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Advanced Notice Science > Physics Paper 1 > Flashcards

Physics Paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a system?

A

An object or a group of objects

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2
Q

What happens when a system changes?

A

Energy is transfered

Energy may be transfered: into it, away from it, between different objects in the system pr between different energy stores

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3
Q

Give some examples of how energy may be stored when a system changes?

A

An object projected (shot or moved) upward
A moving object hitting an obstical
An object accelerated by a constant force
A vechical slowing down
Briging water to boil in a electric kettle

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4
Q

You should be able to use equasions to work out energy in a spring or gravitational potential energy

A

.

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5
Q

What is Kinetic energy measured in?

What is it’s symbol

A

J (joules)

Ek (The k is small)

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6
Q

What is mass measured in?

What is it’s symbol?

A

Kg

m

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7
Q

What is speed measured in?

What is its symbol?

A

m/s

v

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8
Q

If you are using the equasion to work out elastic potential energy: what have you assumed?

A

The limit of proportion hasn’t been exceded

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9
Q

What is elastic potential energy measured in?

What is its symbol?

A

J joules

Ee (small e)

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10
Q

What is the spring constant measured in?

What is its symbol?

A

N/m

k

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11
Q

What is extention measured in?

What is it’s symbol?

A

Meters

e

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12
Q

What is gravitational potential energy measured in?

What is it’s symbol?

A

J joules

Ep (small p)

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13
Q

What is mass measured in?

What is its symbol?

A

kg

m

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14
Q

What is the gravitational field strength measured in?

What is it’s symbol?

A

N/Kg

g

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15
Q

What is hight measured in?

What is its symbol?

A

meters

h

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16
Q

What is change in thermal energy measured in?

What is it’s symbol?

A

J joules

ΔE

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17
Q

What is specific heat capacity measured in?

What is its symbol?

A

J/KgºC

c

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18
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to rais the temprature of a 1kg substance by one ºC

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19
Q

What is power?

A

The rate of energy transfer or the rate of work done

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20
Q

What is time measured in?

A

Seconds

Not minutes unless you then divide the final answer by 60

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21
Q

What is work done measured in?

What is its symbol?

A

J joules

W

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22
Q

What is the exchange rate of juels and power?

A

1 J/s = 1 watt

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23
Q

Give an example of power?

A

One moter could have more power than a different moter. The more powerful moter would lift the same weighted object the same hight as the other moter but faster. This would be because it has a higher power meaning that it is transfering energy quicker than the other moter

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24
Q

What is density measured in?

What is its symbol?

A

kg/m^3

P

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25
Q

What is volume measured in?

What is its symbol?

A

m^3

V

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26
Q

What does the conservation of mass state?

A

Mass is never created or destroyed even through evaportation or sublimate or melting …

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27
Q

Are changes of states phycical changes or chemical?

A

Physical because it keeps it’s original propoties of the change is reverced

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28
Q

How will changing temprature effect preasure of the gas is held at a constant volume?

Why?

A

Preasure will increase because the molecules are traveling faster woth more kinetic energy and force

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29
Q

What do molecules of gas and liquids do?

A

Hey move around in constant random motion

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30
Q

What does temprature of the gas do?

A

Increases kinetic energy and therefore the force exerted on a container meaning that of nothing else has changed the preasure will increase

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31
Q

What is the radius of an atom?

A

1x10^-10 (from the spec)

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32
Q

What is the basic structure of the atom?

A

It has a positivly charged nucleus made of both protons and nuetrons which are surrounded by negativly charged electrons

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33
Q

Where is most of the mass in an atom concentrated?

A

The nucleus

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34
Q

What is the radius of the nucleus?

A

1x10^-14

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35
Q

What are the shells actual name for phycics?

You need to use this

A

Energy levels

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36
Q

When may a electron move closer to the nucleus?

A

If it emitts electromagnetic radiation

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37
Q

When may a electron move further away from the nucleus?

A

By absorption of electromagnetic radiation

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38
Q

Why do atoms have no overal charge?

A

Theu have the same amount of protons as electrons

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39
Q

What is the atomic number?

Will this ever change in an isotope?

A

The amount of protons

No because the amount of protons is what diffines an element

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40
Q

What is the mass number?

A

Protons + neutron

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41
Q

What is an isotope?

A

An element with the same amount of protons but a different amount of neutrons

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42
Q

When do atoms become positivly charged? (+1)

A

If they loose an electron from their outer layer

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43
Q

How does the modle of the atom change?

A

By doing experiments and finding things out

The modle may change in the future

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44
Q

What did John Dalton do?

A

Atoms were forst described as solid spheres but made of differnet stuff

(Discovery of electron)

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45
Q

What did JJ Thomson do?

A

Plum Pudding model. The atom is a ball of charge with electrons embedded in it

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46
Q

What did Ernest Rutherfod discover?

