Behavioral Sciences Ch5 Flashcards
Motivation
The purpose, or driving force, behind our actions
Extrinsic motivation
based on external circumstances
Intrinsic Motivation
Based on internal drive or perception
Instincts
Innate, fixed patterns of behaviour
Instinct Theory of Motivation
People perform certain behaviors because of these evolutionarily programmed instincts
Arousal Theory
People perform actions to maintain arousal, the state of being awake and reactive to stimuli, at an optimal level
Yerkes- Dodson Law
Performance is optimal at a medium level of arousal
Drives
Internal states of tension that beget particular behaviors focused on goals
- Primary Drives: bodily processes
- Secondary Drives: Stem learning and include accomplishments and emotions
Drive reduction theroy
Motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives, which create uncomfortable internal states
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
Prioritizes needs into five categories
- Physiological
- safety and security
- love and belonging
- self-esteem
- self-actualization
Self-determination theroy
The role of three universal needs: autonomy, competence, relatedness
Incentive theory
Explains motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishment
Expectancy-value theory
The amount of motivation for a task is based on the individual’s expectation of success and the amount that success is valued
Opponent-processing theory
Explains motivation for drug use: as drug use increases, the body counteracts its effect, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms
Sexual motivations
Relate to hormone release as well as social and cultural factors
Emotion
A state of mind, or feeling, that is subjectively experienced based on circumstances, mood, and relationships
What are the 3 components of emotion
Cognitive, behavioral and physiological
Seven universal emotions
Happiness
Sadness
contempt
surprise
fear
disgust
anger
James-Lange Theory
Nervous system arousal leads to an emotional experience
Cannon-Bard Theory
Arousal of the nervous system and the experience of emotion occur simultaneously
Schachter-Singer Theory
Nervous system arousal is combined with cognition to create the experience of emotion
Limbic System
Primary nervous system component involved in experiencing emotion
Limbic System: Amygdala
Involved with attention and fear, helps interpret facial expression and is part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory
Limbic System: Thalamus
sensory processing station
Limbic System: Hypothalamus
releases neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal
Limbic System: Hippocampus
Creates long-term explicit memories
Limbic System: Prefrontal cortex
Involved in planning, expressing personality and making decisions
VENTRAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX
- critical for experiencing emotion, specifically involved in controlling emotional responses from the amygdala and decision making
Stress
The physiological and cognitive response to challenges or life changes
Stress Appraisal
- Primary Appraisal: classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive or stressful
- Secondary Appraisal: Directed at evaluating if the organsim can cope with the stress, based on harm, threat and challenge
Stressor
Anything that leads to a stress response and can include environment, daily events, workplace or academic settings, social expectations, chemicals and biological stressors
General adaption syndrome
Alarm: initial reaction
Resistance: continuous release of hormones allow for maintained engagement
Exhaustion: Body can no longer maintain an elevated response
