Physics and Math Ch3

Question 1

Zeroth Law of thermodynamics

Answer 1

• Objects are in thermal equilibrium when they are at the same temperature
• objects in thermal equilibrium experience no net exchange of heat energy

Question 2

Temperature

Answer 2

a qualitative measure of how hot or cold an object is
- related to the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up a substance

Question 3

Thermal expansion

Answer 3

describes how a substance changes in length or volume as a function of the change in temperature

Question 4

Heat

Answer 4

The transfer of thermal energy from a hotter object with higher temperature to a colder object with lower temperature

Question 5

Absolute zero

Answer 5

the theoretical temperature which there is no thermal energy
- zero in kelvin system

Question 6

Coefficient of linear expansion

Answer 6

A constant that characterizes how a specific material’s length changes as temperature changes

Question 7

Coefficient of volumetric expansion

Answer 7

A constant that characterizes how a specific material’s volume changes as the temperature changes

Question 8

State functions

Answer 8

thermodynamic properties that are a function of only the current equilibrium state of a system
- Ex: pressure, density, temperature, volume, enthalpy, internal energy, Gibbs free energy, entropy

Question 9

Process functions

Answer 9

The path taken to get from one state to another

Question 10

First law of thermodynamics

Answer 10

The total energy in the universe can never decrease or increase
- conservation of energy

Question 11

Specific heat

Answer 11

The amount of energy necessary to raise one gram of a substance by one decree C or K

Question 12

What is the specific heat of water

Answer 12

1 cal/g/K

Question 13

Heat of transformation

Answer 13

During a phase change, heat energy causes changes in particles’ potential energy and energy distribution, but not kinetic energy
- no change in temp

Question 14

Isothermal process

Answer 14

The temperature is constant and the change in internal energy is therefore 0

Question 15

Adiabatic process

Answer 15

No heat is exchanged

Question 16

Isobaric process

Answer 16

the pressure is held constant

Question 17

Isovolumetric process

Answer 17

the volume is held constant and the work done by or one the system is 0

Question 18

Second law of thermodynamics

Answer 18

In a closed system, energy will spontaneously and irreversibly go from being localized to being spread out

Question 19

Entropy

Answer 19

A measure of how much energy has spread out or how spread out energy has become

Question 20

Microstates relation to entropy

Answer 20

As the number of microstates increases, the potential energy of a molecule is distributed over that larger number of microstates, increasing entropy.

Question 21

Natural Processes

Answer 21

are irreversible

Question 22

Conduction

Answer 22

The direct transfer of energy from molecule to molecule through molecular collisions

Question 23

Convection

Answer 23

The transfer of heat by the physical motion of a fluid over a material
- only liquids and gases can transfer heat by this means

Question 24

Radiation

Answer 24

the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves
- transfers energy through a vacuum