Attachment, Emotions, Aggression, and Moral Development

Question 1

_______________ theory describes the attachment of an infant to his or her mother as the consequence of oral gratification.

Answer 1

Psychoanalytic.

Question 2

_______________ Theory regards attachment as the result of reinforcement (i.e., infants develop attachments to people who provide them with food, affection, and other pleasurable experiences).

Answer 2

Learning.

Question 3

_________________ describes the pleasant, tactile sensation that is provided by a soft, cuddly parent. Harlow’s research underpinned this concept; rhesus monkeys were found to prefer a terrycloth mother over a wire mesh one irrespective of who provided food.

Answer 3

Contact comfort.

Question 4

_______________ Theory, evolving from studies of non-human animals (e.g., imprinting in geese) proposes that humans and other organisms have a biological tendency to form attachments because they help guarantee an infant’s survival.

Answer 4

Ethological.

Question 5

Bowlby distinguishes between four stages of attachment development that occur during the first two years of life:

Answer 5

• Pre-attachment
• Attachment in the making
• Clearcut attachment
• Reciprocal relationships

Question 6

Bowlby postulates that, due to experiences during early attachment stages, an ____________________________, or mental representation of self and others, develops - influencing future relationships.

Answer 6

Internal working model.

Question 7

By ___ to ___ months of age, infants emit atttachment behaviors that are increasingly directed toward primary caregiver(s).

Answer 7

6 to 7 months.

Question 8

Social referencing, separation anxiety, and stranger anxiety are all considered _______________________.

Answer 8

Signs of attachment.

Question 9

__________________________ involves looking to a caregiver to determine how to respond in new or ambiguous situations.

Answer 9

Social referencing.

Question 10

Social anxiety typically begins at approximately ___ to ___ months of age, peaks in intensity at ___ to ___ months, and then gradually declines.

Answer 10

• 6 to 8 months
• 14 to 18 months

Question 11

By about ___ to ___ months, infants exhibit stranger anxiety; this continues until about age ___ and then diminishes.

Answer 11

• 8 to 10 months
• Age 2

Question 12

Ainsworth derived ___ patterns of attachment from observations in the _________________.

Answer 12

• 4
• Strange Situation

Question 13

_____________ Attachment: The baby explores the room and plays with toys in the room when his/her mother is present. The baby becomes mildly upset when the mother leaves and actively seeks contact with her when she returns. Mothers are sensitive and responsive to their babies’ cues.

Answer 13

Secure.

Question 14

____________________ Attachment: The baby alternates between clinging and resisting his/her mother, becomes very disturbed when left alone with a stranger, and is ambivalent when the mother returns and may become angry and resist her attempts at physical contact. Mothers of these children are often moody and inconsistent in their caregiving.

Answer 14

Insecure (Anxious)/Ambivalent (also referred to as Insecure/Resistant).

Question 15

______________________ Attachment: The baby interacts very little with his/her mother, shows little distress when she leaves the room, and avoids or ignores her when she returns. Mothers are very impatient and unresponsive or, at the other extreme, provide their children with too much stimulation.

Answer 15

Insecure (Anxious)/Avoidant Attachment.

Question 16

______________________ Attachment: These children exhibit fear of their caregivers, a dazed or confused facial expression, and a variety of other disorganized attachment behaviors (e.g., greeting mother when she returns but then turning away from her). About 80% of infants who have been mistreated by their caregivers exhibit this pattern.

Answer 16

Disorganized/Disoriented.

Question 17

Insecurely attached children are less likely to develop adjustment problems when:

Answer 17

• Their parents’ caregiving skills improve.
• They develop strong bonds to individuals outside the immediate family.

Question 18

While research exhibits that children usually exhibit similar types of attachment to both parents, the interactions leading to attachment center more around _______________ for fathers but on _______________ and __________ for mothers.

Answer 18

• Play
• Nurturance and caring

Question 19

For children separated from primary caregivers at an early age, children separated prior to ___ months of age show little to no negative consequences, but children who are ___ months or older exhibit moderate to extreme reactions, including feeding and sleeping problems, social withdrawal, increased stranger anxiety, and either physical rejection of the new mother or excessive clinginess to her.

Answer 19

• 3 months
• 9 months

Question 20

__________________ is a syndrome observed in infants involving developmental delays, unresponsiveness, and withdrawal as a result of separation of the mother and child in the second half of the first year of life.

Answer 20

Anaclitic depression.

Question 21

“Late adoptees” initially raised in institutions have been found capable of developing a close bond with their adoptive parents as long as they are adopted by ___ years of age.

Answer 21

6 years.

Question 22

Adults are classified as ________________ using the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) when they give coherent descriptions of their childhood relationships with their parents. These adults tend to have children who exhibit a secure attachment in the Strange Situation.

Answer 22

Autonomous.

Question 23

Adults are classified as ________________ using the (AAI) when they provide a positive description of their childhood relations with their parents , but the descriptions are either not supported or are contradicted by specific memories. Children of these adults often exhibit an avoidant attachment pattern.

Answer 23

Dismissing.

Question 24

Adults are classified as ________________ using the (AAI) when they become very angry or confused when describing their childhood relationships with parents or seem passively preoccupied with a parent. Their children most often exhibit a resistant/ambivalent attachment pattern.

Answer 24

Preoccupied.