A

The most mass is at the center of the atom. Most of it is empty space because the atoms passed straight through

The nucleus has a positive charge. Some of the positivly charged alpha particles were deflected straight back to sender

Most of the mass is at the center. Most particles only got deflected a bit but some got deflected back to sender

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47
Q

How did Ernest Rutherfod discover what he did?

A

The alpha scattering experiment

He fired a beam of positive aplha particles through a thin gold foil

Many went straight through but some were deflected a bit and a few were deflected straight back

This hsowed that most of the mass is in the middle (a positive nucleus) (as positives charges repel)

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48
Q

What did Nieles Bohr discover?

A

The electrons orbit the atom in different energy levels

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49
Q

What did James Chadwick discover?

A

About 20 years after the nucleus was accepted as true

There are neutrons in the nucleus. This explained the differences between the Atomic mass and the Mass number

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50
Q

What is the radius of the atom?

A

1X10^-10 Meters

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51
Q

What is the radius of a nucleus?

A

1X10^-15 Meters

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52
Q

What determines how close/far the electrons are from the nucleus?

A

By absorbing EM radiation they move to a higher energy level

By emmitting energy they move closer to the Nucleus

Nunim

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53
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The amount of protons

54
Q

What is the atomic mass?

A

The amount of protons + neutrons

55
Q

What did Democtrius believe?

A

An atom was the smallest amiunt of matter you could have. It is a solid sphere that can’t be divided into anything smaller

56
Q

What are the similarities and differences between Thomson’s and Rutherfords’s models

A

JJ Thompson

No nucleus
Electorns were imbedded in the atom

Rutherfod

A densly charged positive nucleus

Both

They are spherical shaped
They contain sub atomic particles
They have a nuetral charge

57
Q

What is radioactive decay?

How often does it happen?

A

The prosses of which an unstabel nuclei gives put radiation to become more stable

THIS IS A RANDOM PROSSES

58
Q

What is activity?

What is it measured in?

A

The rate of which a nuclei decays

(Bq) bacquerel

59
Q

What is the count rate?

What is it measured in?
How is it measured?

A

The number of radioactive decayes recorded each second measured by a GM tube

60
Q

What is a GM tube?

A

Geiger-Muller tube

Measures count rate

61
Q

What is alpha radiation?

A

Consists of 2 neutrons and 2 protons (eg a helium nucleus)

62
Q

What is beta radiation?

A

A high speed electron is ejected from the nucleus as a neutron terns into a proton

63
Q

What is gamma radiation?

A

Electromagnetic radiation from the nucleus

64
Q

What is neutron radiation?

A

?

65
Q

Which type of radiation has the highest ionising power?

Why?

A

Alpha as it has the highest charge

66
Q

Which type of radiation has the highest lowest power?

A

?

67
Q

Which type of radiation has the lowest ionising power?

Why?

A

Gamma as they have no mass therefore if they hit something they do little damage

68
Q

What will stop alpha rays?

A

A piece of paper

69
Q

What will stop beta rays?

A

Alluminium foil

70
Q

What will stop gamma rays?

A

Thick lead or meters of concreate

71
Q

How far with alpha rays travel in air?

A

A few cm

72
Q

How far will beta rays travel in air

A

A few meters

73
Q

How far will gamma rays travel through air?

A

A long way

74
Q

What is the alpha decay equasion?

A

a a-4 4
X = Y + He
b b-2 2

75
Q

What is the beta decay equasion?

A

a a 0
X = Y + e
b b+1 -1

76
Q

What are nuclear equasions used for?

A

To predict nuclear decay

77
Q

What may happen to the element through nuclear decay?

Why?

A

A change in the element

It is loosing/ganing protons

78
Q

Radon through alpha decay?

A

219 215 4
Radon = Polonium + He
86 84 2

79
Q

Carbon going through beta decay?

A

14 14 0
Carbon = Nitrogen + e
6 7 -1

80
Q

What happens to an element when it goes through alpha decay?

A

The atomic mass (top number) decreases by 4

The atomic number (bottom number) decreases by 2

81
Q

What happens to an atom whilst it is going through beta radiation?

A

The atomic number (bottom number) increases by 1

82
Q

What happens to an atom going through gamma radiation?

A

Nothing

83
Q

At what rate does radioactive decay happen?

A

It is random

84
Q

What is a half life?

A

The time it takes for the nuclei of a radioactive isotope in a sample to half

Or the amount of tome it takes the count rate (activity) to fall to half it’s initial level

85
Q

What can the particle model be used to explain?

A

The different states fo matter

The difference in density

86
Q

If a diagram has atoms more spread out it it more dense of less dense?

A

Less dense

87
Q

When is something more dense?

A

When oarticles are packed together?

88
Q

What are the 8 stores of energy?

