Chapter 12- Biochemistry Flashcards
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars
They are not broken down by aqueous acid into simpler sugars
Fundamental building blocks of sugars
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides joined by an acetal or legal linkage
Many monosaccharides joined by acetal or metal linkages
Polysaccharides
A property of an object if it is different from its mirror image
Chirality
A carbon is a stereocenter when it has ? Different groups
4
Dextrorotatory isomer
Shining polarized light through this isomer rotates light to the right (+)
Levorotatory isomer
Rotates polarized light to the left (-)
Lipids
All soluble in organic solvents (such as ether)
Energy storage
Fatty acids
Long-chained carboxylic acids
Naturally occurring always have an even number of carbon atoms
Have all carbon-carbon single bonds in the chain
Saturated fatty-acids
Have one or more double bonds in the chain
Unsaturated fatty-acids
Tri-esters of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Triglycerides
Fats
Solid triglyceride at room temp
Tend to come from animal sources
Tend to have greater percentage saturated fatty acids
Oils
Liquid triglycerides at room temp
Tend to come from vegetable sources
Tend to have greater percentage of unsaturated fatty acids
What has a non-polar tail and a polar head?
Soaps
Essential amino acids
“A HILL Make People Think To Vomit” A: Arginine H: Histidine I: Isoleucine L: Leucine L: Lysine M: Methionine P: Phenylalanine T: Threonine T: Tryptophan V: Valine
Used to separate and/or identify amino acids/proteins/nucleic acids
Electrophoresis
How are amino acids strung together into proteins?
Peptide bonds
The amino group of one amino acid can form an amuse bond to the carboxylic group of another amino acid
Nucleic acids are composed of…
Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Phosphorus
What five nitrogen bases contribute to nucleotide structure?
Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) Uracil (U)
Purines
Adenine and guanine
Have 2 rings
“PURe As Gold”
Pyrimidines
Cytosine, Thymine, uracil
Have 1 ring
“CUT the Py”
Carries genetic code from nucleus to cytoplasm. They are long single stranded molecules containing codons
Messenger RNA
Start codon
AUG
InAUGurates protein synthesis
Stop codons
UAA, UAG, UGA
Acts as a carrier to transport amino acids to ribosomes
Transfer RNA
Present in ribosomes (protein factories) and synthesize proteins (translation)
Ribosomal RNA
The formation of mRNA is called ____ and is controlled by RNA polymerase
Transcription
mRNA moves to the cytoplasm and dictates the formation of proteins
Translation
Bind to 30S subunit of bacterial ribosome inhibiting protein synthesis
Aminoglycosides and Tetracycline
Bind to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosome inhibiting protein synthesis
Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, Lincomycin, cLindamycin
Buy AT 30 CELL at 50
Blocks bacterial mRNA synthesis
Rifampin
Interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis
Penicillin, cephalosporin, vancomycin
Inhibit bacterial synthesis of folic acid
Sulfonamide
Inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase
Quinolones
Disrupt permeability of bacterial cell membrane> leakage of cell contents
Polymyxin
Protein denaturarion
Reversible unfolding of proteins due to drops in pH or increased temp
Irreversible if extreme pH or temp change
