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Geogoraphy A LEVEL > Physical Geography Case Studies > Flashcards

Physical Geography Case Studies Flashcards

1
Q

Case Study -Action of Valley Glaciers Lake District Background

A

The Lake District is a dramatic upland Landscape in Cumbria Northwest England

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2
Q

Case Study-Action of Valley Glaciers Lake District-Geology Overview

A

Three main groups of rock found in the Lake District- SKIDDAW SLATES BORROWDALE VOLCANICS and WINDEMERE GROUP.
There is also two other SIGNIFICANT GEOLOGIES in the Lake District-Huge Masses of GRANITE and SKELETAL REMAINS of Animals

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3
Q

Case Study-Action of Valley Glaciers Lake District-Geology SKIDDAW SLATES

A

The oldest in the Lake District they are a GROUP OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK FORMATIONS named after mountain SKIDDAW
Formed as BLACK MUDS and Sands Settling on SEA BEDS 500 million years Ago
The MOUNTAINS THEY FORM are SMOOTH

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4
Q

Case Study-Action of Valley Glaciers Lake District-Geology-BORROWDALE VOLCANIC ROCKS

A

Found in the Centre of the Lake District.
Consist of hard lava and ash formed in major eruptions around 450 million years ago.
Rocks of BORROWDALE VOLCANIC GROUP make up the HIGHEST Mountains including HELVELLYN

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5
Q

Case Study-Action of Valley Glaciers Lake District-Geology WINDMERE GROUP

A

Sedimentary Mudstones Sand Stones and limestones formed in the Sea around 420 million years ago.
Overtime these rocks have been folded, pushed up and then eroded DOWN TO THEIR CURRENT LEVEL

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6
Q

Case Study-Action of Valley Glaciers Lake District-Geology Granite

A

Intruded(forced/thrusted) about 400 million years ago, deep beneath the Lake District mountains in HUGE GREAT MASSES

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7
Q

Case Study-Action of Valley Glaciers Lake District-Geology Skeletal Remains

A

Present around 320 million years ago
Tropical sea covered the Lake District leaving huge numbers of SMALL MARINE ANIMALS. These REMAINS have formed CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE

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8
Q

Case Study-Action of Valley Glaciers Lake District-Glaciation

A

There have been many glaciations, (valley glaciation to ice sheets), in the last 400,000 years. The current landscape is a result of glaciation during PLEISTONE PERIOD.
During this period 20 glaciations were formed,
Some of the DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS found in the Lake District are from recent glacial periods.
The DEPOSITIONAL Landforms are where they are today, because LARGE GLACIERS
DOMINATED the Landscape through EROSIVE POWER, carved out - ARÊTES CORRIES AND GLACIAL TROUGHS

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9
Q

Case Study-Action of Valley Glaciers Lake District-Erosional Landforms

A

During the last Ice Age(20,000 years ago) glaciated landforms such as ARÊTES ascend to the SUMMIT of STRIDING EDGE.

STRIDING EDGE FORMS the Back wall of the Red Tarn Corrie

Red Tarn on the eastern side of summit of HELVELLYN has a steep BACK WALL created by Freeze thaw Weathering and Plucking

Ice from Red Tarn flows into valley of Glennridding forming a small glacial trough the meltwater from this trough formed the RIBBON LAKE known as ULLSWATER

On the West Side of HELVELLYN there is a series of TRUNCATED SPURS and a Hanging Valleys that have been formed as a glacier has moved through the Trough

NORFOLK ISLAND a ROCHE MOUTONNEÉ on an outcrop of volcanic Rock in the Lake

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10
Q

Case Study-Action of Valley Glaciers Lake District-Depositional Landforms

A

There are several DRUMLIN FIELDS in the Lake District formed as Ice MOVED RADIALLY IN ALL DIRECTIONS.
The Drumlins lie on CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS -range from 50-125m HIGH and 200-400M LONG

The Location of the DRUMLINS spreads across a VAST AREA -SOUTH TO LANACSHIRE

Erratics are also common in the Lake District. Some that are found are of LOCAL ORIGIN, while others have TRAVELED FROM SCOTLAND by GLACIAL TRANSPORTATION.
An Example of Erratics in Lake District, would be the number of ERRATICS from the BORROWDATE VOLCANIC GROUP that have been TRANSPORTED 30km SOUTHEAST DEPOSITED on CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE at WITHERSLACK.

