Chapter 12- Biochemistry

Question 1

Monosaccharides

Answer 1

Simple sugars

They are not broken down by aqueous acid into simpler sugars

Fundamental building blocks of sugars

Question 2

Disaccharides

Answer 2

Two monosaccharides joined by an acetal or legal linkage

Question 3

Many monosaccharides joined by acetal or metal linkages

Answer 3

Polysaccharides

Question 4

A property of an object if it is different from its mirror image

Answer 4

Chirality

Question 5

A carbon is a stereocenter when it has ? Different groups

Answer 5

4

Question 6

Dextrorotatory isomer

Answer 6

Shining polarized light through this isomer rotates light to the right (+)

Question 7

Levorotatory isomer

Answer 7

Rotates polarized light to the left (-)

Question 8

Lipids

Answer 8

All soluble in organic solvents (such as ether)

Energy storage

Question 9

Fatty acids

Answer 9

Long-chained carboxylic acids

Naturally occurring always have an even number of carbon atoms

Question 10

Have all carbon-carbon single bonds in the chain

Answer 10

Saturated fatty-acids

Question 11

Have one or more double bonds in the chain

Answer 11

Unsaturated fatty-acids

Question 12

Tri-esters of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Answer 12

Triglycerides

Question 13

Fats

Answer 13

Solid triglyceride at room temp

Tend to come from animal sources

Tend to have greater percentage saturated fatty acids

Question 14

Oils

Answer 14

Liquid triglycerides at room temp

Tend to come from vegetable sources

Tend to have greater percentage of unsaturated fatty acids

Question 15

What has a non-polar tail and a polar head?

Answer 15

Soaps

Question 16

Essential amino acids

Answer 16

“A HILL Make People Think To Vomit”
A: Arginine
H: Histidine
I: Isoleucine 
L: Leucine
L: Lysine
M: Methionine
P: Phenylalanine 
T: Threonine
T: Tryptophan
V: Valine

Question 17

Used to separate and/or identify amino acids/proteins/nucleic acids

Answer 17

Electrophoresis

Question 18

How are amino acids strung together into proteins?

Answer 18

Peptide bonds

The amino group of one amino acid can form an amuse bond to the carboxylic group of another amino acid

Question 19

Nucleic acids are composed of…

Answer 19

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen 
Nitrogen
Phosphorus

Question 20

What five nitrogen bases contribute to nucleotide structure?

Answer 20

Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
Uracil (U)

Question 21

Purines

Answer 21

Adenine and guanine

Have 2 rings

“PURe As Gold”

Question 22

Pyrimidines

Answer 22

Cytosine, Thymine, uracil

Have 1 ring

“CUT the Py”

Question 23

Carries genetic code from nucleus to cytoplasm. They are long single stranded molecules containing codons

Answer 23

Messenger RNA

Question 24

Start codon

Answer 24

AUG

InAUGurates protein synthesis

Question 25

Stop codons

Answer 25

UAA, UAG, UGA

Question 26

Acts as a carrier to transport amino acids to ribosomes

Answer 26

Transfer RNA

Question 27

Present in ribosomes (protein factories) and synthesize proteins (translation)

Answer 27

Ribosomal RNA

Question 28

The formation of mRNA is called ____ and is controlled by RNA polymerase

Answer 28

Transcription

Question 29

mRNA moves to the cytoplasm and dictates the formation of proteins

Answer 29

Translation

Question 30

Bind to 30S subunit of bacterial ribosome inhibiting protein synthesis

Answer 30

Aminoglycosides and Tetracycline

Question 31

Bind to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosome inhibiting protein synthesis

Answer 31

Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, Lincomycin, cLindamycin Buy AT 30 CELL at 50

Question 32

Blocks bacterial mRNA synthesis

Answer 32

Rifampin

Question 33

Interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis

Answer 33

Penicillin, cephalosporin, vancomycin

Question 34

Inhibit bacterial synthesis of folic acid

Answer 34

Sulfonamide

Question 35

Inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase

Answer 35

Quinolones

Question 36

Disrupt permeability of bacterial cell membrane> leakage of cell contents

Answer 36

Polymyxin

Question 37

Protein denaturarion

Answer 37

Reversible unfolding of proteins due to drops in pH or increased temp Irreversible if extreme pH or temp change