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CRNA- Physical & Biophysical Sciences > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

1
Q

Newton’s 1st Law of Motion

A

An object at rest or moving at constant speed in a straight line will continue in that state until a net external force acts upon it

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2
Q

Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion

A

Law of acceleration

Force is equal to mass times acceleration

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3
Q

Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

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4
Q

Mass

A

The total of all matter in an object (sum of electrons, protons, & neutrons)

m=F/a

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5
Q

Weight

A

Total effect of gravity pulling on all of the electrons, protons, & neutrons

Measure in newtons

Mass x force of gravity= weight

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6
Q

Force of gravity

A

9.81 m/sec^2

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7
Q

Average Velocity

A

Displacement/time

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8
Q

Force

A

The amount of energy required to move an object

F=ma

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9
Q

Dyne

A

100000th of a newton

The force required to move a 1gram weight 1 cm per second

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10
Q

SVR=

A

(MAP-CVP)/

(CO) X80

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11
Q

Pressure

A

P=F/(area)

Pascal
Pa=1N/1m^2
Pa=102g/m^2
KPa=102kg/m^2

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12
Q

1 torr= ?mmHg

A

1 mmHg

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13
Q

1kPa = ? cm H2O

A

10.2 cm H2O

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14
Q

1 kPa = ? mmHg

A

7.5 mmHg

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15
Q

1 mmHg = ? cmH2O

A

1.34 cmH2O

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16
Q

1 atm = ? mmHg

A

760 mmHg

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17
Q

1 atm = ? bar

A

1 bar

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18
Q

1 atm = ? kPa

A

100 kPa

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19
Q

1 atm = ? cmH2O

A

1020 cmH2O

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20
Q

1 atm = ? lb/inch^2

A

14.7 lb/inch^2

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21
Q

When fluid flows through a constricted region of a tube, the velocity of fluid increases and lateral pressure (pressure exerted by the fluid on the walls of the tube) decreases

A

Venturi’s effect & Bernoulli’s Principle

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22
Q

Laminar vs turbulent flow

A

Laminar- straight flow

Turbulent- not straight

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23
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A
  1. Flow is directly proportional to the 4th power of radius
  2. Flow is directly proportional to pressure gradient
  3. Flow is inversely proportional to fluid viscosity
  4. Flow is inversely proportional to length of the tube
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24
Q

Resistance to flow (R)

A
  1. For laminar flow, R is inversely proportional to the 4th power of radius (>radius, < the resistance) when radius doubled, resistance decreases by 16
  2. R is directly proportional to blood viscosity
  3. R is directly proportional to tube length
25
Q

Reynolds number (Re)

A

Predicts whether flow will be laminar or turbulent

  1. Re directly proportional to fluid velocity, tube diameter, and fluid density
  2. Inversely prop. To fluid viscosity
  3. Flow changes from laminar to turbulent if > 1500-3000

When turbulent, density, NOT viscosity determines flow

26
Q

Henry’s Law

A

Amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure

To determine amount of O2 dissolved in blood: PaO2 x 0.003ml (per 100 ml of blood)

To determine amount of CO2 dissolved in blood: PaCO2 x 0.067ml (per 100 ml of blood)

If FiO2 known, estimate PaO2 by multiplying by 5. If FiO2 40% 40x5=200mmHg

27
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume at constant temperature

If the volume of gas is halved, pressure is doubled

P1V1=P2V2

Ex) squeezing ambu bag raises the pressure & decreases the volume

28
Q

Charle’s Law

A

Volume is directly proportional to the absolute temperature at constant pressure

When temperature increases, volume of gas increases

V1/T1=V2/T2

Ex) the inflatable cuff of laryngeal mask airways expands when placed in an autoclave. Balloon shrinks in cold, expands in heat

