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Geogoraphy A LEVEL > Physical Geography Case Studies > Flashcards

Physical Geography Case Studies Flashcards

1
Q

Case Study -Action of Valley Glaciers Lake District Background

A

The Lake District is a dramatic upland Landscape in Cumbria Northwest England

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2
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Case Study-Action of Valley Glaciers Lake District-Geology Overview

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Three main groups of rock found in the Lake District- SKIDDAW SLATES BORROWDALE VOLCANICS and WINDEMERE GROUP.
There is also two other SIGNIFICANT GEOLOGIES in the Lake District-Huge Masses of GRANITE and SKELETAL REMAINS of Animals

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3
Q

Case Study-Action of Valley Glaciers Lake District-Geology SKIDDAW SLATES

A

The oldest in the Lake District they are a GROUP OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK FORMATIONS named after mountain SKIDDAW
Formed as BLACK MUDS and Sands Settling on SEA BEDS 500 million years Ago
The MOUNTAINS THEY FORM are SMOOTH

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4
Q

Case Study-Action of Valley Glaciers Lake District-Geology-BORROWDALE VOLCANIC ROCKS

A

Found in the Centre of the Lake District.
Consist of hard lava and ash formed in major eruptions around 450 million years ago.
Rocks of BORROWDALE VOLCANIC GROUP make up the HIGHEST Mountains including HELVELLYN

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5
Q

Case Study-Action of Valley Glaciers Lake District-Geology WINDMERE GROUP

A

Sedimentary Mudstones Sand Stones and limestones formed in the Sea around 420 million years ago.
Overtime these rocks have been folded, pushed up and then eroded DOWN TO THEIR CURRENT LEVEL

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6
Q

Case Study-Action of Valley Glaciers Lake District-Geology Granite

A

Intruded(forced/thrusted) about 400 million years ago, deep beneath the Lake District mountains in HUGE GREAT MASSES

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7
Q

Case Study-Action of Valley Glaciers Lake District-Geology Skeletal Remains

A

Present around 320 million years ago
Tropical sea covered the Lake District leaving huge numbers of SMALL MARINE ANIMALS. These REMAINS have formed CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE

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8
Q

Case Study-Action of Valley Glaciers Lake District-Glaciation

A

There have been many glaciations, (valley glaciation to ice sheets), in the last 400,000 years. The current landscape is a result of glaciation during PLEISTONE PERIOD.
During this period 20 glaciations were formed,
Some of the DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS found in the Lake District are from recent glacial periods.
The DEPOSITIONAL Landforms are where they are today, because LARGE GLACIERS
DOMINATED the Landscape through EROSIVE POWER, carved out - ARÊTES CORRIES AND GLACIAL TROUGHS

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9
Q

Case Study-Action of Valley Glaciers Lake District-Erosional Landforms

A

During the last Ice Age(20,000 years ago) glaciated landforms such as ARÊTES ascend to the SUMMIT of STRIDING EDGE.

STRIDING EDGE FORMS the Back wall of the Red Tarn Corrie

Red Tarn on the eastern side of summit of HELVELLYN has a steep BACK WALL created by Freeze thaw Weathering and Plucking

Ice from Red Tarn flows into valley of Glennridding forming a small glacial trough the meltwater from this trough formed the RIBBON LAKE known as ULLSWATER

On the West Side of HELVELLYN there is a series of TRUNCATED SPURS and a Hanging Valleys that have been formed as a glacier has moved through the Trough

NORFOLK ISLAND a ROCHE MOUTONNEÉ on an outcrop of volcanic Rock in the Lake

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10
Q

Case Study-Action of Valley Glaciers Lake District-Depositional Landforms

A

There are several DRUMLIN FIELDS in the Lake District formed as Ice MOVED RADIALLY IN ALL DIRECTIONS.
The Drumlins lie on CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS -range from 50-125m HIGH and 200-400M LONG

The Location of the DRUMLINS spreads across a VAST AREA -SOUTH TO LANACSHIRE

Erratics are also common in the Lake District. Some that are found are of LOCAL ORIGIN, while others have TRAVELED FROM SCOTLAND by GLACIAL TRANSPORTATION.
An Example of Erratics in Lake District, would be the number of ERRATICS from the BORROWDATE VOLCANIC GROUP that have been TRANSPORTED 30km SOUTHEAST DEPOSITED on CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE at WITHERSLACK.

