Family and Peers

Question 1

Divorce rates have declined somewhat since the ___________, but continue to be high, with ___ to ___% of marriages ending in divorce.

Answer 1

• 1980s
• 40 to 50%

Question 2

The National Survey of Family Growth (National Center for Health Statistics, 2002) indicate that, for women, the risk of divorce is greatest when:

• They marry at a _________ age,
• They have a __________ level of education,
• Have no religious affiliation,
• Are in a mixed-___________ relationship,
• Come from a single-parent home,
• Were raped,
• Had a child ____________ marriage or within 7 months of marriage, or
• Cohabited with their partner before marriage.

Answer 2

• Younger
• Lower
• Ethnicity
• Prior to

Question 3

Gottman and Levenson (2000) found that the _________________________ pattern is predictive of earlier divorce and is characterized by escalating negativity.

Answer 3

Emotionally volatile attack-defend pattern.

Question 4

Gottman and colleagues (1994) found that how a couple deals with anger (rather than the anger itself) to be predictive of divorce; they termed the following to be the “Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse”:

Answer 4

• Criticism
• Defensiveness
• Contempt
• Stonewalling

Question 5

Gottman and Levenson found that the ___________________ pattern is predictive of later divorce and is characterized by a suppression of both positive and negative affect. Couples exhibiting this pattern avoid conflict, self-disclosure, and any other forms of emotional engagement.

Answer 5

Emotionally inexpressive.

Question 6

Wolchick and colleagues (2000) found that children had fewer adjustment problems following divorce when their mothers exhibited a high degree of ____________ and ____________ in discipline.

Answer 6

• Acceptance
• Consistency

Question 7

Divorce can often result in a _____________________, which, in mothers, is often the result of social isolation, loneliness, a decline in income, and diminished communication, patience, and displays of warmth/love. They may monitor their children’s activities less closely and be less consistent/more authoritarian in punishment.

Answer 7

Diminished capacity to parent.

Question 8

Custodial fathers tend to have the same parenting problems that custodial mothers do (though they may adjust sooner), while noncustodial fathers tend to be overly ______________ and ________________ with children during visits, with visits _________________ after the first few months.

Answer 8

• Permissive
• Indulgent
• Declining in number

Question 9

The effects of divorce on children are usually the most profound during the _________ after the divorce, and commonly include increased misbehavior, aggression, delinquency; lower academic achievement, emotional/psychological functional concerns, lower self-esteem, and disruptions in interpersonal relationships.

Answer 9

First year.

Question 10

While children who are __________________ at the time of divorce may initially exhibit more problems, the long-term consequences may be worse for ___________ children.

Answer 10

• Preschoolers
• Older

Question 11

With respect to divorce, the “___________________” has been used to describe the tendency of girls to not initially show negative effects of divorce (unlike boys), but develop problems in adolescence and young adulthood.

Answer 11

Sleeper effect.

Question 12

Some research supports the assertion that children adjust better when they live with the _________________ parent, while other studies found that boys and girls living with their _______________ had poorer adjustment and school grades.

Answer 12

• Same-sex
• Fathers

Question 13

Post-divorce adjustment in children has been found to be better when children have frequent, reliable contacts with the noncustodial parent, though shared custody does not improve outcomes when the divorce is ____________ and may worsen outcomes when the divorce is highly ____________.

Answer 13

• Amicable
• Conflictual

Question 14

Multiple studies support the assertion that it is ___________________, rather than divorce, that increases the risk for adverse outcomes for children.

Answer 14

Parental conflict.

Question 15

Research on remarriage has associated _____________ outcomes for children living with a parent and step-parent than with both biological parents; however, the differences are often small (effect size of _____ across a variety of outcomes), and diminish further when other factors (e.g., SES, pre-divorce adjustment) are controlled.

Answer 15

• Poorer
• 1.7

Question 16

Research has found that children age ___ or _____________ at the time of remarriage adapt more poorly, and that ____________________ is an especially deleterious time in which to have remarriage occur.

Answer 16

• 9
• Older
• Early adolescence

Question 17

Studies on gender and adaptation to remarriage have produced ______________ findings; some research indicates that __________ in early adolescence have the most problems (esp. w/ stepfathers), while ____________ may actually benefit from relationships with stepfathers.

Answer 17

• Inconsistent
• Girls
• Boys

Question 18

The best general conclusion that can be drawn about stepfathers is that they are more ______________ and _______________ than their biological counterparts.

Answer 18

• Distant
• Disengaged

Question 19

Studies on the effects of maternal employment have been inconsistent, but studies have found that children of working women tend to have more egalitarian ______________ concepts and higher levels of self-estem, ________________, achievement motivation, and career goals.

Answer 19

• Gender-role
• Independence

Question 20

There is evidence that maternal employment is most likely to have negative outcomes for boys when combined with low levels of ________________ and _________________.

