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Chemistry Paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the rate of a reaction?

A

How fast the reactants change into products

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2
Q

What is an example of a slow reaction?

A

The rusting of iron

Chemical weathering

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3
Q

What is an example of a moderate speed reaction?

A

Magnesium reacting with acids to create a gentle stream of bubbles

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4
Q

What is an example of a fast reaction?

A

Explosions (which happen in fractions of seconds

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5
Q

How can you find the rate of reaction?

A

Recording the amount of product formed and the amount of product used up pver time

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6
Q

Of you were to plot amount of products formed on the y axis and time on the x what would a reaction with a high rate of reaction look like?

A

Very steep gradient

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7
Q

What does the rate of reaction depend on?

A

How frequently particles collide (the more collisions there are the faster the reaction)

The amount of energy the particles have (do they have the activation energy needed to start the reaction)

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8
Q

What is collision theory?

A
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9
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The minimum amount of energy needed to start an reaction when 2 particles collide

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10
Q

What is activation energy used for?

A

To break the bonds of the other compound and start the reaction to make new bonds

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11
Q

How can you increase the raye of reaction?

A

Surface area (amount of collisions that happen)
Temprature (kinetic energy increasing the amount of collisons that happen, also most particles will be above the activation energy)
Increasing concentration of preasure (more collisions)
Using a cataylist

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12
Q

Why does an increase in temprature increase the rate of reaction?

A

The particles get more kinetic energy and therefore travel faster. This means that collisions happen more frequently

Furthermore the faster they move the more energy they have and the more likely that will have the amount of activation energy needed to start the reaction

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13
Q

Why does increasing the concentration or preasure increase the rate of reaction?

A

If a solution is more concentrated then there will be more particles in a space. Therefore collisions will happen more frequently (this is the same with preasure)

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14
Q

Why does increasing surface area lead to a higher rate of reaction?

A

Breaking up an object into pieces will increase it’s surface area to volume ratio. This mean that there is more area to come in contact with the pther particles meaning that collisions will be more frequent

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15
Q

How do you describe collisions in an exam?

A

The amount of collisions is more frequent

Not more collisions happen ect

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16
Q

What is a cataylist?

A

A substance that speeds up a chemcial reaction without being used up

(It is not part of the reaction)

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17
Q

What do cataylists do?

Will they work on everything?

A

Different cataylists are needed for different reactions. They work by decreasing the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction to happen by providing an alternative reaction pathway. Therefore more collisions result in a reaction happening

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18
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalysts which catalyse reactions in living things

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19
Q

Rate of reaction =

A

Amount of reaction used or Product formed / time

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20
Q

What is Amount of reaction used or Product formed meausred in?

A

Normally cm^3 in gas

In solids then g

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21
Q

What are the units for rate?

A

cm^3/s or g/s

Possible measured in moles

mol/s

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22
Q

How may you measure rate of reaction?

A

Precipitation (clowdiness)
Colour change
Change in mass (usually gas given off)
Change on volume

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23
Q

How may precipitation and colour change help you work out the rate fo reaction?

A

You can measure how long it takes for the solition to become opaque or change colours (possibel using a black cross or a cross the colour of the new product and measuring how long ot takes for it to become camoflaged

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24
Q

What are the disadvantages of using precipitation and colour change help you work out the rate fo reaction?

A

The results will be subjective as some people may have better eyesight.

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25
Q

How may change in mass help you work out the rate fo reaction?

A

The quicker the mass changes then the quicker the rate of reaction (may use a mass balance)

You make take measurments at regualr intivals so that you can plot a rate of reaction graph

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26
Q

What are the disadvantages of using change in mass change help you work out the rate fo reaction?

A

You release gas into the room

Can’t do this with poisenes gases easily (you may need good ventilation/gas mask

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27
Q

What are the advantages of using change in mass help you work out the rate of reaction?

A

It is the most reliable method

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28
Q

How may you measure the amount of gas given off?

A

Using a gas syringe (the plunger will get pushed back)

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29
Q

How does rhe volume of gas given off let us measure rate of reaction?

A

The more gas that is given off in the same amount of time the higher the rate fo reaction

Of the same amount of gas given off but quicker

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30
Q

Hwo do you calcuate the rate of reaction on a graph with a curve?

A

Draw a tangent

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31
Q

What is a reversable reaction?

A

A reaction that can react back into the products that made it

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32
Q

What happens during a reversable reaction?

A

As rhe initial products react their concentration falls and that reaction will slow down but the concentration of product/s will increase therefore the opposite (reverse) reaction will start ot happen

…

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33
Q

What is equilibrium in terms of a reaction?

A

When both reactions are still happening but there is no overal effect (it will also look like nothing is happening

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34
Q

What is a dynamic equilibrium?