There is also a number of MORAINES in the Lake District deposited during the GLACIAL RETREAT 11,000 years ago.
Lateral Moraine- Langsrath Valley
Medial Moraine -Wythburn Valley
Recessional Moraine-at the end of Blea Water Tarn
Terminal moraine- The Naddle Valley

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11
Q

A Landscape impacted by ACTION OF ICE SHEETS Case Study Minnesota - Background

A

Landscape of Minnesota in North America has been largely impacted by GLACIAL ACTIVITY, most notably by the ice sheet activity of the LAURENTIDE ICE SHEET which was most active during the QUATERNARY PERIOD

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12
Q

A Landscape impacted by ACTION OF ICE SHEETS MINNESOTA Case Study-Geology

A

Oldest rocks lie in alternating belts of northern half of the state.
These Belts are made up of SEDIMENTARY AND VOLCANIC ROCKS

When the Laurentide Ice Sheet compressed Minnesota’s surface the sedimentary rock was worn down significantly however due to belts of Volcanic Rock being more RESISTANT the landscape if left FLAT and as a ELIPOSDAL BASINS Covered in thousands of lakes due to meltwater from ice sheet- such as UPPER AND LOWER RED LAKES in NORTHERN Minnesota
SHALE ROCKS in Northeast area (ARROWHEAD REGION) very easily eroded causing this region to have a significantly DEEP ELLIPSOIDAL BASIN
One of the rocks, METAMORPHIC GNEISS is found along Minnesota river Valley dates back to 3600 million years ago
These VOLCANIC ROCKS began formation due to lava escaping through rifts in the sea floor.
The Volcanic formations lie throughout Minnesota’s portion of the LAURENTIAN Shield.

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13
Q

A Landscape impacted by ACTION OF ICE SHEETS MINNESOTA Case Study- Erosional Impact

A

The LAURENTIDE ice sheet was over 1km thick and its lobes had a massive erosional impact on the landscape.
-HIGH MOUNTAINS were WORN DOWN to the point that as of today the HIGHEST PEAKS are 500-700m high.
Large Ellipsoidal Basin was created by erosion ICE SHEET Compressing Minnesota. CRUSTAL SURFACE, leaving thousand of lakes from meltwater such as UPPER LOWER RED LAKES in Northern Minnesota

In ARROWHEAD REGION NORTHEAST ellipsoidal basin was particularly deep as this part of the landscape EXPOSED WEAK SHALE ROCKS due to EARLY TECTONIC TILTING of landscape. These rocks ERODED MORE RAPIDLY than the Volcanic Rock surrounding it. Therefore the lakes in region lie below ERODED SHALE ROCKS

Far Southeast of the State- was not as widely covered by the ice sheet so it has a much more VARIED LANDSCAPE(steep hills and deep valleys)

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14
Q

A Landscape impacted by ACTION OF ICE SHEETS MINNESOTA Case Study- DEPOSITIONAL Impact

A

The WADENA LOBE ( Lobe part of LAURENTIDE ice sheet) advanced From NORTHEAST CANADA To the city MINNEAPOLIS in MINNESOTA.
This LOBE deposited till that was RED and SANDY from the RED SANDSTONE.

LOBE also deposited the ALEXANDRIA MORAINE which formed DRUMLIN FIELDS over OTTER TAIL and TODD COUNTIES, this eventually formed the ITASCA MORAINE

A set of terminal moraine extend from NORTHWEST of ST CLOUD into Twin Cities
Ground moraines with IRON RICH SEDIMENTS extend from ST CLOUD NORTH-EASTWARD

THE DES MOINES LOBE deposited till that is coloured tan to buff and is clay rich and calcareous because of SHALE and LIMESTONE ROCKS.