There is also a number of MORAINES in the Lake District deposited during the GLACIAL RETREAT 11,000 years ago.
Lateral Moraine- Langsrath Valley
Medial Moraine -Wythburn Valley
Recessional Moraine-at the end of Blea Water Tarn
Terminal moraine- The Naddle Valley

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11
Q

A Landscape impacted by ACTION OF ICE SHEETS Case Study Minnesota - Background

A

Landscape of Minnesota in North America has been largely impacted by GLACIAL ACTIVITY, most notably by the ice sheet activity of the LAURENTIDE ICE SHEET which was most active during the QUATERNARY PERIOD

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12
Q

A Landscape impacted by ACTION OF ICE SHEETS MINNESOTA Case Study-Geology

A

Oldest rocks lie in alternating belts of northern half of the state.
These Belts are made up of SEDIMENTARY AND VOLCANIC ROCKS

When the Laurentide Ice Sheet compressed Minnesota’s surface the sedimentary rock was worn down significantly however due to belts of Volcanic Rock being more RESISTANT the landscape if left FLAT and as a ELIPOSDAL BASINS Covered in thousands of lakes due to meltwater from ice sheet- such as UPPER AND LOWER RED LAKES in NORTHERN Minnesota
SHALE ROCKS in Northeast area (ARROWHEAD REGION) very easily eroded causing this region to have a significantly DEEP ELLIPSOIDAL BASIN
One of the rocks, METAMORPHIC GNEISS is found along Minnesota river Valley dates back to 3600 million years ago
These VOLCANIC ROCKS began formation due to lava escaping through rifts in the sea floor.
The Volcanic formations lie throughout Minnesota’s portion of the LAURENTIAN Shield.

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13
Q

A Landscape impacted by ACTION OF ICE SHEETS MINNESOTA Case Study- Erosional Impact

A

The LAURENTIDE ice sheet was over 1km thick and its lobes had a massive erosional impact on the landscape.
-HIGH MOUNTAINS were WORN DOWN to the point that as of today the HIGHEST PEAKS are 500-700m high.
Large Ellipsoidal Basin was created by erosion ICE SHEET Compressing Minnesota. CRUSTAL SURFACE, leaving thousand of lakes from meltwater such as UPPER LOWER RED LAKES in Northern Minnesota

In ARROWHEAD REGION NORTHEAST ellipsoidal basin was particularly deep as this part of the landscape EXPOSED WEAK SHALE ROCKS due to EARLY TECTONIC TILTING of landscape. These rocks ERODED MORE RAPIDLY than the Volcanic Rock surrounding it. Therefore the lakes in region lie below ERODED SHALE ROCKS

Far Southeast of the State- was not as widely covered by the ice sheet so it has a much more VARIED LANDSCAPE(steep hills and deep valleys)

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14
Q

A Landscape impacted by ACTION OF ICE SHEETS MINNESOTA Case Study- DEPOSITIONAL Impact

A

The WADENA LOBE ( Lobe part of LAURENTIDE ice sheet) advanced From NORTHEAST CANADA To the city MINNEAPOLIS in MINNESOTA.
This LOBE deposited till that was RED and SANDY from the RED SANDSTONE.

LOBE also deposited the ALEXANDRIA MORAINE which formed DRUMLIN FIELDS over OTTER TAIL and TODD COUNTIES, this eventually formed the ITASCA MORAINE

A set of terminal moraine extend from NORTHWEST of ST CLOUD into Twin Cities
Ground moraines with IRON RICH SEDIMENTS extend from ST CLOUD NORTH-EASTWARD

THE DES MOINES LOBE deposited till that is coloured tan to buff and is clay rich and calcareous because of SHALE and LIMESTONE ROCKS.

