Central Dogma (Lab Handout) Flashcards
1
Q
is a well-orchestrated process that ensures the accurate duplication of
genetic material for cell division
A
prokaryotic DNA replication
2
Q
DNA replication begins at a specific site called the
A
origin of replication
3
Q
origin of replication in e.coli
A
OriC
4
Q
Proteins like ___bind to the origin, causing the DNA strands to separate
A
DnaA
5
Q
DnaB
A
helicase
6
Q
unwinds the double helix,
A
helicase (Dnab)
7
Q
stabilize the unwound strands.
A
single stranded DNA-bindin proteins
8
Q
synthesizes RNA primers to provide a starting point for DNA synthesis.
A
primase
9
Q
adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of the primer, synthesizing the
new DNA strand
A
DNA Polymerase III
10
Q
Replication occurs in what direction
A
5’ to 3’ direction
11
Q
what strand is synthesized
continuously
A
leading strand
12
Q
, while the lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments called
A
okazaki fragments
13
Q
removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA.
A
DNA polymerase I
14
Q
joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand
A
ligase
15
Q
Replication concludes when the replication forks meet at
A
termination sites
16
Q
termination sites are also called
A
Ter sites
17
Q
Proteins like Tus bind to these sites, halting the movement of replication machinery
A
termination sites
18
Q
Proteins like ___ bind to termination sites, halting the movement of replication machinery
A
Tus
19
Q
resolves supercoiling and separates the replicated chromosomes.
A
topoisomerase
20
Q
is a highly regulated and complex process, ensuring accurate
duplication of the entire genome.
A
eukaryotic DNA replication
21
Q
Replication starts at multiple origins of replication along the chromosomes to speed
up the process.
what kind of DNA replication
A
eukaryotic
22
Q
binds to the origin, recruiting additional proteins,
such as helicase and licensing factors (e.g., MCM complex), to prepare the DNA for
unwinding.
eukaryotes
A
origin recognition complex (ORC)
23
Q
Origin recognition complex (ORC) binds to the origin, recruiting additional proteins,
such as
A
helicase and licensing factors
24
Q
licensing factors example
A
MCM complex
25
MCM means
minichromosome maintenance protein complex
26
is a DNA helicase essential for genomic DNA replication. Eukaryotic type consists of six gene products, Mcm2–7, which form a heterohexamer
MCM
27
in eukaryotes, primase is part of what complex
a-primase complex
28
synthesizes the leading strand continuously in the 5' to 3'
direction in eukaryotes
DNA polymerase ε
29
synthesizes the lagging strand discontinuously as Okazaki
fragments, which are later joined together in eukaryotes
DNA polymerase δ
30
help stabilize DNA polymerases on the DNA
template for efficient replication in eukaryotes
sliding clamp proteins
31
example of sliding clamp proteins
PCNA
32
PCNA meaning
Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen
33
prevents supercoiling ahead of the replication fork by relieving
torsional stress in eukaryotes
topoisomerase
34
remove RNA primers from the lagging strand and
replace them with DNA.
RNase H
DNA polymerase
35
seals nicks between fragments to ensure a continuous DNA strand.
ligase
36
Replication forks meet, and replication is completed
what stage
termination
37
extends the ends of linear chromosomes (telomeres) in certain cells
(e.g., germ cells) to prevent loss of genetic information.
telomerase
38
Telomerase extends the ends of linear chromosomes called
telomeres
39
Telomerase extends the ends of linear chromosomes (telomeres) in certain cells such as
germ cells
40
are cells that create reproductive cells called gametes
germ cells
41
is a central enzyme in DNA replication, responsible for synthesizing new
DNA strands by adding nucleotides to a pre-existing template.
DNA polymerase
42
catalyzes the addition of deoxyribonucleotides to the 3' end
of a growing DNA strand
DNA polymerase
43
It follows the base-pairing rules, ensuring that adenine pairs with thymine
and cytosine pairs with guanine, maintaining genetic fidelity.
DNA polymerization
44
On the leading strand, the DNA polymerase continuously synthesizes DNA in what direction
the 5' to 3'
direction.
45
On the lagging strand, the DNA polymerase synthesizes short ___ ___, which are later
joined together
Okazaki fragments
46
Most DNA polymerases have ____, allowing them to
remove mismatched nucleotides and correct errors.
3' to 5' exonuclease activity
47
function ensures high fidelity in DNA replication.
proof reading and error correction
48
extends RNA primers laid down by primase, providing a
starting point for DNA synthesis
DNA polymerase
49
In __, DNA polymerase III is the primary enzyme for replication,
while DNA polymerase I helps remove RNA primers and fill gaps.
prokaryotes
50
In __, DNA polymerase δ synthesizes the lagging strand, and DNA
polymerase ε synthesizes the leading strand. Other polymerases, such as α
and β, have specialized roles.
eukaryotes
51
is the workhorse of replication, ensuring that genetic information is
copied with remarkable precision.