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15
Q

A Landscape impacted by ACTION OF ICE SHEETS MINNESOTA Case Study-PROGLACIAL LAKES

A

EDGE of LAURENTIDE Ice Sheet and it’s Lobes have OBSTRUCTED the NATURAL DRAINAGE of the Area.
Created several PROGLACIAL LAKES.
A PROGLACIAL LAKE is a body of water impounded in the front of a glaciers.
E.g LAKE AGASSIZ

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16
Q

Physical/Human Factors affecting Water/Carbon Cycle in Artic Tundra-Intro

A

Artic Tundra covers 8 MILLION square KM of CANDA ALASKA AND SIBERIA
Very LOW Biodiversity
TREELES ENVIRONMENT(except DWARF SPECIES)

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17
Q

Physical/Human Factors affecting Water/Carbon Cycle in Artic Tundra-CARBON CYCLE

A

Permafrost acts as a CARBON SINK (holds 1600GT of carbon

During the SUMMER a FLUX OF CARBON is released as the ACTIVE LAYER melts

the ARTIC TUNDRA has a LOW BIOMASS

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18
Q

Physical/Human Factors affecting Water/Carbon Cycle in Artic Tundra- WATER CYCLE FEATURES

A

LOW ANNUAL PRECIPTATION
SMALL WATER STORES in the atmosphere due to LOW TEMPS which reduce HUMIDTY

there is LIMITED TRANSPORTATION due SPARSE VEGETATION

LOW RATES OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION due much of the SUNS ENERGY used to MELTINNG the SNOW

LIMITED GROUNDWATER and SOIL MOISTURE STORES due to the PERMAFROST acting as a BARRRIER to processes such as INFILTRATION PERCOLATION AND GROUNDWATER FLOW

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19
Q

Physical/Human Factors affecting Water/Carbon Cycle in Artic Tundra- Physical factors affecting Water CYCLE

A

average TEMPS below freezing for most of the year this causes MOST of WATER to be STORED as GROUND ICE in the PERMAFROST

Permeability is low due to CRYSTALISED ROCKS which dominate the GEOLOGY

Humidty is low all year

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20
Q

Physical/Human Factors affecting Water/Carbon Cycle in Artic Tundra- SEASONAL Changes affecting Artic TUNDRA

A

During the SHORT SUMMER the shallow ACTIVE LAYER thaws and water flows on SURFACE

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21
Q

Physical/Human Factors affecting Water/Carbon Cycle in Artic Tundra-PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING CARBON CYCLE

A

LOW TEMPS, water availability and POOR ROCK MATERIAL lead to the TOTAL BIOMASS being LOW
LOW TEMPS also leads to SLOW RATE OF DECOMPOSTION

Carbon is mainly stored in DECOMPOSED PLANTS which remain FROZEN in PERMAFROST

22
Q

Physical/Human Factors affecting Water/Carbon Cycle in Artic Tundra-SEASONAL CHANGES AFFECTING CARBON CYCLE

A

the GROWING SEASON for PLANTS is only 3 MONTHS

23
Q

Human Activity on ARTCI TUNDRA Oil and Gas Production in ALASKA- Background

A

1968 oil and gas was discovered in PRUDHOE BAY
the obtaining of the RESOURCES was not an EASY FEAT -due to the EXTREME TEMPS PERMAFROST and REMOTE LOCATION

However due the global energy energy prices being high the US government decided that it would BENEFITIAL DEVELOPING the area to OBTAIN THE RESOURCES. DEVELOPMENT TOOK PLACE BETWEEN 1970-1980

24
Q

Human Activity on ARTCI TUNDRA Oil and Gas Production in ALASKA- INFASTRUCTURE built

A

Much of the INFASTRUCTURE built consisted of
PIPELINES
OIL PRODUCTION plants
POWER GENERATORS
GRAVEL QUARRIES