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15
Q

A Landscape impacted by ACTION OF ICE SHEETS MINNESOTA Case Study-PROGLACIAL LAKES

A

EDGE of LAURENTIDE Ice Sheet and it’s Lobes have OBSTRUCTED the NATURAL DRAINAGE of the Area.
Created several PROGLACIAL LAKES.
A PROGLACIAL LAKE is a body of water impounded in the front of a glaciers.
E.g LAKE AGASSIZ

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16
Q

Physical/Human Factors affecting Water/Carbon Cycle in Artic Tundra-Intro

A

Artic Tundra covers 8 MILLION square KM of CANDA ALASKA AND SIBERIA
Very LOW Biodiversity
TREELES ENVIRONMENT(except DWARF SPECIES)

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17
Q

Physical/Human Factors affecting Water/Carbon Cycle in Artic Tundra-CARBON CYCLE

A

Permafrost acts as a CARBON SINK (holds 1600GT of carbon

During the SUMMER a FLUX OF CARBON is released as the ACTIVE LAYER melts

the ARTIC TUNDRA has a LOW BIOMASS

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18
Q

Physical/Human Factors affecting Water/Carbon Cycle in Artic Tundra- WATER CYCLE FEATURES

A

LOW ANNUAL PRECIPTATION
SMALL WATER STORES in the atmosphere due to LOW TEMPS which reduce HUMIDTY

there is LIMITED TRANSPORTATION due SPARSE VEGETATION

LOW RATES OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION due much of the SUNS ENERGY used to MELTINNG the SNOW

LIMITED GROUNDWATER and SOIL MOISTURE STORES due to the PERMAFROST acting as a BARRRIER to processes such as INFILTRATION PERCOLATION AND GROUNDWATER FLOW

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19
Q

Physical/Human Factors affecting Water/Carbon Cycle in Artic Tundra- Physical factors affecting Water CYCLE

A

average TEMPS below freezing for most of the year this causes MOST of WATER to be STORED as GROUND ICE in the PERMAFROST

Permeability is low due to CRYSTALISED ROCKS which dominate the GEOLOGY

Humidty is low all year

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20
Q

Physical/Human Factors affecting Water/Carbon Cycle in Artic Tundra- SEASONAL Changes affecting Artic TUNDRA

A

During the SHORT SUMMER the shallow ACTIVE LAYER thaws and water flows on SURFACE

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21
Q

Physical/Human Factors affecting Water/Carbon Cycle in Artic Tundra-PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING CARBON CYCLE

A

LOW TEMPS, water availability and POOR ROCK MATERIAL lead to the TOTAL BIOMASS being LOW
LOW TEMPS also leads to SLOW RATE OF DECOMPOSTION

Carbon is mainly stored in DECOMPOSED PLANTS which remain FROZEN in PERMAFROST

22
Q

Physical/Human Factors affecting Water/Carbon Cycle in Artic Tundra-SEASONAL CHANGES AFFECTING CARBON CYCLE

A

the GROWING SEASON for PLANTS is only 3 MONTHS

23
Q

Human Activity on ARTCI TUNDRA Oil and Gas Production in ALASKA- Background

A

1968 oil and gas was discovered in PRUDHOE BAY
the obtaining of the RESOURCES was not an EASY FEAT -due to the EXTREME TEMPS PERMAFROST and REMOTE LOCATION

However due the global energy energy prices being high the US government decided that it would BENEFITIAL DEVELOPING the area to OBTAIN THE RESOURCES. DEVELOPMENT TOOK PLACE BETWEEN 1970-1980

24
Q

Human Activity on ARTCI TUNDRA Oil and Gas Production in ALASKA- INFASTRUCTURE built

A

Much of the INFASTRUCTURE built consisted of
PIPELINES
OIL PRODUCTION plants
POWER GENERATORS
GRAVEL QUARRIES

25
Q

Human Activity on ARTCI TUNDRA Oil and Gas Production in ALASKA- IMPACT on CARBON/WATER CYCLES

A

Much of the SENSITIVE PERMAFROST was disturbed by
BY the OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION which resulted in melting of PERMAFROST

