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Lifespan Development > Physical Development and Health > Flashcards

Physical Development and Health Flashcards

1
Q

The brain is only about ___% of its adult weight at birth; by the time a child reaches age 2, it has reached nearly ___% of its adult weight.

A
  • 25%
  • 80%
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2
Q

Brain growth is due less to the addition of new neurons than to an __________________ and interconnections and to the formation of ________ cells, which are responsible for the myelinization of the nerve fibers.

A
  • Increase in neuronal size
  • Glial
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3
Q

By about age ___, the brain has reached its full adult weight.

A

16.

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4
Q

During the first few monts of life, the _____________ and ____________ areas of the cortex undergo substantial development, while the _____________ cortex continues to mature through hildhood and adolescence.

A
  • Primary motor
  • Sensory
  • Pre-frontal
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5
Q

Cortical development reflects the ___________________ (head to tail) and _______________________ (center to extremities) pattern that characterizes all physical growth.

A
  • Cephalocaudal
  • Proximodistal
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6
Q

By about age ___, the brain starts to gradually shrink as the result of a loss of neurons, and there is an acceleration of this brain atrophy after age ___.

A
  • 30
  • 60
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7
Q

Changes in the aging brain include:

  • Development of senile ___________
  • Enlargement of the ventricles
  • Reduced ________________
  • Decrease in the level of some neurotransmitters
A
  • Plaques
  • Blood flow to the brain

Bonus: The brain attempts to compensate for neuronal loss by developing new connections between the remaining neurons.

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8
Q

New neurons develop during the adult years in some areas of the brain, including the ______________ and _________________.

A
  • Hippocampus
  • Cerebral cortex
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9
Q

_________________ Reflex: Toes fan out and upward when the soles of the feet are tickled.

A

Babinski.

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10
Q

__________________ Reflex: Turns head in the direction of touch applied to the cheek.

A

Rooting.

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11
Q

_____________ Reflex: Flings arms and legs outward and then toward the body in response to a loud noise or sudden loss of physical support.

A

Moro (Startle).

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12
Q

_________________ Reflex: Makes coordinated walking movement when held upright with feet touching flat surface.

A

Stepping (Walking).

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13
Q

___________________ is useful for studying perceptual abilities of infants aged 1-4 months.

A

High-amplitude sucking.

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14
Q

__________________ is used to study perceptual development in infants aged 12 weeks and older.

A

Reaching.

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15
Q

____________________ is a good measure of perceptual abilities in infants aged 5.5 to 12 months of age.

A

Head turning.

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16
Q

____________ and ______________ rates are considered useful measures of perceptual development across a wide range of ages.

A
  • Heart
  • Respiration
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17
Q

__________________ and _________________ are two of the strategies researchers use to evaluate the perception, memory, and other abilities of newborns.

A
  • Habituation
  • Dishabituation
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18
Q

____________________ occurs when the infant’s response to a stimulus decreases when the stimulus is repeatedly presented.

A

Habituation.

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19
Q

_________________ occurs when the infant’s responsivity increases following a change in a stimulus.

A

Dishabituation.

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20
Q

_____________________ is the least developed of the senses at birth.

A

Vision.

21
Q

By about _____________, an infant’s visual acuity is close to that of a normal adult.

A

6 months.

22
Q

Babies develop sensitivity to the following depth cues in what order?

___ Pictorial Cues

___ Kinetic Cues

___ Binocular Cues

A
  1. Kinetic Cues
  2. Binocular Cues
  3. Pictorial Cues
23
Q

Newborns begin to prefer looking at faces by ___ to ___ days after birth; by ___ months, they prefer the face of their mother to that of unfamiliar women.

A
  • 2 to 5
  • 2 months
24
Q

Some ______________________ is evident shortly after birth, seems to disappear between 2 and 4 months, and then reappears and improves during the rest of the 1st year.

A

Auditory localization.

25
Q

By ___ months, infants can distinguish between voices and prefer the sound of their mother’s voice.

A

3.

26
Q

Within hours after birth, infants’ facial expressions evidence their ability to differentiate between _______ and __________ tastes, and a definite presence for ________ liquids.

A
  • Sweet
  • Non-sweet
  • Sweet
27
Q

Evidence suggests that newborns experience pain, and that early exposure to pain in full-term infants leads to ______________ reactivity to pain later in life, while early exposure to pain in pre-term infants leads to _______________ reactivity to pain later in infancy.