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Human Activity on ARTCI TUNDRA Oil and Gas Production in ALASKA- IMPACT on CARBON/WATER CYCLES
Much of the SENSITIVE PERMAFROST was disturbed by BY the OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION which resulted in melting of PERMAFROST THIS CAUSED PERMAFROST to release up to 40 MILLION TONNES of CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANE into the atmosphere this was similar with the WATER CYCLE as the melting of PERMAFROST AND SNOW COVER increased RUN OFF AND RIVER DSICHARGE which can LEAD to FLOODING this means SUMMER LAKES PONDS AND WETLANDS become more EXTENSIVE which INCREASES EVAPORATION
26
OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION ALSKA Management STRATEGIES Gravel Pads
Roads and other Infrastructural features CONSTRUCTED on INSULATING ice or GRAVEL PADS -prevents PERMAFROST from MELTING
27
Oil extraction in Alaska;Human Activities on a Periglacial landscape : Summary
ALSKA has HUGE OILFIELDS particulars around Prudhoe Bay of North Coast Has PROVEN BARRELS about 3000 MILLION BARRELS ALEYSKA Pipeline 1300km long TRANSPORTS; 1.4 MILLION BARRELS of OIL a DAY
28
Oil extraction in Alaska;Human Activities on a Periglacial landscape : Need For Oil
Since 2013 DEMAND for Oil has RISEN 40% of OIL SUPPLY stemming From IMPORTS Brought CONCERN TO US government -in terms of not having ENERGY SECURITY and BALANCED TRADE
29
Oil extraction in Alaska;Human Activities on a Periglacial landscape : Reserves
So they could SUPPORT the DEAMND for OIL GOVERENMENT in Alaska PERMITTED EXPLORATION of OIL FIELDS IN ALSKA 16 Billion Barrels estimated in AREA 1002 IN the ALASKAN NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGEE 6 Billion COULD BE EXTRACTED -creating EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
30
Oil extraction in Alaska;Human Activities on a Periglacial landscape: IMPACT ON LANDSCAPE; Material Flows
Oil EXTRACTION impacts the Material Flows/Energy Flows Greatly Particularly through use of GRAVEL PADS Gravel EXTRACTED From RIVER SYSTEMS for INSULATING BASE LAYER in Road Construction Impacts the RATE at which GRAVEL is DEPOSITED AND TRANSPORTED in the River System DOWNSTREAM As well as IMPACTING the EQUILIBRIUM of EROSIONAL AND DEPOSITIONAL PROCESSES in RIVER SYSTEM
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Oil extraction in Alaska;Human Activities on a Periglacial landscape: IMPACT ON LANDSCAPE; Energy Flows
Due to Oil Extraction Gas is RELEASED and BURNT through process of FLARING RELEASES CO2 and METHANE contributing to GREEN HOUSE GASES EFFECT IN ALSKA increasing Air Temps Production of HEAT caused through TRANSPORTATION and EXTRACTION caused URBAN HEAT ISLAND in town BARROW- Average Temps were 2.2 C HIGHER than SURROUNDING AREA Also found that TEMPS DIFFERENCES had STRONG CORRELATION with OIL PRODUCTION rates in Oilfieds
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Oil extraction in Alaska;Human Activities on a Periglacial landscape: IMPACT ON LANDSCAPE; Changing Landforms
Alaska has PERMAFROST -PERMANENTLY FROZEN GROUND Heat from Infrastructure can cause THAWING OF PERMAFROST as well as PROLONGED MELTING OF ACTIVE LAYER Building CONSTRUCTED directly on the GROUND SURFACE Heat from HEATING SYSTEMS can transfer from the FLOOR to the GROUND further THAWING PERMAFROST Resulting in SOLIFLUCTION (SINKING of Building with UNSTABLE Foundation) increasing MOBILITY OF ACTIVE LAYER Also forms SOLIFLUCTION LOBES
33