29
Q

Gay-Lussac’s Law

A

Pressure is directly proportional to absolute temperature if volume is constant

When temperature of gas at constant volume increases, pressure increases

P1/T1=P2/T2

Ex) low tire pressure warnings in winter

30
Q

Generalized Ideal (Universal) Gas Law

A

Unified findings of Charles, Boyle, & Gay-Lussac

PV=nRT

When cylinder is emptying, the amount of gas (n) is decreasing

As n decreases, P decreases

⬇️PV=⬇️nRT

31
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

The total pressure of a gaseous mixture is the sum of the partial pressures

P(tot)= P1+P2+P3…Pn

Ex) PO2 at sea level= 760x21%= 160mmHg
PN2 at sea level= 760x79%= 600mmHg

32
Q

Avagadro’s hypothesis

A

One mole of a gas at standard temp (0°C) and standard pressure (1atm) occupies a volume of 22.4L

33
Q

Law of Laplace (cylindrically shaped structures)

A

If the radius expands the tension in the wall increases

Ex) aortic aneurysm more likely to rupture than a small capillary

T=Pr

Newtons/cm

34
Q

Frank-Starling Law

A

The greater the filling in the left ventricle, the greater the tension in the ventricular wall.

The greater the tension in the wall at end of diastole, the greater the stroke volume

35
Q

Law of Laplace (spherically shaped structures)

A

Tension is independent of radius where there is a liquid-air interface

The pressure inside the bubble will change the size

The smaller the radius, the greater the pressure inside the bubble

T=Pr/2

36
Q

Alveoli without surfactant

A

ARDS

Wall tension is constant and independent of radius

Smaller alveoli have higher pressure and will empty into larger alveoli causing atelectasis

37
Q

PH2O at 37°C is?

38
Q

Fick’s Law of Diffuaion

A

Directly proportional to pressure gradient, membrane area, and gas solubility

Inversely proportional to membrane thickness and square root of molecular weight

Pressure gradient is the driving force for diffusion

39
Q

Low blood:gas partition

A

Rapid rise of partial pressure, rapid transfer of gas from lungs to blood and brain

Rapid onset and recovery

Nitrous oxide

40
Q

High blood:gas partition

A

Slow rise of partial pressure, slow transfer of gas from lungs to blood and brain

Slow onset and recovery

Halothane

41
Q

Work

A

The expenditure of energy

A force acting through a distance

42
Q

Kinetic energy

A

The energy of movement

43
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy waiting to be used

Ex) compressed gases and chemical bonds

44
Q

Entropy

A

The universe’s trend to equilibrate all things

Energy moves from higher concentration to lower concentration

45
Q

Power

A

Rate of expending energy

46
Q

Laws of Thermodynamics

A

1st- law of conservation of energy: energy cannot be created nor destroyed

2nd- heat spontaneously moves from hot body to cold body

3rd- it is not possible to lower the temp of an object to absolute zero

47
Q

Coanda Effect

A

Tendency of fluid flow to follow a curved surface upon emerging from a constriction

48
Q

Pressure in a fluid

A

Pressure= density x acceleration due to gravity x height

49
Q

Pascal’s Principle

A

The pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure throughout the fluid by the same amount

50
Q

Law of Laplace (cylinder) equation

51
Q

Law of Laplace (sphere) equation

A

T= (P x r)/ (2)

Or

P= (2 x T)/r

52
Q

Atelectasis in the patient with ARDS is explained by what law?

A

Law of Laplace

53
Q

Absolute humidity

A

The mass of water vapor in a given volume of air

54
Q

Relative humidity

A

A ratio of the actual amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature to the maximum amount of water vapor that the air can hold at that temp.

= ((actual vapor pressure)/(saturated vapor pressure)) x 100

Increases as temp decreases b/c saturated vapor pressure decreases

55
Q

The PH2O at 37°C?

56
Q

What does vector analysis determine in an EKG?

A

Deviation of heart

Mean QRS vector points toward ventricular hypertrophy and away from MI

57
Q

Newton

A

The force required to accelerate a 1kg weight 1 meter per second

58
Q

Energy

A

The exertion of force (kinetic) or the capacity (potential) to do work

CRNA- Physical & Biophysical Sciences (10 decks)

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