A

When the concentrations of reactants and products have reaced a balnce and won’t change

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35
Q

Will equilibrium be reached in every reverce reaction?

A

No. Only the ones in a closed system

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36
Q

What does ir mean if the equilibrium lies on the right?

A

It means that the concentration of products is greater than the concentration of products

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37
Q

What does it mean if the equilibrium lies to the left?

A

It means that the concentration of reactants are gretaer than the concentration of products

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38
Q

What does the position of the equilibrium depend on?

A

Temprature
Pressure (only effects in gases
Concentration

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39
Q

What do we know about the type and energy transphers of reverse reactions?

A

They will be opposites…

If the initial reaction is exothermic with 100J of energy transfered
The reverse reaction will be endothermic with -100J of energy transfered

40
Q

State the equasion of thermal decomposition?

A

Hydrated copper sulfate = anhydrous copper sulfate + water

=(reverse symbol)

41
Q

Describe the thermal decomposition equasion?

A

Of you heat the blue hydrated copper (II) crystals it drives the water off (endothermic reaction) and gives you white anhydrous copper(II) sulfate powder

Of,you then add a couple of drops of water to the white powder (exothermic reaction) you will get the blue crystals back

42
Q

What is Le Chatelier’s principle?

A

Of you change the conditions of a reversable reaction at equilibrium the system will try and counteract that change

43
Q

If you decrease the temprature in an equilibrium reaction what will happen?

A

Because of Le Chartelier’s principle we can predict that

The equilibrium will shift towards the exothermic reaction so it will produce more heat

44
Q

If you increase the temprature in an equilibrium reaction what will happen?

A

Because of Le Chartelier’s principle we can predict that

The reaction will shift towards the endothermic reaction so that there is less exothermic reactions haooening meaning less heat is being given off

45
Q

What types of equilibriums does changing preasure effect?

A

Only equilibriums with gas

46
Q

If you increase the preasure of an equilibrium what will happen?

A

Because of Le Chartelier’s principle we can predict that

The quilobrium will move in the direction where there is fewer molecules of gas (fewer moles of gas)

(You may need to balnce a symbol equasion to see which way it would move)

47
Q

If you decrease the preasure of an equilibrium what will happen?

A

Because of Le Chartelier’s principle we can predict that

The reaction will try to increase preasure by moving the reaction in the diretion where there is more molecules (moles) of gas

(You may need to balnce a symbol equasion to see which way it would move)

48
Q

What happens if you increase the concentration of the reactant in an equilibrium?

A

Because of Le Chartelier’s principle we can predict that

The sustem will try to decrease the concentration of making more product

49
Q

What happens if you decrease the concentration of the product in an equilibrium?

A

Because of Le Chartelier’s principle we can predict that

The system tries to increase it by reducing the amount of reactants

50
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound that ONLY contains hydrogen an carbon atoms

51
Q

What is the general formular for an alkane?

A

Cn+H2n+2

52
Q

How could you describe an alkane!

A

Satuated with carbin atoms

Only 1 carbon bond (between carbon atoms)

53
Q

How many bonds do carbon atoms form?

A

4

54
Q

What are the forst 4 alkanes?

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

55
Q

What is the chemcial fomular for methane?

A

CH4

56
Q

What is the chemcial formular for ethane?

A

C2H6

57
Q

What is the chemcial formular for propane?

A

C3H8

58
Q

What is the chemcial formular for butane?

A

C4H10

59
Q

What does the term satuated with carbon mean?

A

All avaliable bonds are with carbon

60
Q

What happens to a hydrocarbon as it’s chain becomes longer?

A

Boiling point increases
Volatility decreases
Viscosity increases
Flammability decreases - the flame becomes more smoky

61
Q

What does volocity mean?

A

It’s tendency to turn into gas

62
Q

When does complete combusion occur?

A

When there is enough oxygen

63
Q

What are the products of complete combustion in oxygen of an alkane?

A

Carbon dioxide

Water

64
Q

Why are alkanes used as fuels?

A

They produce a lot of energy when they combust compeltly

65
Q

Write a balnced symbol equasion of the combustion of methane in oxygen?

A

CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O

66
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A dossile fuel formed by the remainder of plants and other animals whuch was formed over millions of years

It is a non renewable source therefore can be called finite

67
Q

What does fractional distillation do?

A

Seperate Hydrocarbons into their different fractions

68
Q

How does fractional distilation work?

A

The oil is heated untill most of it has turned into gas and it is entered into a fractionating column

In the column it is hot at the bottom and cooler at the top

The longer hydrocarbons have higer boiling points so they will start to rise and condence back into liquid earlier and drane out at a differnet layer than a smaller hydrocarbon would

Really heavy hydrocarbons with a really long chain never change into gas and draisn out the bottom as a liquid

69
Q

Why is crude oil not useful in it’s natual form?

