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Radiology Vcast05 > physics ch. 1,2&3 > Flashcards

physics ch. 1,2&3 Flashcards

1
Q

who discovered x-ray?

A

Dr. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

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2
Q

when was x ray discovered? where?

A

nov. 8, 1895 ;Germany

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3
Q

how was x ray discovered?

A

Crookes tube covered with black paper testing light. which created a glow on a barium platinocyanide plate.

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4
Q

how fast does an x ray travel?

A

speed of light

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5
Q

how fast do electrons travel?

A

depends on kVp

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6
Q

what is the Crookes tube? when was is discovered?

A

gas-filled tube and was created in 1895

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7
Q

what is the Coolidge tube and when was it discovered?

A

vacuum tube with cathode (linked to the snook making high kVp possible) 1913

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8
Q

who created the stationary grid? when?

A

Gustav Bucky (German) 1913

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9
Q

who created the reciprocating grid? when?

A

Potter; 1921

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10
Q

what was the first X-ray ever taken

A

hand X-ray of Mrs. Berta Roentgen

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11
Q

when&what was the first X-ray taken in the US?

A

young boy’s broke wrist; in New Hampshire, 1896

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12
Q

What makes up matter?

A

Atoms and molecules

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13
Q

Atom

A

Neils Bohr (1918) = protons and neutrons held together in the nucleus surrounded by electrons

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14
Q

Molecules

A

two or more atoms held together chemically

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15
Q

how can you find the # of protons in an Atom ?

A

the Z# (atomic #)

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16
Q

how many electrons can the outer most shell have?

A

8 electrons

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17
Q

how can you find the number of electrons in each shell?

A

2N^2

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18
Q

Be

A

Beryllium

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19
Q

C

A

Carbon

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20
Q

O

A

Oxygen

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21
Q

Ca

A

Calcium

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22
Q

Fe

A

Iron

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23
Q

Al

A

Aluminium

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24
Q

Si

A

silicon

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25
Q

Ni

A

Nickel

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26
Q

Cu

A

copper

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27
Q

Mo

A

Molybdenum

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28
Q

Ru

A

Ruthenium

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29
Q

Rh

A

Rhodium

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30
Q

Ag

A

silver

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31
Q

Sn

A

Tin

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32
Q

I

A

Iodine

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33
Q

Ba

A

Barium

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34
Q

W

A

Tungsten

35
Q

Re

A

Rhenium

36
Q

Au

A

Gold

37
Q

Pb

A

Lead

38
Q

U

A

Uranium

39
Q

Binding Energy

A

Strength of electrons attachment to the nucleus. closer to the nucleus= greater binding energy

40
Q

potential Energy

A

stored energy by virtue of position. the further from the nucleus the greater potential energy

41
Q

kinetic energy is?

A

energy in motion; energy expanded

42
Q

thermal energy

A

Heat

43
Q

Electromagnetic energy

A

X-ray converts kinetic energy into electromagnetic energy in the form of X-ray

44
Q

E=mc^2

A

energy= mass X the speed of light^2

45
Q

what is the speed of light

A

186,000 MILES PER SEC.
3x10^8 m/sec
3x10^10 cm/sec

46
Q

newtons first law of motion

A

body at rest will remain at restore will continue to move in a straight line unless it is disturbed

47
Q

newtons Second law of motion

A

Force= Mass X Acceleration

48
Q

do electrons move in a straight line?

A

No

49
Q

what is the formula for electrons according do newtons second law of motion?

A

F=mV^2/r

50
Q

what is ionization

A

Ionization is when an orbiting electron is removed from orbit creating an ion pair (+ charged atom & a - charged free electron

51
Q

types of ionizing radiation

A

particulate radiation and Electromagnetic Radiation

52
Q

Particulate radiation create what?

A

Alpha and Beta particles

53
Q

Electromagnetic radiation create what ?

A

Gamma rays and X-rays

54
Q

what are Alpha particles

A

2 Protons and 2 neutrons (+), large so they can not penetrate very far

55
Q

what sub-atomic particle has the highest LET?

A

Alpha

56
Q

What sub-atomic particle has the highest penetration ?

A

Beta

57
Q

whats the minimum protection for Alpha particles?

A

Paper

58
Q

whats the minimum protection for a Beta particle?

A

aluminum , wood 1Cm thick or 1 mm thick lead

59
Q

what is the diff. between X-ray and Gamma ray?

A

their origin

60
Q

X- ray origin?

A

inner shell electron interaction

61
Q

Gamma ray origin?

A

nucleus interaction

62
Q

what is the minimum effective dose for a student?

A

1 mSv annually (.1 rem)

63
Q

what is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?

A

Inverse

64
Q

what is the wavelength formula

A

Velocity= frequency X wavelength

65
Q

Velocity

A

V= d/t ; m/s

66
Q

Force

A

F=ma ; N

67
Q

Work

A

Work= Fd ;J

68
Q

Power

A

P=work/t ;W

69
Q

what is a (R)

A

roentgen; coulomb/kilogram (C/kg)

70
Q

what is (rad)

A

radiation absorbed dose; gray (Gy)

71
Q

what is a (rem)

A

Radiation equivalent man sievert (Sv)

72
Q

what is a (ci)

A

Curie; Becquerel (Bq)

73
Q

what is the Gy used for?

A

used to quantify the biologic effects of radiation on humans and animals

74
Q

what is the Sv used for?

A

used to quantify occupational exposure; effective dose; biological effectiveness dose

75
Q

the curie/Becquerel is used for?

A

used to quantify Radioactivity; quantity of radioactive material not its effects on radiation being emitted

76
Q

1 rem is_____mSv

A

10mSv

77
Q

100 mrem=_____mSv

A

1 mSv

78
Q

Radiolucent

A

radiation can penetrate through it (soft tissue)

79
Q

Radiopaque

A

radiation gets absorbed by it (bone)

80
Q

inverse square law

A

the intensity of the new distance will be the inverse of the distance squared (indirectly related and not proportional)

81
Q

what filter should be added when working with 50 kVp and below

A

1 mm Al/eq

82
Q

what filter should be added when working with 50-70 kVp

A

1.5 mm Al/eq

83
Q

what filter should be used when working with above 70 kVp

A

2.5 mm Al/eq

84
Q

what is the magnification formula

A

SID/SOD

Radiology Vcast05 (18 decks)

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