Oil extraction in Alaska;Human Activities on a Periglacial landscape: IMPACT ON LANDSCAPE; Thermokarst
This is a landscape that DEPRESSIONS DUE to THAWING DEPRESSIONS can CONTAIN water creating THAW LAKES these are 5 m deep and 1-2km Wide These Depressions are a result OIL EXTRACTION where REMOVAL of VEGETATION and CONSTRUCTION on SURFACES has increased THAWING of PERMAFROST and REDUCES INSULATION of Ground Ice CREATING more EXTENSIVE AND DEEPER SUBSIDENCE
34
Human Activities on a GLACIATED LANDSCAPE ;Grande Dixence Scheme Switzerland; Summary
SouthWest Switzerland -Grande Dixence HIGHEST GRAVITY DAM in WORLD built in 1960 Used to GENERATE HYDROELECTRIC POWER -Constructed in SUMMER MONTHS Costed 1600million SWISS FRANCS
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Human Activities on a GLACIATED LANDSCAPE ;Grande Dixence Scheme Switzerland; the Dam
285 M HIGH 200 M WIDE ANNUALLY STORES 400 MILLION M3 of WATER CATCHMENT AREA of 350 KM2 from the Meltwater of 35 GLACIERS AIM to OPTIMISE WATER LEVELS so there is MAXIUM AVAILABILITY before DEMAND PERIODS
36
Human Activities on a GLACIATED LANDSCAPE ;Grande Dixence Scheme Switzerland; The Energy
Water Stored BEHIND GRANDE DIXENCE DAM Drives TURBINES in 4 POWER STATIONS- IN FIONNAY and NENDAZ combined CAPACITY OF 2000 GWh Enough ENERGY to power 400000 SWISS HOUSEHOLDS DAM STORES MELTWATER FROM GLACIER in Summer to GENERATE ELECTRICITY Environmentally Friednly in SWITZERLAND with LESS THAN 5% of ELECTRICAL PRODUCTION stemming from FOSSIL FUELS
37
Human Activities on a GLACIATED LANDSCAPE ;Grande Dixence Scheme Switzerland; Impact on Environment
Impact on Environment has been MINIMISED to MAINTAIN -ATTRACTIVE feature of the AREA PUMPING STATIONS and POWER PLANTS - WELL -CONCEALED THEY ARE BUILT UNDERGROUND - RETAINS AESTHETIC HOWEVE REDUCED FLOW in BORGNE RIVER Increased CONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANTS from both AGRICULTURAL and DOMESTIC sources
38
Human Activities on a GLACIATED LANDSCAPE ;Grande Dixence Scheme Switzerland; Impact on Glacial System
15% of the Water in GRANDE DIXENCE DAM used to DEAL WITH SEDIMENTATION PROBLEMS WATER STORED behind the DAM LACK of FLOW means LOSS in ENRGY in TRANSPORTATION and DEPOSITION of SEDIMENT - CAUSES BUILD UP OF SEDIMENT Behind the Dam rates of DEPOSITION of SEDIMENT was 20-40 cm/year To RECTIFY THIS the 15%of WATER was used to PURGE the SEDIMENT CAUSING TURBIDITY(cloudiness due to sediment) for WATER -20000 mg/L of SEDIMENT CONCENTRATIONS
39
Human Activities on a GLACIATED LANDSCAPE ;Grande Dixence Scheme Switzerland; Impact on River Channels
AMOUNT of SEDIMENT in Lake Geneva has HALVED TRAPPING OF SEDIMENT BEHIND DAM causes for there to CLEARER water BEING RETURNED TO NATURAL RIVER CHANNELS -below POWER STATIONS Excess ENRGY due to SEDIMENT Not being TRANSPORTED BY WATER LACK of RIVER DISCHARGE BELOW DAM will EVENTUALLY DRY UP in SUMMER MONTHS Val D’Herens has A SUDDEN RISK of FLOODING due, to WHEN EXCESS WATER STORE MUST BE RELEASED
40
Rainforest Water cycle- Precipitation Evapotranspiration Run-off
Precipitation- High Temps 25-30 C promotes high RAINFALL 2000mm with small seasonal variation High Convectional Rainfall / High rates of INTERCEPTION (10% of precipitation) 20-25% of all Evaporation in forest is INTERCEPTED Evapotranspiration- High Rates of Evaporation/ Transpiration due to HIGH TEMPS and DENSE VEGETATION Precipitation FEEDBACK LOOPS MAINTAIN HIGH RAINFALL Half of Rainfall is RETURNED into the ATMOSPHERE through EVAPOTRANSPIRATION Run-off -Rapid Run-off due to HIGH PRECIPITATION depending on Seasonal Distribution of Rainfall- River Discharge can peak
