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Biology Paper 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

You need to know The Whole of B11, Hormonal Controll and Hormones in the Mestrucle Cycle

A
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2
Q

What does a food chain show?

A

The movemement of energy in an ecosystem

What eats what

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3
Q

What does a food chain start with?

A

A producer

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4
Q

What is a producer?

A

Normally a green plant. Theu make therie food (glucose) through photosynsis

Algae, grass,

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5
Q

What may glucose be used for in a plant? (Food chain stuff)

A

Food

Growing (making the mass of the plant) (this can be seen as a store of the energy)

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6
Q

When is energy transfered through an ecosystem?

A

When animals eat each other

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7
Q

What are producers eaten by?

A

Primary consuers

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8
Q

What are primary consumers eaten by?

A

Secondary consumers

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9
Q

What are secondary consumbers eaten by?

A

Tertiary consumers

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10
Q

What is an apex preditor?

A

Something that is at the top of it’s food chain and is not hunted by predetors

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11
Q

What is the population of the predators normlly limited by?

A

The amount of prey to eat

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12
Q

Describe a predator prey cycle?

A

There are more rabbits than foxes on an island. The population of the rabbits grow and after a bit (possible waiting for new foxes to be born) the amount of foxes will start to increase because there is more food aviabable. Thos then leads to an increase in the number of rabbits as they are being eaten by the foxes. This will then cause the foxes to decrease in number as there isn’t enoigh rabbits to support it’s population. There then may be a good spring and a lot of high quality grass for the rabbits to eat which may lead to an increase in rabbit population …

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13
Q

Why are predatora and prey out of aync with each other?

A

It takes a while for one population to respond to the other eg repdrocution takes time

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14
Q

Describe the water cycle?

A

Energy from the sun makes water evporate from the land turning it into water vapour
Water also evaporates from plants (transporation)
The warm water vapour is carried up (as war air rises) as it gets higher it cools and condenses into clouds
Water falls from the clouds as precipitation on land where it provides animals and plants with fresh water
Some water is absorbed by the soil (providing plants with fresh water) and other water is used up by animals ect
Wayer may return to the atmospher throigh excretion
Water that doesn’t get absorbed by the soil will runoff into streams and rivers
From here the water goes back into the sea before the cycle starts again

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15
Q

How are elements cycled back to the start of the food chain?

A

By decay

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16
Q

What are living things made of?

A

Materials around them

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17
Q

What happens to the plant when they die?

A

The materials which they are made of decompose (decay) and are returned to the enviroment

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18
Q

How may a plant retirn materials to the enviroment?

A

Decaying once it is dead

Excretion

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19
Q

Why do materials decay?

When does this happen faster?

A

They are brocken down by microorganisms

Wet, warm aerobic (oxygen rich) conditionsbecause microorgansims are more active in those conditions

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20
Q

What does decay do?

A

Put the stuff plants need to grow back into the soil

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21
Q

What is a stable community?

A

The materials that are taxken out of the soil and used by the plants are balnced with those which are put back in

22
Q

What is the carbon cycle?

A

The constant cycling of carbon

23
Q

Explain the Carbon cycle?

A

-Green plants (eg algae) takes CO2 out of the air and makes glucose from photosynis which they can then grow (by making body tishue) out of the glucose turning it imto carbohydrates, proteins and fats

  • When the plants and algae respire some carbon is released back into the enviroment as CO2
  • When some plants are eaten they become part of the carbon on another anomals body. (This is how the carbon moves through the food chain
  • When animals respire some Carbon is returned to the atmopshere
  • When plants and animals die microorganisms and detritus feeders (other animals)on their bodies
  • these animals then respire and release carbon into the atmoshpere

-Animals also produce waste that is brocken down by microorganisms and detritus feeders (other animals)

  • The combustion of burning wood also released CO2 back into the air as well as other sorces such as oil to create neergy which is needed for many people to live
  • So carbon is continusly cycled through the Enviroment
24
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The variaty of different species of organisms on Earth, or within an ecosystem

25
Q

Why are high levels of biodiversity important?

A

To make sure ecoystems are stable because different species depend on other species to live eg food or other things eg trees and habitats

Different species may also regulate a exosystem eg, foxes make sure the population of rabbits doesn’t get to large

For the human species to survive it is important that there are good levels of biodiversity (for different medicins ect)

26
Q

What sort of human activites reduce biodiversity?