THIS CAUSED PERMAFROST to release up to 40 MILLION TONNES of CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANE into the atmosphere

this was similar with the WATER CYCLE as the melting of PERMAFROST AND SNOW COVER increased RUN OFF AND RIVER DSICHARGE which can LEAD to FLOODING

this means SUMMER LAKES PONDS AND WETLANDS become more EXTENSIVE which INCREASES EVAPORATION

26
Q

OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION ALSKA Management STRATEGIES Gravel Pads

A

Roads and other Infrastructural features CONSTRUCTED on INSULATING ice or GRAVEL PADS -prevents PERMAFROST from MELTING

27
Q

Oil extraction in Alaska;Human Activities on a Periglacial landscape : Summary

A

ALSKA has HUGE OILFIELDS particulars around Prudhoe Bay of North Coast
Has PROVEN BARRELS about 3000 MILLION BARRELS

ALEYSKA Pipeline 1300km long TRANSPORTS; 1.4 MILLION BARRELS of OIL a DAY

28
Q

Oil extraction in Alaska;Human Activities on a Periglacial landscape : Need For Oil

A

Since 2013 DEMAND for Oil has RISEN
40% of OIL SUPPLY stemming From IMPORTS
Brought CONCERN TO US government -in terms of not having ENERGY SECURITY and BALANCED TRADE

29
Q

Oil extraction in Alaska;Human Activities on a Periglacial landscape : Reserves

A

So they could SUPPORT the DEAMND for OIL
GOVERENMENT in Alaska PERMITTED EXPLORATION of OIL FIELDS IN ALSKA

16 Billion Barrels estimated in AREA 1002 IN the ALASKAN NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGEE
6 Billion COULD BE EXTRACTED -creating EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

30
Q

Oil extraction in Alaska;Human Activities on a Periglacial landscape: IMPACT ON LANDSCAPE; Material Flows

A

Oil EXTRACTION impacts the Material Flows/Energy Flows Greatly
Particularly through use of GRAVEL PADS
Gravel EXTRACTED From RIVER SYSTEMS for INSULATING BASE LAYER in Road Construction
Impacts the RATE at which GRAVEL is DEPOSITED AND TRANSPORTED in the River System DOWNSTREAM
As well as IMPACTING the EQUILIBRIUM of EROSIONAL AND DEPOSITIONAL PROCESSES in RIVER SYSTEM

31
Q

Oil extraction in Alaska;Human Activities on a Periglacial landscape: IMPACT ON LANDSCAPE; Energy Flows

A

Due to Oil Extraction Gas is RELEASED and BURNT through process of FLARING
RELEASES CO2 and METHANE contributing to GREEN HOUSE GASES EFFECT IN ALSKA increasing Air Temps

Production of HEAT caused through TRANSPORTATION and EXTRACTION caused URBAN HEAT ISLAND in town BARROW- Average Temps were 2.2 C HIGHER than SURROUNDING AREA

Also found that TEMPS DIFFERENCES had STRONG CORRELATION with OIL PRODUCTION rates in Oilfieds

32
Q

Oil extraction in Alaska;Human Activities on a Periglacial landscape: IMPACT ON LANDSCAPE; Changing Landforms

A

Alaska has PERMAFROST -PERMANENTLY FROZEN GROUND
Heat from Infrastructure can cause THAWING OF PERMAFROST as well as PROLONGED MELTING OF ACTIVE LAYER

Building CONSTRUCTED directly on the GROUND SURFACE Heat from HEATING SYSTEMS can transfer from the FLOOR to the GROUND further THAWING PERMAFROST
Resulting in SOLIFLUCTION (SINKING of Building with UNSTABLE Foundation) increasing MOBILITY OF ACTIVE LAYER
Also forms SOLIFLUCTION LOBES

33
Q

Oil extraction in Alaska;Human Activities on a Periglacial landscape: IMPACT ON LANDSCAPE; Thermokarst

A

This is a landscape that DEPRESSIONS DUE to THAWING
DEPRESSIONS can CONTAIN water creating THAW LAKES these are 5 m deep and 1-2km Wide