A

Thermal
Kinetic

Gravitational potential
Elastic potential

Chemical
Magnetic
Electrostatic
Nuclear

89
Q

How may energy be transfered?

A

Mechanicly (by work being done)
Electrically (movement of charges)
Heating
Radiation (eg light or sound)

90
Q

What do we know has happened is a system changes?

A

Energy has been transfered

91
Q

What is a system?

A

(A group of objects) Or (an object) which you (the scientist) is interested in.

92
Q

How may energy be transfered?

A

Into or away a system
Between different object in a system
Beyween different energy stores

(CPG guid)

93
Q

What is a closed system?

A

A system where neither matter or energy can leave

The net change in total emergy is always 0

94
Q

How does boiling a kettle work?

A

The kettel’s heating element transfers thermal energy into the water.

However firstly energy is transfered into the kettel’s heating element through electrical energy

95
Q

What is work done the same as?

A

Energy transfered

96
Q

What are the 2 ways work can be done?

A

Through the movement of a current (resistance)

Or by a force moving an object

97
Q

What haooens as a ball is thrown up into the air?

A

The interial force exerted by the person does work. This causes an energy transfer of chemcial (from the arm) to kinetic (movement of the ball).

After it reaches it’s apex it starts to fall. It accelerated due to gravity. (The gravitational force does work). It causes wnergy to be transfered from the gravitational potential energy into kinetic energy

98
Q

When is work done?

A

When something is happening

99
Q

When do we knwo an object contains kinetic energy?

A

When it is moving

100
Q

What happens in term of energy transfers when somethign speeds up?

A

It’s kinetic energy store is increasing

101
Q

Hwo does mass effect kinetic energy?

A

If it has more mass then it will need more kinetic energy to go faster

102
Q

In calcuating kinetic energy and GPE what is mass measured in?

A

Kg

103
Q

When will an object have gravitational energy?

How do we know this?

A

When an item is being lifted.

The work done means that there has been a transfer of energy into the gravitational potential energy source

104
Q

What haooens to an object as it is being lifted up?

In term of energy?

A

It’s GPE is increasing

105
Q

What is happening as something falls?

A

It’s GPE energy is being transfered into kinetic energy

106
Q

What is true of an object falling?

When?

A

Energy lost from the g.p.e store = energy gained in the kinetic energy store

But only in a closed system

In the reall world there will be air resistance ect

107
Q

When is energy transfered into the elastic potential energy store?

A

Whenit is being streched or squashed. As long as it’s limit of proportionality hasn’t been exceded

108
Q

Hen can the equasion for elastic potential energy not be used?

A

If the item has exceded it’s limit of proportionality

109
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

The amount of energy it takes to ehat a 1kg block of a substance by 1 degreees Celcius

110
Q

What are charatristics of substances with a high specific heat capacity?

A

Theu emmit energy quickly (cool down quickly)
They can store a lot of energy
They have strong bonds

111
Q

Hwo do you find the specific heat capacity of an object from a graph?

A

1 ÷ the gradient

112
Q

What does moving a charge do?

A

It is a way of transfering energy because the charge does work against the resistance of the circut

113
Q

What are electical appliences designed to do?

A

Transfer energy to the component in the circut when a current flows

114
Q

Where does energy get transfered to in a kettle?

In terms of energy?

A

Thermal eenrgy store

115
Q

Where does energy get transfered to in a fan?

A

From the electrically store (from the battery)

To the kinetic store (of the fan’s motor)

116
Q

What does an increase in current do in terms of usefull energy?

A

It decreases the % of useful energy as mroe energy is lost to the thermal store (and then the surroundings)

117
Q

What is power measured in?

A

Watts

118
Q

What does the total energy transfer depend on?

A

The power

Time used for

119
Q

What is power?

A

Energy transfered per secondk

120
Q

What are appliences labeled with?

A

Their power rating. This is the maximum safe power that they can opperate at

Therefore this is the most energy they can transfer each second

121
Q

What is normally a feature of a cheaper applience?

A

It has a lower power rating

122
Q

What may be a catch of an applience with a high power rating?

A

Although it transferes a lot of energy - not all of it may be usefull.

There may be a more energy efficent applience but with a lower power rating that would be better

123
Q

What is potential difference?

Electricity

A

Energy transered per charge passed

124
Q

What is one way energy is transfered in a circut?

A

When there is a change in potential difference

125
Q

In a circut where is energy supplied?

A

At the power source

eg a battery

126
Q

What is charge flow measure in?

A

Coulmbos

C

127
Q

What is voltage measured in?

A

Voltage

V

128
Q

What is potential difference equal to?

A

Voltage

129
Q

What is voltage equal to?

A

Potential difference

130
Q

What is current measured in?

A

A

Amps

131
Q

What is resistance measured in?

A

Ohms

Greek letter for omega (Ω)

132
Q

What si the symbol for current?

A

I

Advanced Notice Science (8 decks)

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