extract metals?
Great demand for metals
75
What are majority of metals obtained from?
Quarrying - mining ores from the ground The pure metal is then obtained via electrolysis or a displacement reaction.
76
What are the new methods of obtaining metals?
Phyto mining and Bio-Leaching
77
What are the drawbacks of the new methods of obtaining metals?
BOTH have very low yields of the desired metal.
78
What are the steps of Phyto-mining?
Plants absorb metal ions into their roots Burn plants and obtain metal from the ash
79
What are the steps of Bio-Leaching?
Bacterial produce LEACHATE solutions These contain metal compounds PURE metals can then be extracted.
80
What are the features of waster water?
Produced by toilet water and industrial processes Harmful chemicals must be removed before releasing water back into environment.
81
Why are life cycle assessments carried out?
To predict the impact of a new product on the environment
82
What is taken into account when performing life cycle assessments?
Extraction of raw materials Manufacturing Use over lifetime Disposal Transportation
83
How do you reduce the impact of a product on the environment?
Using products less Reducing materials Reduce energy needed to make Recycling

Science (6 decks)

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