These Depressions are a result OIL EXTRACTION where REMOVAL of VEGETATION and CONSTRUCTION on SURFACES has increased THAWING of PERMAFROST and REDUCES INSULATION of Ground Ice
CREATING more EXTENSIVE AND DEEPER SUBSIDENCE

34
Q

Human Activities on a GLACIATED LANDSCAPE ;Grande Dixence Scheme Switzerland; Summary

A

SouthWest Switzerland -Grande Dixence
HIGHEST GRAVITY DAM in WORLD built in 1960

Used to GENERATE HYDROELECTRIC POWER -Constructed in SUMMER MONTHS
Costed 1600million SWISS FRANCS

35
Q

Human Activities on a GLACIATED LANDSCAPE ;Grande Dixence Scheme Switzerland; the Dam

A

285 M HIGH
200 M WIDE
ANNUALLY STORES 400 MILLION M3 of WATER
CATCHMENT AREA of 350 KM2 from the Meltwater of 35 GLACIERS
AIM to OPTIMISE WATER LEVELS so there is MAXIUM AVAILABILITY before DEMAND PERIODS

36
Q

Human Activities on a GLACIATED LANDSCAPE ;Grande Dixence Scheme Switzerland; The Energy

A

Water Stored BEHIND GRANDE DIXENCE DAM Drives TURBINES in 4 POWER STATIONS- IN FIONNAY and NENDAZ combined CAPACITY OF 2000 GWh

Enough ENERGY to power 400000 SWISS HOUSEHOLDS
DAM STORES MELTWATER FROM GLACIER in Summer to GENERATE ELECTRICITY

Environmentally Friednly in SWITZERLAND with LESS THAN 5% of ELECTRICAL PRODUCTION stemming from FOSSIL FUELS

37
Q

Human Activities on a GLACIATED LANDSCAPE ;Grande Dixence Scheme Switzerland; Impact on Environment

A

Impact on Environment has been MINIMISED to MAINTAIN -ATTRACTIVE feature of the AREA
PUMPING STATIONS and POWER PLANTS - WELL -CONCEALED
THEY ARE BUILT UNDERGROUND - RETAINS AESTHETIC

HOWEVE REDUCED FLOW in BORGNE RIVER
Increased CONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANTS from both AGRICULTURAL and DOMESTIC sources

38
Q

Human Activities on a GLACIATED LANDSCAPE ;Grande Dixence Scheme Switzerland; Impact on Glacial System

A

15% of the Water in GRANDE DIXENCE DAM used to DEAL WITH SEDIMENTATION PROBLEMS

WATER STORED behind the DAM LACK of FLOW means LOSS in ENRGY in TRANSPORTATION and DEPOSITION of SEDIMENT - CAUSES BUILD UP OF SEDIMENT

Behind the Dam rates of DEPOSITION of SEDIMENT was 20-40 cm/year

To RECTIFY THIS the 15%of WATER was used to PURGE the SEDIMENT CAUSING TURBIDITY(cloudiness due to sediment) for WATER -20000 mg/L of SEDIMENT CONCENTRATIONS

39
Q

Human Activities on a GLACIATED LANDSCAPE ;Grande Dixence Scheme Switzerland; Impact on River Channels

A

AMOUNT of SEDIMENT in Lake Geneva has HALVED
TRAPPING OF SEDIMENT BEHIND DAM causes for there to CLEARER water BEING RETURNED TO NATURAL RIVER CHANNELS -below POWER STATIONS

Excess ENRGY due to SEDIMENT Not being TRANSPORTED BY WATER

LACK of RIVER DISCHARGE BELOW DAM will EVENTUALLY DRY UP in SUMMER MONTHS

Val D’Herens has A SUDDEN RISK of FLOODING due, to WHEN EXCESS WATER STORE MUST BE RELEASED

40
Q

Rainforest Water cycle- Precipitation Evapotranspiration Run-off

A

Precipitation- High Temps 25-30 C promotes high RAINFALL 2000mm with small seasonal variation
High Convectional Rainfall / High rates of INTERCEPTION (10% of precipitation)
20-25% of all Evaporation in forest is INTERCEPTED

