Physical Development and Health Flashcards
The brain is only about ___% of its adult weight at birth; by the time a child reaches age 2, it has reached nearly ___% of its adult weight.
- 25%
- 80%
Brain growth is due less to the addition of new neurons than to an __________________ and interconnections and to the formation of ________ cells, which are responsible for the myelinization of the nerve fibers.
- Increase in neuronal size
- Glial
By about age ___, the brain has reached its full adult weight.
16.
During the first few monts of life, the _____________ and ____________ areas of the cortex undergo substantial development, while the _____________ cortex continues to mature through hildhood and adolescence.
- Primary motor
- Sensory
- Pre-frontal
Cortical development reflects the ___________________ (head to tail) and _______________________ (center to extremities) pattern that characterizes all physical growth.
- Cephalocaudal
- Proximodistal
By about age ___, the brain starts to gradually shrink as the result of a loss of neurons, and there is an acceleration of this brain atrophy after age ___.
- 30
- 60
Changes in the aging brain include:
- Development of senile ___________
- Enlargement of the ventricles
- Reduced ________________
- Decrease in the level of some neurotransmitters
- Plaques
- Blood flow to the brain
Bonus: The brain attempts to compensate for neuronal loss by developing new connections between the remaining neurons.
New neurons develop during the adult years in some areas of the brain, including the ______________ and _________________.
- Hippocampus
- Cerebral cortex
_________________ Reflex: Toes fan out and upward when the soles of the feet are tickled.
Babinski.
__________________ Reflex: Turns head in the direction of touch applied to the cheek.
Rooting.
_____________ Reflex: Flings arms and legs outward and then toward the body in response to a loud noise or sudden loss of physical support.
Moro (Startle).
_________________ Reflex: Makes coordinated walking movement when held upright with feet touching flat surface.
Stepping (Walking).
___________________ is useful for studying perceptual abilities of infants aged 1-4 months.
High-amplitude sucking.
__________________ is used to study perceptual development in infants aged 12 weeks and older.
Reaching.
____________________ is a good measure of perceptual abilities in infants aged 5.5 to 12 months of age.
Head turning.
____________ and ______________ rates are considered useful measures of perceptual development across a wide range of ages.
- Heart
- Respiration
__________________ and _________________ are two of the strategies researchers use to evaluate the perception, memory, and other abilities of newborns.
- Habituation
- Dishabituation
____________________ occurs when the infant’s response to a stimulus decreases when the stimulus is repeatedly presented.
Habituation.
_________________ occurs when the infant’s responsivity increases following a change in a stimulus.
Dishabituation.
_____________________ is the least developed of the senses at birth.
Vision.
By about _____________, an infant’s visual acuity is close to that of a normal adult.
6 months.
Babies develop sensitivity to the following depth cues in what order?
___ Pictorial Cues
___ Kinetic Cues
___ Binocular Cues
- Kinetic Cues
- Binocular Cues
- Pictorial Cues
Newborns begin to prefer looking at faces by ___ to ___ days after birth; by ___ months, they prefer the face of their mother to that of unfamiliar women.
- 2 to 5
- 2 months
Some ______________________ is evident shortly after birth, seems to disappear between 2 and 4 months, and then reappears and improves during the rest of the 1st year.
Auditory localization.
By ___ months, infants can distinguish between voices and prefer the sound of their mother’s voice.
3.
Within hours after birth, infants’ facial expressions evidence their ability to differentiate between _______ and __________ tastes, and a definite presence for ________ liquids.
- Sweet
- Non-sweet
- Sweet
Evidence suggests that newborns experience pain, and that early exposure to pain in full-term infants leads to ______________ reactivity to pain later in life, while early exposure to pain in pre-term infants leads to _______________ reactivity to pain later in infancy.
- Heightened
- Decreased
____________ Milestones: Able to raise chin from ground and turn head from side-to-side, can play with hands and fingers and brings objects in hand to mouth.
1-3 Months.
_____________ Milestones: Rolls from abdomen to back, sits on lap and reaches and grasps, sits alone and stands with help, first teeth appear.
4-6 Months.
___________ Milestones: Show increasing coordination, sits alone without support and begins crawling and creeping, pulls self to standing by holding furniture.
7-9 Months.
______________ Milestones: Stands alone and walks with help; takes first steps alone.
10-12 Months.
_______________ Milestones: Walks alone with a wide-based gait; creeps up stairs, scribbles spontaneously, uses cup well.
13-15 Months.
____________ Milestones: Runs clumsily, walks up stairs with hand held, can use a spoon, goes up and down stairs alone, kicks ball, turns pages of a book; 50% of children use the toilet during the day.
16-24 Months.
__________________ Milestones: Jumps with both feet and has good hand-finger coordination, rides tricycle, dresses and undresses with simple clothing, is usually completely toilet trained, exhibits a stable preference for the right or left hand.
25-48 Months.
Early training in _____________ does appear to improve an individual’s proficiency with regard to those skills later in life.
Complex skills (e.g., tennis, playing the piano).
Early training can accelerate the age at which babies first exhibit certain basic ___________, these effects do not generalize to other skills and differences diminish over time.
Motor skills.
In _________________, girls are more physically mature than same-aged boys, and are superior in skills requiring flexibility, agility, and balance, while boys are superior in physical skills requiring strength and gross-motor abilities.
Middle childhod.
Beginning in __________________, the disparity between boys and girl increases, with boys excelling on most measures of motor ability.
Early adolescence.
Some experts attribute gender disparity in motor development to disparities in _______________.
Adipose (fatty) tissue.
In general, the negative consequences of early or late maturation are most severe when adolescents:
Perceive themselves to differ from their peers.
Most adults begin to notice some ________________ around age 40; after age 65, most experience visual changes including:
- Loss of visual acuity
- Reduced perception of _________ and ___________
- Increased light sensitivity
- Deficits in visual search, dynamic vision (perceiving details of moving objects), and speed of visual processing.
- Presbyopia (inability to focus on close objects)
- Depth
- Color
While many adults experience problems with hearing by age ___, the majority do not have significant hearing loss until after age ___; among individuals between age 75 and 79, ___% have hearing deficits that interfere with daily functioning.
- 40
- 75
- 50%
The biggest age-related problem with audition appears to be a decreasing ability to perceive ____________ sounds, which tends to occur earlier in men than women and makes it difficult to understand human speech (esp. when there is competing noise).
High-frequency.
One of the most consistent findings is that normal agingn is accompanied by increased ________________/behavioral _____________.
- Reaction time
- Slowing
Research data consistently support the contention that males are biologically ______ vulnerable than females.
More.
Data from the National Survey on Drug use and Health (USDHHS, 2008) indicate that, among youth ages 12 to 17, rates of ___________ use remained relatively stable from 2002 to 2007 (with 15.9% reporting past-month use), while rates of ______________ and _________ use declined; ____________ was the drug with the largest reporting percentage.
- Alcohol use
- Tobacco
- Drug
- Marijuana
Shedler and Block’s (1990) longitudinal study of youngsters age 3 to 18 found that adolescents who were frequent users of drugs often exhibited a coherent syndrome that was first evident as early as age ___, and was characterized by:
- A sense of _______________
- Impulsivity
- Indecisiveness
- Subjective _______________
- 7
- Alienation
- Distress
Male gender, low SES, physical or sexual abuse, and low parental warmth/involvement have all been associated with _______________ risk for adolescent drug abuse.
Increased.
Older adult men and women both report _____________ as a primary reason for a lack of sexual activity, as well as lack of a _________________, esp. by women.
- Health problems
- Sexual partner