Question 25

Primary emotions evident shortly after birth are:

Answer 25

• Interest
• Sadness
• Disgust
• Distress

Question 26

By 6 to 8 months, infants express:

Answer 26

• Anger
• Joy
• Surprise
• Fear

Question 27

By the 2nd year of life, children begin to display __________________, which reflect children’s ability to use social standards and rules to evaluate their own behaviors. They begin to show outward signs of jealousy, empathy, and embarassment; at 30-36 months shame, guilt, and pride are also apparent.

Answer 27

Self-conscious emotions.

Question 28

Infants ability to detect emotion in others is manifested as _________________, which appears during the first few weeks of life and occurs when an infant spontaneously cries in response to the cries of another infant, as well as an infants ability to _____________ the sad, happy, and angry expresions of their caregivers by about 3 months.

Answer 28

• Emotional contagion
• Imitate

Question 29

Empathy training focusing on identifying one’s own feelings and the feelings of others, recognizing similarities between oneself and others, and responding positively to others is most effective for individuals with __________ scores on initial measures of empathy (i.e., more effective for boys than girls, and for younger children than older).

Answer 29

Lower.

Question 30

Patterson and colleagues (1992) found that families of highly aggressive boys are distinguishable from other families in terms of _________________ and poor ____________________ of children’s activities.

Answer 30

• Coercive interactions
• Parental monitoring

Question 31

The ____________________ proposes:

• Children initially learn aggressive behaviors from their parents who rarely reinforce prosocial behaiors, use harsh discipline, and reward their children’s aggressiveness with approval and attention, and
• Over time, aggressive parent-child interactions escalate.

Answer 31

Coercive Family Interaction Model.

Question 32

Gender differences in aggressiveness are greatest amongst __________________.

Answer 32

Preschoolers.

Question 33

Boys exhibit greater ______________ aggression, while girls are more likely to engage in ______________ aggression.

Answer 33

• Physical
• Relational

Question 34

Zahavi and Asher’s (1978) ________________ for aggressive preschool boys teaches that:

• Aggression hurts others and causes unhappiness
• Aggression doesn’t solve problems
• Conflicts can be successfully resolved in other ways

Answer 34

Cognitive Training.

Question 35

Piaget questioned children about dilemmas related to the violation of game rules in developing his theory of _______________ development; he determined that children progress through ___ stages.

Answer 35

• Moral
• 3

Question 36

Prior to age 6, Piaget posits that children are in the __________________ stage and exhibit little (if any) concern for rules.

Answer 36

Premoral.

Question 37

Piaget’s second stage of moral development is termed _____________________ morality (or morality of constraint), which extends from about ages 7 to 10; during this stage, children believe that rules are set by adults and are unalterable, and evaluate the wrongness of acts based on the severity of consequences.

Answer 37

Heteronomous.

Question 38

Beginning around age 11, children enter Piaget’s stage of ________________ morality (or morality of cooperation); they view rules as arbitrary, alterable when people agree to change them, and focus more on the intention of the actor than the action’s consequences.

Answer 38

Autonomous.

Question 39

While Piaget believed that children did not lie intentionally before age ___, subsequent research has found that children intentionally lie as young as age ___ or ___, most often to avoid punishment or obtain a reward.

Answer 39

• 7
• 3 or 4

Question 40

Kohlberg employed the “___________ dilemma” to investigate morality, in which a participant is asked to explain why he/she believes it is better to steal a drug to save someone’s life, or not steal the drug and obey the law.

Answer 40

Heinz.

Question 41

Kohlberg’s ______________________ Morality dominates prior to age 10 or 11; it is characterized by a punishment and obedience orientation, and instrurmental hedonism (i.e., consequences guide moral judgments, but judgments are based mmore on obtaining rewards and satisfying personal needs).

Answer 41

Preconventional.

Question 42

Kohlberg’s _____________________ Morality is characterized by the “good girl/boy” orientation (i.e., the right action is the one approved of by others), and Law and Order orientation (i.e., moral judgments are based on the rules established by legitimate authorities).

Answer 42

Conventional.

Question 43

Kohlberg’s __________________ Morality is typically attained in late adolescence or adulthood, and is characterized by Morality of Contract, Inidividual Rights, and Demoncratically Accepted Laws, as well as Morality of Individual Principles of Conscience (i.e., right/wrong are determined on the basis of broad, self-chosen universally applicable ethical principles).

Answer 43

Postconventional.

Question 44

Gilligan (1982) critiqued Kohlberg’s theory of moral development based on the fact that it was developed exclusively on observations of ________________.

Answer 44

Male participants.

Question 45

Gilligan’s Level 1: Orientation of ___________________ (focus is on what’s best for oneself).

Answer 45

Individual Survival.

Question 46

Gilligan’s Transition 1: From _______________ to ________________ (recognition that one is connected to others).

Answer 46

• Selfishness
• Responsibility

Question 47

Gilligan’s Level 2: Goodness as ___________________ (sacrifice of one’s own desires for those of others).

Answer 47

Self-sacrifice.

Question 48

Gilligan’s Transition 2: From Goodness to __________ (focus is on coordinating one’s responsibilities to self and others).

Answer 48

Truth.

Question 49

Gilligan’s Level 3: Morality of _______________ (avoiding harm to oneself and to others is the foremost consideration).

Answer 49

Nonviolence.