Physical Basis of Heredity - Laboratory Flashcards
1
Q
study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation on living organisms
A
genetics
2
Q
explores how traits are passed down from parents to offspring, the underlying mechanisms of inheritance, and how genetic information influences the development and function of living things
A
genetics
3
Q
passing on of traits from parents to their offspring
A
heredity
4
Q
actual transmission of characteristics like eye color, height, and disease susceptibility from one generation to the next
A
heredity
5
Q
is the foundation of heredity
A
genetics
6
Q
demonstrates the principles of genetics
A
heredity
7
Q
provides the scientific framework to understand how heredity works
A
genetics
8
Q
are units of heredity
A
genes
9
Q
made of DNA, carry the instructions that determine the traits the individual inherits
A
genes
10
Q
observation of how traits are passed down through generations (heredity) has been crucial in developing and testing the principles of genetics
A
heredity
11
Q
is the observable phenomenon
A
heredity
12
Q
scientific study that explain how heredity occurs
A
genetics
13
Q
most distinct organelle
A
nucleus
14
Q
nucleus is membrane bounded by the
A
nuclear membrane
15
Q
controls and regulates functions of other organelles
A
nucleus
16
Q
stores genetic information
A
nucleus
17
Q
where DNA duplication occurs
A
nucleus
18
Q
Nucleus has the following components:
A
nucleoplasm
nucleolus
chromatin materials
19
Q
how can we know chromosomes are homologous
A
size
shape
location of centromere
20
Q
the Nuclear envelope is connected to flattened sacs called
A
cisternae
21
Q
inner membrane of the cisternae is in contact with ___ ___
A
chromatin fibers
22
Q
outer membrane of the cisternae is covered with ___
A
ribosomes
23
Q
nucleoplasm is also called
A
nuclear sap or karyolymph
24
Q
fills up nuclear space, viscous than cytoplasm
A
nucleoplasm
25
spheroidal; very large in cells and is active in protein synthesis
nucleoli
26
can be single or multiple
nucleoli
27
tissue where there are multiple nucleoli
skeletal tissue
28
synthesizes and assembles RNA molecules and proteins > Ribosome
Nucleoli
29
contains genes
chromatin materials
30
Centromere is near the center of the chromosome
metacentric
31
Centromere is off-center, making one arm of the chromosome longer than the other
submetacentric
32
Centromere is near the end of the chromosome, but not at the telomere region
acrocentric
33
Centromere is at the end of the chromosome, also known as the telomere region
telocentric
34
are DNA segments that hold sister chromatids together
centromere
35
chromosome is composed of
DNA + protein
36
protein in chromosome
histone
37
DNA + histome =
nucleosome
38
joins nucleosome
linker DNA
39
action of nucleus at cell division
step 1: ____ and ___ disappear
nuclear envelope
nucleolus
40
action of nucleus at cell division
step 2: ___ condensed into ___
chromatin
chromosomes
41
dark stained bodies under the microscope
chromosomes
42
action of nucleus at cell division
step 3: DNA + proteins (_____) condenses into ___ ___
nucleosome
chromatin fiber
43
chromatin fiber is about ___ nm
30nm
44
a non dividing cell is at ___
interphase
45
length may vary based on cell type
cell cycle
46
cyclical process of growth and mitosis
cell cycle
47
build up of cytoplasm and synthesizing of organelles (growth) and animal cells synthesizes centrioles
G1 phase
48
interphase is divided into 3
g1
s
g2
49
synthesis phase, DNA replication
s phase
50
synthesis of microtubules, further synthesis of RNA molecules getting ready for karyokinesis
g2 phase
51
also known as karyokinesis
mitosis
52
will not start without passing by mitosis
meiosis
53
chromosomal abberations may happen when __ phase is interrupted
S
54
check points in cell cycle
G1 checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
M checkpoint
55
are changes in the number or structure of chromosomes
chromosomal abberations
56
checkpoint make sure that microtubules are assembled and other necessary components
G2 checkpoint
57
checkpoint before telophase
checkpoint M
58
preparatory stage for mitosis
interphase
59
phase where there is visible nucleus w/ 1 or more distinct nucleoli
interphase
60
chromosomal form is irregular-granular
interphase
61
what form of chromosome in interphase
irregular-granular
62
part of interphase where there is cell growth, RNA nad protein synthesis takes place, and there is building of new protoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles
g1 phase
63
part of interphase where DNA synthesis and replication takes place and centriole reproduction begins
s phase
64
part of interphase where RNA and protein synthesis conintues, DNA content represented as 2C becomes 4C after S phase
s phase
65
part of interphase where completion of DNA synthesis and replication occurs, RNA and protein synthesis occurs, and cell is preparing for mitosis
G2 phase
66
the amount of DNA in a particular species is 12C. What is the DNA content of a cell at:
G2
24C
67
the amount of DNA in a particular species is 12C. What is the DNA content of a cell at:
S
24C
68
the amount of DNA in a particular species is 12C. What is the DNA content of a cell at:
G1
12C
69
mitosis vs meiosis major differences
cell type involved
of chromosomes (2n vs n)
amount of DNA and genes
70
karyokinesis followed by cytokinesis
mitosis
71
cell division for somatic cells
mitosis
72
has a equational division only
mitosis
73
cell division for sex cells
meiosis
74
composed of reduction division and equational division
meiosis
75
meiosis I is a ___ division
reduction
76
meiosis II is a ___ division
equatorial
77
phase where condensation of chromosome occurs, nucleolus disappears, and nuclear envelop disintegrates
prohpase
78
s a protein structure that connects chromosomes to spindle fibers during cell division.