A

It contains lots of different hydrocarbons which could be wasted if they are not extracted (because differnet hydrocarbons have different uses)

70
Q

What hydrocarbon leaves the fractionating column firstand last?

A

First (at the bottom) bitumen

Last (at the top) methane (LPG)

71
Q

What may crude oil be used for in life?

A

Fuel
Polymers, solvents, lubricants and detergents are made using crude oils (the petrochemcial industry)
Organic compounds

72
Q

What can carbon atoms bond together to form?

A

Homologous series

Eg alkanes and alkenes

73
Q

What is cracking?

A

The splitting up of longer hydrocarbons (which are in high suply but low demand) inot smaller hydrocarbons (which are in low suply but a high demand)

74
Q

What are the products of cracking?

A

Alkenes can be formed by cracking

Other alkanes can also be formed by cracking

75
Q

Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

A

The double carbon bond can break meaning that other things can react with it?

Hbcrunrjnrkmcknrkm

76
Q

What are alkenes used for?

A

A starting material - eg polymers

Not fuel as it would be a waste

77
Q

How do you test for an alkene?

A

When bromine water is added to an alkene it turns from orange into a colourless solution

If the same thing happens with an alkane nothing will happen

78
Q

What type of reaction is cracking?

A

A thermal decomposition reaction (breaking down molecules by heating them)Q

79
Q

How does the first type of cracking work?

A

Heat the long-chained hydrocarbons to vaporise them
Then the vapour is passed over a hot powdered aluminium oxide catalyst
The long chained milecules split apart on the surface of the specks of cataylst

This is called cataylst cracking

80
Q

Hwo does the second type of cracking work?

A

Vaporise the hydrocarbons, mix them with steam and then heat them to a very high temprature

This is called steam cracking

81
Q

You need to be able to balnce cracking reactions

A

Mainly you need to know the general formulars for alkene’s and alkanes

82
Q

What is the general formular for an alkene?

A

CnH2n

83
Q

In the start of the earth what was the earth covered in?

What effect did this have?

A

Volcanoes

Theu errupted and released a lot of gasses into which formed the early atmosphere

84
Q

What was the early atmosphere probaly mostly made out of?

A

Carbon dioxide with little or no oxygen (this is like mars and venus today)

Nitrogen was also released by volcanoes as well as water vapour and small amounts of methane and ammonia

Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Water vapour
SMALL AMOUNTS OF:
Methane 
Ammonia
NO OR LITTLE 
Oxygen
85
Q

What happened to the earths enviroment after the volcanoes formed the early atmosphere?

A

The water vapour condensed to form the oceans. The oceans absorbed a lot of the carbon dioxide.
The dissolved carbin dioxide went through a series of reactions to form carbonate precipitates thay formed sediment on the seabed

Green plants and algea evolved and absorbed some corbon dioxide in photosynsis
Then some marine animals started to form (their shells and skeletons containing carbonates

Some carbin dioxide got locked up in rocks to form fossile fuels

86
Q

Hwo do fossile fuels form?

A

When plants ect die they fall to the seabed and are burried by lauers fo sediemt. Over millions of years they become compressed and they form sedimentry rocks trapping the carbin in the rocks making fossile fuels

87
Q

Specificly how is crude oil and natual gasses formed?

A

Deposites of plankton after they get trapped in rocks

88
Q

Specificly how is coal formed?

A

sedimentry rocks made from thick plant deposits

89
Q

How did the atmosphere become how it is like now?

A

Algea and other plants started to photosysis which took carbon dioxide away from the atmosphere and added oxygen. This meant that over time more complectaed organisms could form

90
Q

When did algea first start to form?

Add more…

A

2.7 billion years ago. Over the next billion years green plants started to evolve

91
Q

When did the atmosphere’s composition become how it is like now?

A

200 million years ago

92
Q

Aproximatly what is the atmospher made up of today?

A

80% nitrogen
20% oxygen
(Small amounts of other gasses making up under 1% mainly carbin dioxide, noble gasses and water vapour

93
Q

What is formulations?

A

a useful mixture with exact amounts of components

94
Q

Hiw do yiu know is a substance is pure?

A

Checking if it’s melting point ir boiling point match with the data book

95
Q

Why are formulations useful?

A

Pharmaceutical industry : by altering the formulation chemists can make sure that the drug goes to the right part of your body

You can see what is in your food

96
Q

What are the 2 phases of chromotography?

A

Mobile phase

Stationary phase

Advanced Notice Science (8 decks)

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