Nature vs. Nurture

Question 1

_______________ is considered most critical during the early stages of development, and __________________ predominate during later life stages.

Answer 1

• Heredity
• Environmental factors

Question 2

Most traits are ___________________, meaning they are influenced by multiple genes.

Answer 2

Polygenic.

Question 3

The following traits require ________________ gene(s):

• Brown eyes
• Dark hair
• Farsightedness

Answer 3

1 dominant.

Question 4

The following traits require ___________________ gene(s):

• Green, hazel, and blue eyes
• Blonde hair
• Nearsightedness

Answer 4

2 recessive.

Question 5

Alternative forms of a gene - e.g., genes for blue or green eyes - are referred to by biologists as _____________.

Answer 5

Alleles.

Question 6

_________________ refers to a person’s genetic inheritance.

Answer 6

Genotype.

Question 7

__________________ refers to a person’s observed characteristics, which are due to a combination of heredity and environment.

Answer 7

Phenotype.

Question 8

Research suggests that heredity accounts for only about ___% of variability for many characteristics.

Answer 8

50%.

Question 9

__________________ (2004) Ecological Model describes interactions between the individual and his/her environment in terms of ___ environmental systems or levels.

Answer 9

• Brofenbrenner’s.
• 5

Question 10

Brofenbrenner’s ____________________ is the child’s immediate environment and includes face-to-face relationships within the home, school, and neighborhood (e.g., the child’s relationships with parents, sibling, peers, and teachers).

Answer 10

Microsystem.

Question 11

Brofenbrenner’s ____________________ refers to the interactions between components of the microsystem, such as the influence of family factors on the child’s behavior at school.

Answer 11

Mesosystem.

Question 12

Brofenbrenner’s ____________________ consists of elements in the broader environment that affect the child’s immediate environment and includes the parents’ workplace, the school board, community agencies, local industry, and the mass media.

Answer 12

Exosystem.

Question 13

Brofenbrenner’s ____________________ is comprised of overarching environmental influences, such as cultural beliefs and practices, economic conditions, and political ideologies.

Answer 13

Macrosystem.

Question 14

Brofenbrenner’s ____________________ consists of environmental events that occur over an individual’s lifespan and impact the individual in ways taht depend on the individual’s circumstances and developmental stage.

Answer 14

Chronosystem.

Question 15

________________ (1985) concluded that the following six family risk factors are particularly accurate predictors of child psychopathology:

• Severe marital discord
• Low SES
• Overcrowding or large family size
• Parental criminality
• Maternal psychopathology
• Placement of a child outside the home

Answer 15

Rutter.

Bonus: Factors are also known as “Rutter’s Indicators.”

Question 16

Werner and colleagues (1982, 1993) found that while infants who experienced significant prenatal and perinatal stress had more physical and cognitive difficulties than those who did not, the differences between the two groups _________________.

Answer 16

Declined over time.

Question 17

Werner and colleagues found that positive outcomes for high-risk infants were more likely when:

• They experienced _______________ following birth
• Had an ____________________ marked by a high degree of social responsivity, good communication skills, and consistent eating/sleeping patterns
• Were provided ____________ from a parent or other caregiver

Answer 17

• Fewer stressors
• Easy temperament
• Stable support

Bonus: These factors are associated with RESILIENCE in high-risk infants.