Answer 20

• Parental supervision
• Monitoring

Question 21

While studies suggest that attendees of high-quality daycare may do better in terms of intelligence test scores, creative play, and language skills than those raised at home, they become indistinguishable by the end of ________________.

Answer 21

First grade.

Question 22

Studies on having a gay or lesbian parent suggest that the nature of the _______________ is more important than a parent’s sexuality.

Answer 22

Parent-child relationship.

Question 23

There is no clear consensus on outcomes of child sexual abuse for male and female victims; however, when differences are found, they suggest outcomes may be worse for _________________. Additionally, the effects seem to be less severe when the perpetrator is ____________ vs. ____________.

Answer 23

• Females
• Unknown
• Known

Question 24

Child characteristics associated with an increased risk for abuse include:

• Prematurity and low ___________
• Difficult temperament
• Poor ___________
• Younger age (i.e., children under ___ are at highest risk for physical abuse)

Answer 24

• Birthweight
• Health
• 3

Question 25

Sibling rivalry is highest during _________________, and is most intense among same-gender siblings who are ____ to ____ years apart in age whose parents provide inconsistent discipline.

Answer 25

• Middle childhood
• 1.5 to 3

Question 26

Age appears to ______________ closeness/distance experienced between siblings in childhood (after adolescence, during which emotional intensity decreases).

Answer 26

Intensify.

Question 27

_________________ Play: Occurs when a child plays alone but exhibits a strong interest in what another child is doing.

Answer 27

Parallel.

Question 28

____________________ Play: Involves engaging in similar activities while interacting through physical contact, smiling, and talking

Answer 28

Simple Social (Associative).

Question 29

________________ Play: First observed at about 2 years of age and is characterized by adopting roles, collaborating, and coordinating activities.

Answer 29

Cooperative.

Question 30

Damon (1988) characterizes the first stage of friendship as occurring between age ___ and ___, during which friends are playmates who like eachother and enjoy playing together.

Answer 30

4 and 7.

Question 31

Damon claims that between age ___ through ___, during the second stage of friendship development, trust and assistance are critical aspects of friendship.

Answer 31

8 through 10.

Question 32

Damon asserts that in the 3rd stage of friendship development, occurring at about age ___, intimacy and loyalty become important factors; friends do not “deceive, reject, or abandon.”

Answer 32

11.

Question 33

Gender differences in friendships become apparent during ________________:

• _____________ are drawn more to the emotional/intimate aspects of friendships, have more exclusive friendships, and engage in more intimate self disclosures;
• _____________ place a greater emphasis on shared interests and activities, have a larger number of friends, and spend more time participating in large groups.

Answer 33

• School years
• Girls
• Boys

Question 34

In adulthood, the _____________ of friendships is more important than the _______________.

Answer 34

• Quality
• Quantity

Question 35

The ________________ hypothesis: Subjective perception of social support is more critical than actual support, not only for alleviating feelings of loneliness but also for reducing the effects of stress and the risk for coronary heart disease.

Answer 35

Buffering.

Question 36

____________________ children tend to be hostile, hyperactive, and impulsive and have difficulty regulating negative emotions and taking the perspective of others.

Answer 36

Rejected-aggressive.

Question 37

_____________________ children have a high degree of socila anxiety, tend to be submissive, have negative expectations about how others will treat them, and are often the victims of bullies.

Answer 37

Rejected-withdrawn.

Question 38

_________________ children have fewer-than-average interactions with peers and rarely engage in disruptive behaviors. For many of these children, being alone is desirable, and they do not report being particularly lonely or unhappy.

Answer 38

Neglected.

Question 39

Carstensen’s (1993) _____________________ theory addresses the motivational processes that underlie changes in the quality and quantity of social relationship over the lifespan, and predicts that social motives correspond to perceptions of time left in life as being limited or unlimited.

Answer 39

Socioemotional Selectivity.

Question 40

An assumption of Carstensen’s theory is that social goals have two primary functions:

• Acquisition of _______________
• Regulation of _______________

Answer 40

• Knowledge
• Emotion

Question 41

When time is perceived as ________________, people pursue more knowledge-based goals, while when time is perceived as _______________ people pursue emotional closeness goals.

Answer 41

• Unlimited
• Limited

Question 42

Peer conformity peaks at about ___ to ___ years of age, then declines; however, older adolescents report the greatest degree of peer pressure related to ___________, drinking, and having sex.

Answer 42

• 14 to 15
• Smoking

Question 43

The following factors have been linked to greater marital satisfaction:

• Similarity in age, SES, _______________, and religion;
• Marrying after ___;
• Dating for at least ___ months prior to marriage;
• Waiting to have children until at least ___ year(s) after marriage.

Answer 43

• Education
• 23
• 6 months
• 1 year