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Radiology Vcast05 > Fluoroscopy > Flashcards

Fluoroscopy Flashcards

1
Q

Fluoroscopy

A

dynamic radiographic examination, compared to diagnostic radiography; active diagnosis

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2
Q

who was credited with the invention of Fluoroscopy

A

Thomas A. Edison; 1896

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3
Q

what is the imaging receptor called for Fluoroscopy

A

Fluoroscopy screen

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4
Q

types of Fluoroscopy equipment

A

C-arms, so that the tube is always alined with the Floro. screen. under table units and over table units.

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5
Q

what is the carriage

A

arm that supports the equipment suspended over the table

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6
Q

are floroscreens only suspended over the table?

A

they can either be suspended over the table or placed under the table

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7
Q

how do Floro towers operate; technique wise?

A

longer period of time at a lower mA

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8
Q

what is the mA range?

A

.5-5.0mA

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9
Q

how does the X ray tube Floro. collimate

A

electronically controlled shutters

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10
Q

magnification gain formula

A

input screen diameter^2/ output screen diameter^2

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11
Q

Flux gain is the measurement of what

A

measurement of the increase in light photons due to the conversion efficiency of the output screen

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12
Q

how can brightness gain be calculated?

A

minification gain X flux gain

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13
Q

Automatically maintain satisfactory fluoroscopic image density and contrast, is referred to as

A

ABC= Automatic Brightness Control

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14
Q

what does ABC do

A

controls density compensation; vary the mA and kVp

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15
Q

how do you regulate the primary beam of a flouro

A

varying kVp, mA, and pulse time

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16
Q

resolution in flouro

A

depends on geometrical factors

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17
Q

types of distortion in flouro

A

size and shape

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18
Q

how is size distortion created

A

Magnification caused by OID

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19
Q

how is shape distortion seen

A

geometric problems in the shape of the image intensification tube

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20
Q

Vignetting effect

A

edge distortion prob. in image intensification tube

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21
Q

Quantum mottle in flouro ?

A

basically anything that is affecting the total number of photons arriving at the retina; radiation output, beam attenuation by the subject, the conversion efficiency of the input screen, magnification gain, flux gain, total brightness gain, viewing system, and the distance of the eye from the viewing system

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22
Q

Video Viewing systems

A

commonly used in fluoroscopic viewing system
it is made up of video camera attached to the image intensification tube output phosphor and a display monitor for viewing.

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23
Q

what is a video monitor in flouro

A

high- resolution output screen that receives the final processed signal from the fluoroscopic processor

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24
Q

what factors separate Digital fluoroscopy

A

high speed generator operating in a pulse progressive fluoroscopy mode; basically keeps the X-ray production of the X-ray tube in sync with the detector signal, so that pulses of the signal are received by the image processing unit.

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25
Q

interrogation time is what

A

the length of time required for the generator to come on and achieve the necessary kVp and mAs levels

26
Q

Digital flouro pixels rage from

A

200 um and 300 um (1-2 Ip/mm)

27
Q

what is the processor of most digital fluoroscopy systems?

A

8-bit processing capability

28
Q

what is the amount of exposure to skin that a flouro system gives to the patient

A

1-3 R/min; should not exceed 10 R/min

29
Q

lead gloves have what Pb/eq

A

.5 mm Pb/eq

30
Q

lead aprons should have what Pb/eq

A

.5 mm Pb/eq

31
Q

the slot where the gonad shild goes should have how much Pb/eq

A

.25 mm Pb/eq

32
Q

image intensifier

A

increase brightness, which means no need for night vision (scotopic)
its unit is Lamberts (L)
brightness depends on mA(less than 5 mA not mAs remember (single phase)) kVp and part

33
Q

what is the typical fluoro. intensity

A

2.1 R/min for each mA at 80 kVp, and NO more than 10R/min at table top

34
Q

overhead intensity is?

A

mR

35
Q

what is the process if the image intensifier

A

incident x-ray beam> input phosphor> emits light> photocathode> electrons> photoemission> electrostatic lens guide the electrons to stimulate the output phosphor>emits light

36
Q

ABS

A

automatic brightness stabilization

37
Q

AGC

A

automatic gain control; adjusts the degree of amplification of the electronic signal

38
Q

does AGC affect patient dose

A

does not very patient dose

39
Q

what is AGC affect on image noise

A

increases image noise

40
Q

flux gain formula

A

of output light photons/ # of input light photons

41
Q

magnification formula for conventional rad.

A

SID/SOD

42
Q

what is the formula for fluoroscope magnification

A

ratio if the input diameter (without a square)

43
Q

what are the advantages of multi field imaging

A

smaller area viewed magnification, dimmer, but improves image quality

44
Q

how do we calculate patient dose

A

ratio of input diameter squared

45
Q

distal end of the T.V camera

A

has an electrical gun that shoots electrons toward the proximal end. gun has a filament and via thermionic emission, emits electrons, then they go to the proximal end that has the target. light from the output Phosphor goes to the target. THE VIDEO SIGNAL CAN ONLY BE CREATED IF BOTH, THE LIGHT AND THE ELECTRONS HIT THE TARGT AT THE SAME PLACE AT THE SAME TIMEW

46
Q

TV Monitor

A

monitor changes video signal to a visible image

units are lp/mm

47
Q

what is Voxel?

A

volume of each pixel.

it is the weakest link to resolution

48
Q

what is the order from highest to lowers dose

A

cassette spot film, cine, then spot film

49
Q

how do you calculate minification

A

diameter of input^2/ diameter of output^2

50
Q

when is Flux increased

A

when mA is increased

51
Q

what is inside the TV monitor

A

cathode ray tube

52
Q

where is a spot film cassette placed and what phase generator is used when taking the image

A

it is placed between the image intensifier and the patient

it uses a three phase generator

53
Q

what are spot film 105, what generator is used and is it in continuous flouro when exposing the 105 film

A

basically like the ancient film rolls but twice or three times that size.
it exposes one frame at a time
it uses a single phase generator on exposure
photo signal from output phosphor of the Image intensifier then its converted to an image with spot film

54
Q

optic system

A

used in early fluoroscopy.

uses reflective mirrors to direct the output screen image to the viewer

55
Q

how is a cine film used, what generator does it use and is it a continuous flouro

A

cine films are used in Cath lab
uses a single phase generator
has a higher exposure dose than 105 film b/c of the continuous flouro; has better resolution as well

56
Q

where is the optic system located

A

at the distal end of the image intensifier

57
Q

where is the T.V camera located and how does it get to the computer

A

at the distal end of the image intensifier and can go from the image digitizer and send a digital signal to the computer or can go from T.V camera to TV monitor via video signal then to the computer via digital signal

58
Q

where is the spot film camera

A

is at the distal end of the image intensifier

59
Q

what are the cine sizes

A

35mm or 16mm cine

60
Q

what are the spot film sizes

A

105, 90, and 70mm spot film

61
Q

move much brighter does brightness Gian make an image

A

5000 to 20,000 times brighter

Radiology Vcast05 (18 decks)

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