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Chemistry Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How does covalent bonding work

A

The electrons are shared

Non metalic and non metalic

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2
Q

How does metalic bonding work?

A

They share delocolised electrons

Metals and metals or alloyes

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3
Q

Hwo does ionic bonding work?

A

Sharing of electrons

Non metal and a metal

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4
Q

What are the 3 states of matter?

A

Solid (s)
Liquid (l)
Gas (g)

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5
Q

What happens at the melting point?

A

Melting and freezing

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6
Q

What happens at the boiling point?

A

Boiling and condencing

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7
Q

Draw a diagram of a solid, liquid gas?

A

Solid all bunched up

Liquid randomly in a box with some overlaping

Gas spread out

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8
Q

What may make an substances boiling or melting point change?

A

The amount of energy needed to break the bonds made. This may change depending on the type of bond and the structure of the substance

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9
Q

What are the limitations of showing the 3 states of matter un boxes?

A 
There are no forces shown
Particles are presentef as solid spheres
They are presented as inelastic spheres (to do with changing of state)
The spheres apear solid
Not to scale
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10
Q

Does a singular atom have the same properties of the whole substance?

A

No

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11
Q

What are the 4 state symbols?

A

(s) Solid
(l) Liquid
(g) Gass
(aq) Aqueos Solution

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12
Q

What is a property of a giant covalent structure?

A

High melting and boiling point as all atoms are linked several times with strong covalent bonds

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13
Q

Give 3 forms of Carbon?

What are these examples of?

A

Diamond
Graphite
Silicon dioxide

Giant covent structures

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14
Q

Whst can silicon dioxide also be called?

A

Silica

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15
Q

Why do most metals have high boiling and melting points?

A

They use strong metalic bonding in giant structures?

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16
Q

What is a giant structure?

A

A 3D structure

Most atoms are connected to lots of others making menaing to melt it you need to overcome the energy needed to break multiple bonds

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17
Q

What is a charatristic of oure metals?

Why?

A

They are soft and can be bent and shaped

The atoms are arranged in layers

They are good conductors of electricity because of the delocolised electrons

Also they are good conductors of thermal energy because energy if transohered by the delocolised electrons throught the metal quickly

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18
Q

How may you make an metal stronger?

Why?

A

You may mix some layers together to create an alloy

This will distort the layers and make it so that they layers can’t easily slide ofer each other

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19
Q

How do you create a metal oxide?

A

React a metal with oxygen

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20
Q

What happens when you react oxygen with a metal?

A

You create a metal oxide

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21
Q

Do metals form positive or negative ions?

A

Positive

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22
Q

What is a reactivity series?

A

A list of subatances (normally metals) which are arranged in order of their tendency to form positive ions (how reactive they are)

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23
Q

State an reactivity series?

How can these be ordered?

A 
Potassium
Sodium
Lithium
Calcium                     PSL CMZ IC
Magnesium
Zinc
Iron
Copper

Their reaction with water and dilute acids

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24
Q

What 2 non metals are often included in a reactivity series?

A

Hydrogen

Carbon

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25
What is a displacment reaction?
When a more reactive metal kicks out a less reactive metal in a compound
26
Exploain OILRIG?
``` Oxidation Is Loss Reduction Is Gain ``` This is to do with the gain and loss of electrons not oxygen (of it is to do with oxygen then it is the oposite)
27
What is an ionic equasion?
A equasion that only shows the bits that are changing
28
Acid + Base =
Salt + Water
29
Metal + Acid =
Salt + Hydrogen
30
Metal oxide + Acid =
Salt + Water
31
Metal hydroxide + Acid =
Salt + Water
32
Metal carbonate + Acid =
Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide
33
Forms of metal + acids are what type of reactions? Explain?
They are redox reactions Something is reduced and something else is oxidised at the same time
34
When electrons are transphered what type of reaction is it?
A redox reaction becasue mass (electrons) can!t be destoryed therefore a displaced electron has to go somewhere
35
How is gold found in the earth? Why?
As the metal gold (an element) Because it is so unreactovy that it hasn't reacted with anything
36
What are most metals found as in the world?
Compounds that need to be extracted using chemcial reactions
37
How may a matal less reactive than carbon be extracted?
By reducing it with carbon
38
What does reduction mean? Not in term of electrons?
The loss of oxygen
39
What does the conservation of energy state?
Energy can't be ceated or destroyed The amount of energy in the universe will be the same before and after a chemcial reaction
40
What is an exothermic reaction?
Transfers energy to its surroundings so the temprature of it's surroundings increases
41
What is an endothermic reaction?
A reaction that takes in heat from its surroundings so it's surrounding's temprature decreases
42
Give an example of an exothermic reaction?
Combustion Many oxidation reactions neutralisation
43
What may be an every day use of exothermic reactions?
Self heating cans, hand warmers
44
Give an example of an endothermic reaction?
Decomposition The reaction of citric acid and sodium hyrdocarbonate Photosynsis
45
What are uses of endothermic reactions in every day life?
Sports based injury packs
46
If the surounding tempratures decrease by 5ºC then what has happened?
There has been a endothermic reaction
47
What is activation energy?
The minimum amount of energy needed for a particle (which has collided with another particle) to cause a reaction
48
When does a chemical reaction take place?
When particles collide
49
What is a reaction profile?
A graph which can be used to show the relative energies of reactants and products and the overall energy of the reaction
50
Draw a exothermic energy profile
Starts high, has a little bump upwards then ends low Change the others
51
What will an endothermic reaction profile look like in a reaction profile?
The energy will start low, then rise
52
What will an exothermic reaction profile look like?
Start high ends low (with a bump at the start of activation energy
53
What is needed for a reaction to start?
A particle to collide with another particle which has the activation energy needed to start a reaction
54
What must happen during a chemical reaction?
Energy must be supplied to break bonds (endothermic) | Energy will be released to make bonds (exothermic)
55
How would you calcuate the enrgy released/ gained if the reaction is exothermic or endothermic?
You can calcuate how much energy ot will take to break and then make the new bonds Then minus the inital - the new. If it is negative then it is exothermic. If it is positive then it is endothermic
56
What is the overall energy change of an reaction?
The energy needed to break the bonds - the energy released to make the new bonds
57
What hapoens when binds are made?
Energy is given out
58
What happens whenbonds are brocken?
Energy is taken in
59
Is breaking bonds exothermic or endothermic?
Endothermic
60
Is making bonds exothermic or endothermic?
Exothermic
61
What do we know has happened in terms of bonds if an exothermic reaction has happened?
Energy released from making binds is greater than the energy used to break he binds Therefore the bonds are now stronger
62
What do we know has happened in terms of bonds if an endothermic reaction has happened?
The amount if energy ised to break bonds is greater than the amount of energy released from making bonds Therefore the new bonds are weeker
63
You need to know C5 Chemical Changes in the Normal Chemestry folder
64
You need to know C6 Electrolysis but not about Redox reactions in the normall Chemestry Folder
65
Is bond breaking exothermic ir endothermic?
Endothermic
66
Is bond making exothermic or endothermic?
Exothemric

Advanced Notice Science (8 decks)

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