Chapter 8- Solutions

Question 1

Solution

Answer 1

A homogenous mixture that consists of one or more solutes uniformly dispersed at the molecular or ionic level through a medium known as the solvent

Question 2

Present in larger amount

Answer 2

Solvent

Question 3

Present in smaller amount

Answer 3

Solute

Question 4

What is a mole?

Answer 4

The amount of substance calculated by molecular weight in grams

Question 5

Molality (m)

Answer 5

Moles of solute/ kg solvent

Question 6

Molarity (M)

Answer 6

Moles solute/ L solution

Question 7

Mole fraction (x)

Answer 7

Moles 1/ moles 1 + moles 2 +…

Question 8

Weight percent

Answer 8

(Grams solute/ g solution) x 100%

Question 9

Parts per million (ppm)

Answer 9

Grams solute/ 10^6 g solution

Or

Mg solute/ L solution

Question 10

Parts per billion (ppb)

Answer 10

Grams solute/10^9 g solution

Or

micrograms solute/ L solution

Question 11

Solubility

Answer 11

Amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent

Question 12

Saturated

Answer 12

A solution that contains the maximum amount of a solute, as defined by it’s solubility

Question 13

Supersaturated

Answer 13

A solution contains more solute than allowed by the solubility

Question 14

Miscible

Answer 14

Two solutions are miscible if they are soluble in each other in all proportions

Question 15

Polar solutes more soluble in?

Answer 15

Polar solvents

Like dissolves like

Question 16

🔼H°solution

Answer 16

The enthalpy (measure of energy in thermodynamic system) change that accompanies dissolution of 1 mole of substance

Sum of lattice energy and salvation energy

Question 17

Lattice energy

Answer 17

The energy released when molecules or ions settle into crystalline lattice

Exothermic

Question 18

Solvation energy

Answer 18

(Hydration)
The energy released when an ion (or molecules) settles into a sphere of solvent molecules

Exothermic

Question 19

As partial pressure increases in gases, solubility…

Answer 19

Increases

Question 20

Effects of temperature on solubility

Answer 20

Gaseous solute: temp increases, solubility decreases
(Warm soda, carbon dioxide less soluble and comes bubbling out)

Liquid & solid: temp increases, solubility increases

Question 21

Raoult’s Law

Answer 21

Vapor pressure of a solution

P(solution) = X(solvent) x P°(solvent)

Question 22

As vapor pressure goes down, boiling point…

Answer 22

Goes up

Question 23

Osmosis

Answer 23

Diffusion of water through semipermeable membrane from a solution of low solute concentration to high solute concentration

Question 24

Osmolarity

Answer 24

The concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution

= # of particles in solution (g) x concentration (C mol/L)

Question 25

Osmotic pressure increases when solute concentration…

Answer 25

Increases

Question 26

Oncotic pressure

Answer 26

Osmotic pressure created by plasma proteins (albumin) [25mmHg]

Pushes fluid inside the capillaries

Question 27

Effects of solutions on cell volume

Answer 27

Isotonic (0.9% NS)- no change

Hypertonic (3% NS)- cell shrinks

Hypotonic (0.45% NS)- cell swells

Question 28

Osmotic pressure

Answer 28

Results from potential drive for the concentration of water to equalize

A 1.0M solution of glucose exerts an osmotic pressure of 22.4atm at 25°C

Question 29

Tyndall effect

Answer 29

Scattering of light by colloidal particles

Ex) blood, milk, jelly