41
Rainforest Water cycle-Atmosphere Soil/groundwater Vegetation
Atmosphere-High Temps allow Atmosphere to store large amounts of MOISTURE ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY HIGH /Relative Humidity High Soil/groundwater - High Rainfall means soils store large amounts of water as well as aquifers Vegetation- Trees play vital role in Water Cycle -Absorbing and STORING WATER from soil releasing it through EVAPOTRANSPIRATION/TRANSPIRATION
42
Physical affecting the Water Cycle in Rainforest-Geology
Impermeable Catchments found in Amazon Basin such as Crystalline rocks) habe MINIMAL WATER STORAGE causing RAPID RUN-OFF Permeable Catchments such as LIMESTONE/SANDSTONE are Porous and STORE RAINWATER and have Slow Run-off
43
Physical affecting the Water Cycle in Rainforest-Relief
Amazon Basin comprised of most EXTENSIVE LOWLAND areas Gentle Relief water moves ACROSS the SURFACE HORIZONTALLY (Overland flow) Or ACROSS the SOIL HORIZONTALLY (Through flow) WEST SIDE in Andes STEEP CATCHMENTS has RAPID RUNOFF
44
Physical affecting the Water Cycle in Rainforest- Temperature
High Average TEMPS 25-30 C generates HIGH RATES of EVAPOTRANSPIRATION. Means that CONVECTION is High leading to STRONG ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY Results in INTENSE PRECIPITATION Processes such as PRECIPITATION EVAPOTRANSPIRATION TRANSPIRATION and EVAPORATION are High
45
Human Factors Affecting Rainforest Deforestation Summary
17,500km2 a year between 1970-2013 Since 1970 1/5 of PRIMARY FOREST has been destroyed
46
Human Factors Affecting Rainforest Deforestation- Madeira
April 2014 LARGE FLOODS in Madeira River where FLOOD LEVELS were 19.68m above NORMAL 60 people DIED 68,000 families EVACUATED Large DEFORESTATION occured in this area meant that WATER STORAGE IN TREES was REDUCES as well in SOIL due to it being ERODED Permeable ROCKS reduced in WATER STORAGE due to RAPIDER RUNOFF Total Runoff therefore INCREASED AS WELL THEIR SPEEDS and increased FLOOD RISK throughout the BASIN
47
OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION ALSKA Management STRATEGIES Elevated Buildings and Pipelines
Constructing Buildings Oil Gas Pipelines on PILES ( ELEVATING them) allows COLD AIR to CIRCULATE beneath these STRUCTURES Provides further INSULATION AGAINST heat generated BUILDINGS -prevents PERMAFROST from MELTING
48
OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION ALSKA Management STRATEGIES Drilling lateral beyond drilling platforms
New Drilling Techniques allow OIL and GAS to be ACCESSED SEVERAL KILOMETRES Reduces amount Sites needed for DRILLING RIGS -ultimately REDUCES IMPACT on VEGETATION and PERMAFROST As construction is REDUCED
49
OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION ALSKA Management STRATEGIES powerful computers used to detect oil and gas bearing structures remotely
Computers used to DETECT oil and gas bearing GELOLOGICAL structures REMOTELY helps REDUCE EXPLORATION WELLS reducing the IMPACT on ENVIRONMENT
50
OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION ALSKA Management STRATEGIES-Refrigerated Supports
Refigerated supports used to STABALISE the Temps of the PERMAFROST also helps CONSERVE the PERMAFROST beneath the BUILDINGS and other INFASTRUCTURE
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Geogoraphy A LEVEL (16 decks)

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