Evapotranspiration- High Rates of Evaporation/ Transpiration due to HIGH TEMPS and DENSE VEGETATION
Precipitation FEEDBACK LOOPS MAINTAIN HIGH RAINFALL
Half of Rainfall is RETURNED into the ATMOSPHERE through EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

Run-off -Rapid Run-off due to HIGH PRECIPITATION depending on Seasonal Distribution of Rainfall- River Discharge can peak

41
Q

Rainforest Water cycle-Atmosphere Soil/groundwater Vegetation

A

Atmosphere-High Temps allow Atmosphere to store large amounts of MOISTURE ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY HIGH /Relative Humidity High

Soil/groundwater - High Rainfall means soils store large amounts of water as well as aquifers

Vegetation- Trees play vital role in Water Cycle -Absorbing and STORING WATER from soil releasing it through EVAPOTRANSPIRATION/TRANSPIRATION

42
Q

Physical affecting the Water Cycle in Rainforest-Geology

A

Impermeable Catchments found in Amazon Basin such as Crystalline rocks) habe MINIMAL WATER STORAGE causing RAPID RUN-OFF

Permeable Catchments such as LIMESTONE/SANDSTONE are Porous and STORE RAINWATER and have Slow Run-off

43
Q

Physical affecting the Water Cycle in Rainforest-Relief

A

Amazon Basin comprised of most EXTENSIVE LOWLAND areas
Gentle Relief water moves ACROSS the SURFACE HORIZONTALLY (Overland flow)
Or ACROSS the SOIL HORIZONTALLY (Through flow)

WEST SIDE in Andes STEEP CATCHMENTS has RAPID RUNOFF

44
Q

Physical affecting the Water Cycle in Rainforest- Temperature

A

High Average TEMPS 25-30 C generates HIGH RATES of EVAPOTRANSPIRATION.
Means that CONVECTION is High leading to STRONG ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY
Results in INTENSE PRECIPITATION
Processes such as PRECIPITATION EVAPOTRANSPIRATION TRANSPIRATION and EVAPORATION are High

45
Q

Human Factors Affecting Rainforest Deforestation Summary

A

17,500km2 a year between 1970-2013
Since 1970 1/5 of PRIMARY FOREST has been destroyed

46
Q

Human Factors Affecting Rainforest Deforestation- Madeira

A

April 2014 LARGE FLOODS in Madeira River where FLOOD LEVELS were 19.68m above NORMAL
60 people DIED 68,000 families EVACUATED
Large DEFORESTATION occured in this area meant that WATER STORAGE IN TREES was REDUCES as well in SOIL due to it being ERODED
Permeable ROCKS reduced in WATER STORAGE due to RAPIDER RUNOFF

Total Runoff therefore INCREASED AS WELL THEIR SPEEDS and increased FLOOD RISK throughout the BASIN

47
Q

OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION ALSKA Management STRATEGIES Elevated Buildings and Pipelines

A

Constructing Buildings Oil Gas Pipelines on PILES ( ELEVATING them) allows COLD AIR to CIRCULATE beneath these STRUCTURES

Provides further INSULATION AGAINST heat generated BUILDINGS -prevents PERMAFROST from MELTING

48
Q

OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION ALSKA Management STRATEGIES Drilling lateral beyond drilling platforms

A

New Drilling Techniques allow OIL and GAS to be ACCESSED SEVERAL KILOMETRES

Reduces amount Sites needed for DRILLING RIGS -ultimately REDUCES IMPACT on VEGETATION and PERMAFROST
As construction is REDUCED

49
Q

OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION ALSKA Management STRATEGIES powerful computers used to detect oil and gas bearing structures remotely

A

Computers used to DETECT oil and gas bearing GELOLOGICAL structures REMOTELY helps REDUCE EXPLORATION WELLS reducing the IMPACT on ENVIRONMENT

50
Q

OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION ALSKA Management STRATEGIES-Refrigerated Supports

A

Refigerated supports used to STABALISE the Temps of the PERMAFROST
also helps CONSERVE the PERMAFROST beneath the BUILDINGS and other INFASTRUCTURE

51
Q
A

Geogoraphy A LEVEL (16 decks)

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