kinetochore
79
are microtubules that attach to chromosomes during cell division.
kinetochore microtubule
80
are microtubules that extend between the poles of a cell without attaching to chromosomes.
non kinetochore microtubule
81
are hollow tubes that make up a radial structure called an aster.
aster microtubule
82
anchor the spindle poles to the cell membrane
aster microtubule
83
is a star-shaped structure in the nucleus of animal cells that helps align chromosomes during cell division
aster
84
are spindle microtubules that help separate the poles of a cell during mitosis.
polar microtubules
85
two sister chromatids joined at centromere
chromosome
86
is a structure found in eukaryotic cells from which microtubules emerge.
microtubule organizing center
87
alignment of the chromosomes at the equatorial plate
metaphase
88
sister chromatids move towards opposite poles
anaphase
89
s the stage of cell division when sister chromatids separate and move towards the spindle poles.
anaphase A/ early anaphase
90
involves both the elongation of overlap microtubules and the use of two distinct sets of motor proteins
late anaphase
91
formation of two daughter cells
telophase
92
microscopic observation includes:
observation of prepared slide
squash preparation for allium cepa
mitotic index for allium cepa
93
mitotic index formula
MI = # of cells undergoing mitosis / total # of observed cells *100
94
prepared slide of allium cepa root tip is observed under ___
HPO
95
squash method procedure:
1. fix root tip in ___
70% ethyl alcohol
96
squash method procedure:
transfer the fixed root tip to a __ ___
clean slied
97
which portion of the root tip is cut?
terminal portion
98
how long is the terminal portion to be cut
~3mm
99
what region is cut in the root tip
root cap
100
s a tissue at the tip of a plant root that protects the growing tip and helps the root grow through soil
root cap
101
root cap is also called
calyptra
102
is a small region at the tip of a root in which all cells are capable of repeated division and from which all primary root tissues are derived.
meristematic region
103
squash preparation procedure:
3. cut a thin section from the ___ region. Discard the rest of the root.
meristematic region
104
squash preparation procedure:
4. add _ to ___ drops of ____ ___ ___ on the thin section and squash it with a bent needle
1 to 2 drops of lacto aceto orcein
105
squash preparation procedure:
drop of lacto aceto orcein and squash it using a ___ ___
bent needle
106
squash preparation procedure:
cover the smear with a ___ ___
cover slip
107
squash preparation procedure:
gently tap the coverslip with the end of unused ___ of a pencil to spread the chromosomes
pencil
108
squash preparation procedure:
___ the preparation by gently passing it through the flame of a ___ ___
heat
alcohol lamp
109
squash preparation procedure:
observe under ___
HPO
110
squash preparation procedure:
If the chromosomes are deeply stained, destain by adding a drop of ____ ____ ___ on one side of coverslip and place a piece of absorbent paper at the opposite end
45% acetic acid
111
refers to a staining solution used in microscopy, particularly for visualizing chromosomes, which is composed of a mixture of lactic acid, acetic acid, and orcein dye
lacto aceto orcein
112
farmer's solution is composed of
formalin-acetic acid fixative
113
hich is essentially a concentrated form of vinegar, removes stains by acting as a mild acid that breaks down the chemical bonds of certain stain components, like grease, dirt, and mineral deposits, allowing them to be easily lifted and washed away with water
acetic acid
114
observe slides
+1
