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CRNA- Physical & Biophysical Sciences > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

1
Q

Newton’s 1st Law of Motion

A

An object at rest or moving at constant speed in a straight line will continue in that state until a net external force acts upon it

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2
Q

Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion

A

Law of acceleration

Force is equal to mass times acceleration

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3
Q

Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

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4
Q

Mass

A

The total of all matter in an object (sum of electrons, protons, & neutrons)

m=F/a

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5
Q

Weight

A

Total effect of gravity pulling on all of the electrons, protons, & neutrons

Measure in newtons

Mass x force of gravity= weight

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6
Q

Force of gravity

A

9.81 m/sec^2

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7
Q

Average Velocity

A

Displacement/time

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8
Q

Force

A

The amount of energy required to move an object

F=ma

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9
Q

Dyne

A

100000th of a newton

The force required to move a 1gram weight 1 cm per second

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10
Q

SVR=

A

(MAP-CVP)/

(CO) X80

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11
Q

Pressure

A

P=F/(area)

Pascal
Pa=1N/1m^2
Pa=102g/m^2
KPa=102kg/m^2

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12
Q

1 torr= ?mmHg

A

1 mmHg

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13
Q

1kPa = ? cm H2O

A

10.2 cm H2O

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14
Q

1 kPa = ? mmHg

A

7.5 mmHg

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15
Q

1 mmHg = ? cmH2O

A

1.34 cmH2O

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16
Q

1 atm = ? mmHg

A

760 mmHg

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17
Q

1 atm = ? bar

A

1 bar

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18
Q

1 atm = ? kPa

A

100 kPa

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19
Q

1 atm = ? cmH2O

A

1020 cmH2O

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20
Q

1 atm = ? lb/inch^2

A

14.7 lb/inch^2

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21
Q

When fluid flows through a constricted region of a tube, the velocity of fluid increases and lateral pressure (pressure exerted by the fluid on the walls of the tube) decreases

A

Venturi’s effect & Bernoulli’s Principle

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22
Q

Laminar vs turbulent flow

A

Laminar- straight flow

Turbulent- not straight

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23
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A
  1. Flow is directly proportional to the 4th power of radius
  2. Flow is directly proportional to pressure gradient
  3. Flow is inversely proportional to fluid viscosity
  4. Flow is inversely proportional to length of the tube
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24
Q

Resistance to flow (R)

A
  1. For laminar flow, R is inversely proportional to the 4th power of radius (>radius, < the resistance) when radius doubled, resistance decreases by 16
  2. R is directly proportional to blood viscosity
  3. R is directly proportional to tube length
25
Reynolds number (Re)
Predicts whether flow will be laminar or turbulent 1. Re directly proportional to fluid velocity, tube diameter, and fluid density 2. Inversely prop. To fluid viscosity 3. Flow changes from laminar to turbulent if > 1500-3000 When turbulent, density, NOT viscosity determines flow
26
Henry’s Law
Amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure To determine amount of O2 dissolved in blood: PaO2 x 0.003ml (per 100 ml of blood) To determine amount of CO2 dissolved in blood: PaCO2 x 0.067ml (per 100 ml of blood) If FiO2 known, estimate PaO2 by multiplying by 5. If FiO2 40% 40x5=200mmHg
27
Boyle’s Law
Pressure is inversely proportional to volume at constant temperature If the volume of gas is halved, pressure is doubled P1V1=P2V2 Ex) squeezing ambu bag raises the pressure & decreases the volume
28
Charle’s Law
Volume is directly proportional to the absolute temperature at constant pressure When temperature increases, volume of gas increases V1/T1=V2/T2 Ex) the inflatable cuff of laryngeal mask airways expands when placed in an autoclave. Balloon shrinks in cold, expands in heat
29
Gay-Lussac’s Law
Pressure is directly proportional to absolute temperature if volume is constant When temperature of gas at constant volume increases, pressure increases P1/T1=P2/T2 Ex) low tire pressure warnings in winter
30
Generalized Ideal (Universal) Gas Law
Unified findings of Charles, Boyle, & Gay-Lussac PV=nRT When cylinder is emptying, the amount of gas (n) is decreasing As n decreases, P decreases ⬇️PV=⬇️nRT
31
Dalton’s Law
The total pressure of a gaseous mixture is the sum of the partial pressures P(tot)= P1+P2+P3…Pn Ex) PO2 at sea level= 760x21%= 160mmHg PN2 at sea level= 760x79%= 600mmHg
32
Avagadro’s hypothesis
One mole of a gas at standard temp (0°C) and standard pressure (1atm) occupies a volume of 22.4L
33
Law of Laplace (cylindrically shaped structures)
If the radius expands the tension in the wall increases Ex) aortic aneurysm more likely to rupture than a small capillary T=Pr Newtons/cm
34
Frank-Starling Law
The greater the filling in the left ventricle, the greater the tension in the ventricular wall. The greater the tension in the wall at end of diastole, the greater the stroke volume
35
Law of Laplace (spherically shaped structures)
Tension is independent of radius where there is a liquid-air interface The pressure inside the bubble will change the size The smaller the radius, the greater the pressure inside the bubble T=Pr/2
36
Alveoli without surfactant
ARDS Wall tension is constant and independent of radius Smaller alveoli have higher pressure and will empty into larger alveoli causing atelectasis
37
PH2O at 37°C is?
47mmHg
38
Fick’s Law of Diffuaion
Directly proportional to pressure gradient, membrane area, and gas solubility Inversely proportional to membrane thickness and square root of molecular weight Pressure gradient is the driving force for diffusion
39
Low blood:gas partition
Rapid rise of partial pressure, rapid transfer of gas from lungs to blood and brain Rapid onset and recovery Nitrous oxide
40
High blood:gas partition
Slow rise of partial pressure, slow transfer of gas from lungs to blood and brain Slow onset and recovery Halothane
41
Work
The expenditure of energy A force acting through a distance
42
Kinetic energy
The energy of movement
43
Potential energy
Stored energy waiting to be used Ex) compressed gases and chemical bonds
44
Entropy
The universe’s trend to equilibrate all things Energy moves from higher concentration to lower concentration
45
Power
Rate of expending energy
46
Laws of Thermodynamics
1st- law of conservation of energy: energy cannot be created nor destroyed 2nd- heat spontaneously moves from hot body to cold body 3rd- it is not possible to lower the temp of an object to absolute zero
47
Coanda Effect
Tendency of fluid flow to follow a curved surface upon emerging from a constriction
48
Pressure in a fluid
Pressure= density x acceleration due to gravity x height
49
Pascal’s Principle
The pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure throughout the fluid by the same amount
50
Law of Laplace (cylinder) equation
T=Pr
51
Law of Laplace (sphere) equation
T= (P x r)/ (2) Or P= (2 x T)/r
52
Atelectasis in the patient with ARDS is explained by what law?
Law of Laplace
53
Absolute humidity
The mass of water vapor in a given volume of air
54
Relative humidity
A ratio of the actual amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature to the maximum amount of water vapor that the air can hold at that temp. = ((actual vapor pressure)/(saturated vapor pressure)) x 100 Increases as temp decreases b/c saturated vapor pressure decreases
55
The PH2O at 37°C?
47mmHg
56
What does vector analysis determine in an EKG?
Deviation of heart Mean QRS vector points toward ventricular hypertrophy and away from MI
57
Newton
The force required to accelerate a 1kg weight 1 meter per second
58
Energy
The exertion of force (kinetic) or the capacity (potential) to do work

CRNA- Physical & Biophysical Sciences (10 decks)

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