A
  • Heightened
  • Decreased
28
Q

____________ Milestones: Able to raise chin from ground and turn head from side-to-side, can play with hands and fingers and brings objects in hand to mouth.

A

1-3 Months.

29
Q

_____________ Milestones: Rolls from abdomen to back, sits on lap and reaches and grasps, sits alone and stands with help, first teeth appear.

A

4-6 Months.

30
Q

___________ Milestones: Show increasing coordination, sits alone without support and begins crawling and creeping, pulls self to standing by holding furniture.

A

7-9 Months.

31
Q

______________ Milestones: Stands alone and walks with help; takes first steps alone.

A

10-12 Months.

32
Q

_______________ Milestones: Walks alone with a wide-based gait; creeps up stairs, scribbles spontaneously, uses cup well.

A

13-15 Months.

33
Q

____________ Milestones: Runs clumsily, walks up stairs with hand held, can use a spoon, goes up and down stairs alone, kicks ball, turns pages of a book; 50% of children use the toilet during the day.

A

16-24 Months.

34
Q

__________________ Milestones: Jumps with both feet and has good hand-finger coordination, rides tricycle, dresses and undresses with simple clothing, is usually completely toilet trained, exhibits a stable preference for the right or left hand.

A

25-48 Months.

35
Q

Early training in _____________ does appear to improve an individual’s proficiency with regard to those skills later in life.

A

Complex skills (e.g., tennis, playing the piano).

36
Q

Early training can accelerate the age at which babies first exhibit certain basic ___________, these effects do not generalize to other skills and differences diminish over time.

A

Motor skills.

37
Q

In _________________, girls are more physically mature than same-aged boys, and are superior in skills requiring flexibility, agility, and balance, while boys are superior in physical skills requiring strength and gross-motor abilities.

A

Middle childhod.

38
Q

Beginning in __________________, the disparity between boys and girl increases, with boys excelling on most measures of motor ability.

A

Early adolescence.

39
Q

Some experts attribute gender disparity in motor development to disparities in _______________.

A

Adipose (fatty) tissue.

40
Q

In general, the negative consequences of early or late maturation are most severe when adolescents:

A

Perceive themselves to differ from their peers.

41
Q

Most adults begin to notice some ________________ around age 40; after age 65, most experience visual changes including:

  • Loss of visual acuity
  • Reduced perception of _________ and ___________
  • Increased light sensitivity
  • Deficits in visual search, dynamic vision (perceiving details of moving objects), and speed of visual processing.
A
  • Presbyopia (inability to focus on close objects)
  • Depth
  • Color
42
Q

While many adults experience problems with hearing by age ___, the majority do not have significant hearing loss until after age ___; among individuals between age 75 and 79, ___% have hearing deficits that interfere with daily functioning.

A
  • 40
  • 75
  • 50%
43
Q

The biggest age-related problem with audition appears to be a decreasing ability to perceive ____________ sounds, which tends to occur earlier in men than women and makes it difficult to understand human speech (esp. when there is competing noise).

A

High-frequency.

44
Q

One of the most consistent findings is that normal agingn is accompanied by increased ________________/behavioral _____________.

A
  • Reaction time
  • Slowing
45
Q

Research data consistently support the contention that males are biologically ______ vulnerable than females.

A

More.

46
Q

Data from the National Survey on Drug use and Health (USDHHS, 2008) indicate that, among youth ages 12 to 17, rates of ___________ use remained relatively stable from 2002 to 2007 (with 15.9% reporting past-month use), while rates of ______________ and _________ use declined; ____________ was the drug with the largest reporting percentage.

A
  • Alcohol use
  • Tobacco
  • Drug
  • Marijuana
47
Q

Shedler and Block’s (1990) longitudinal study of youngsters age 3 to 18 found that adolescents who were frequent users of drugs often exhibited a coherent syndrome that was first evident as early as age ___, and was characterized by:

  • A sense of _______________
  • Impulsivity
  • Indecisiveness
  • Subjective _______________
A
  • 7
  • Alienation
  • Distress
48
Q

Male gender, low SES, physical or sexual abuse, and low parental warmth/involvement have all been associated with _______________ risk for adolescent drug abuse.

A

Increased.

49
Q

Older adult men and women both report _____________ as a primary reason for a lack of sexual activity, as well as lack of a _________________, esp. by women.

A
  • Health problems
  • Sexual partner

Lifespan Development (9 decks)

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