A

Making a lot of waste
Deforestation
How we get rid of waste (landfill)

27
Q

How is the population chnaging?

A

It is increasing rapidly

28
Q

Why may the population be increasing so quickly?

A

Morden medicine keeps people alive for longer

Better farming methods mean more food can be grown to support a population

29
Q

What are the disadvantages of a growing population?

A

There are more stress on the earths reasorces

We use more natual reasorces to make luxery products like cars because people are demanding a higher standard of living (making the cars also requires energy

We are using raw materials quicker than we are replacing them so one day they will run out

We produce more waste

30
Q

Why does producing more waste matter?

A

This includes chemical waste (possible from manufactoring). This may harm animlas and plants and may therefore decrease biodiversity

31
Q

Explian waste in water?

A

Lakes/ seas may become polluted which effects plants ect

Chemicals used on land may get into the water

Land animaks may eat the animals from the sea which has toxic waste in them which may cause bioaccumilation

32
Q

What is bioacculimilation?

A

The prosses of which toxic mass builds up in an animal

33
Q

Explain waste on land?

A

Toxic chemicals eg pesticides or fertilisers may get absorbed by the land which may precvent things from growing

Nuclear waste is very damaging to the kand if it isn’t disposed of propaly

34
Q

Explain waste in the air?

A

Smoke and acid rain released into the atmosphere may cause acid rain

When particles get trapped in the atmosphere it may decrease visability and be harmful to inhail. It may also increase global dimming

35
Q

What causes global warming?

A

Methane, CO2 and pther greenhouse gasses getting stuck in the atmosphere and reflecting the sun rays back towards earth

36
Q

Why do we need a bit of global warming?

A

To keep us warm at night

37
Q

Which 2 greenhouse gasses are increasing rapidly?

A

Methane and Carbon Dioxide

38
Q

What does global warming cause?

A

Rise in sea level
Loss of biodiversity
More extreame weather
Climate change

39
Q

How does global warming cause sea level rise?

What could this lead to?

A

By melting ice and by expanding water (as it gets hotter)

This could lead to coastal flodding and some places may be completly undewater in 100 years
Loss of habitats and therefore biodiversity

40
Q

What is a consequence of chainge in rain patters and temprature!

A

Some places may become inhabital

Animals that rely on rain bay die as rainfall is decreased - vice versa
This could lead to an decrease in biodiversity

41
Q

Why does the atmopshere let soem waves through and reflect others back?

A

The sun emmits short waves which get through. After they bounce off the earth they are emitted as long waves

42
Q

What are soem things that people have set up to conserve biodiversity?

A 
Breeding prigrams
Programs to protect and regenerate habitats
Hedgerows and field margins
Government policies
More recycling and reusing
43
Q

How may breeding programs help maintain biodiversity?

A

A zoo may breed engangered animals in captivity to regenerate their population.

Eventualy the zoo may be able to release the animal into the wild

44
Q

How may protecting and regenerating habitats help maintain biodiversity?

A

Preserving the ecosystem and preserving habitats help the animals that live there. Making more habitats may enable the population of the animals to grow

45
Q

How may hedgerows and field margins help maintain biodiversity?

A

They anable more natual plants to grow

They may provide habitats for a wide variaty of organisms

46
Q

What is a field margin?

A

An area around a field that is left unfarmed so that wild flowers can grow

47
Q

How may government policies help maintain buodiversiy?

A

Limiting the amount fo deforestation

Limiting the amount of pollution businesses can emmit

48
Q

How may encouraging recycling and reusing items help maintain biodiversity?

A

Reduces the amount of waste going to landfil

Redices emmitions from factories that make items if people are reusing them

49
Q

What are some disadvantages between maintaining biodiversity?

A

It is expensive
May lead to unemployment (eg lumberjacks are out of jobs)
This could effect the local economy
It could effect our food security (eg using pesticides are necesary to esure harvests happen and people are fed)
It may effect development of areas/ countries

50
Q

What is the population?

A

The number of specific species living in the same place (it needs to be the same species)

51
Q

What is a community?

A

All the organisms of species living in the same place

52
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of organisms with similar charatristics that can potentialy produce fertile offspring

(The be the same species their babys must be able to reproduce)

Advanced Notice Science (8 decks)

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