DNA polymerase
52
Synthesized continuously in the same direction as the replication fork's
movement (5' to 3').
leading strand
53
leading strand requires how many RNA primer
one
54
DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides smoothly and continuously as the
strand is unwound.
what kind of strand
leading strand
55
Synthesized discontinuously in the opposite direction of the replication fork, as
small fragments (Okazaki fragments).
lagging strand
56
lagging strand need how many RNa primers
many (one for each okazaki fragment)
57
DNA polymerase III synthesizes fragments, then DNA polymerase I removes
the RNA primers and replaces them with DNA. Finally, DNA ligase seals the gaps between
fragments to form a continuous strand.
what kind of strand
lagging strand
58
plays a crucial role in the synthesis of the lagging strand by sealing the nicks between
Okazaki fragments, ensuring the formation of a continuous DNA strand
DNA ligase
59
function of DNA ligase
After DNA polymerase I removes the RNA primers and
replaces them with DNA, there are still gaps—or "nicks"—between adjacent fragments.
joining okazaki fragments
60
function of DNA ligase
DNA ligase catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester
bond between the 3' hydroxyl (OH) group of one nucleotide and the 5' phosphate (PO4)
group of the next.
phosphodiester bond formation
61
catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester
bond between the 3' hydroxyl (OH) group of one nucleotide and the 5' phosphate (PO4)
group of the next.
DNA ligase
62
The reaction requires energy, which is provided either by ATP (in
eukaryotes and some prokaryotes) or NAD+ (in other prokaryotes like E. coli).
what function of DNA ligase
energy requirement
63
lagging strand synthesis energy is provided by __ in eukaryotes and some prokaryotes
ATP
64
lagging strand synthesis energy is provided by __ in other prokaryotes like E.coli
NAD+
65
acts as the molecular "glue" that ensures the lagging strand becomes a
seamless part of the newly replicated DNA.
DNA ligase
66
is the process by which the genetic information in DNA is transcribed
into RNA.
transcriptio
67
binds to the promoter region on the DNA (a sequence upstream of
the gene).
RNA polymerase
68
The ___factor of RNA polymerase recognizes and helps in locating the promoter.
sigma
69
Once bound, RNA polymerase unwinds a short region of the ___ to expose the
template strand.
DNA
70
Once bound, ___ ____unwinds a short region of the DNA to expose the
template strand.
RNA polymerase
71
The sigma factor dissociates, and RNA polymerase starts synthesizing RNA in the 5'
to 3' direction, using ribonucleotides (A, U, G, C).
what stage
elongation
72
The sigma factor dissociates, and RNA polymerase starts synthesizing RNA in what direction
5' to 3' direction
73
A, U, G, C are called
ribonucleotides
74
moves along the template strand, creating a complementary RNA
strand.
RNA polymerase
75
When RNA polymerase reaches a ___sequence on the DNA, transcription
stops.
terminator
76
Termination can occur via two mechanisms in prokaryotes
Rho-dependent
Rho-independent
77
Rho protein helps displace RNA polymerase
from the DNA.
what kind of termination
rho-dependent termination
78
A hairpin structure in the RNA and a series
of uracil’s signal termination.
what kind of termination
rho-independent termination
79
The main enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA
RNA polymerase
80
In prokaryotes, it consists of a core enzyme and a sigma factor for promoter
recognition.
RNa polymerase
81
RNA polymerase in prokaryotes consist of
core enzyme
sigma factor (promoter recognition)
82
A helicase that helps release the RNA transcript in some cases.
rho factor
83
types of RNA produced
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
84
Carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for translation.
messenger RNA
85
A structural and catalytic component of ribosomes
ribosomal RNA
86
Delivers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
transfer RNA
87
is the process of synthesizing proteins from an mRNA transcript. It
occurs in the cytoplasm and involves three major stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.
translation in prokaryotes
88
The small ribosomal subunit (30S) binds to the mRNA at the Shine-Dalgarno sequence, a
ribosome-binding site located upstream of the start codon (AUG).
what kind of translation
prokaryotes
89
The small ribosomal subunit (30S) binds to the mRNA at the
prokaryotes
Shine-Dalgarno sequence
90
ribosome-binding site located upstream of the start codon (AUG) in prokaryotes
Shine-Dalgarno Sequence
91
The initiator tRNA (charged with N-formylmethionine or fMet) pairs with the start codon.
initiation
92
the initiator TRNA in prokaryotes is charged with
N-formylmethionine or FMet
93
The large ribosomal subunit (50S) joins, forming the complete 70S ribosome
what kind of translation
prokaryotic
94
initiation factors in prokaryotic translation
IF-1
IF-2
IF-3
95
Promotes dissociation of the ribosomal subunits.
IF-1
96
Guides the initiator tRNA to the P site of the ribosome
IF-2
97
: Stabilizes the small subunit and ensures proper assembly.
IF-3
98
Aminoacyl-tRNA (tRNA bound to an amino acid) enters the ribosome's A site
what stage of translation
elongation
99
tRNA bound to an amino acid
Aminoacyl-tRNA
100
Aminoacyl-tRNA (tRNA bound to an amino acid) enters the ribosome's _ site
A
101
A __bond forms between the amino acids in the P site (peptidyl-tRNA) and A site
(aminoacyl-tRNA).
peptide
102
moves (translocates) along the mRNA, shifting the tRNA from the A site to the
P site, and the uncharged tRNA exits from the E site.
ribosome
103
elongation factors in prokaryotes
EF-Tu
EF-Ts
EF-G
Peptidyl Transferase
104
Delivers aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site
EF-Tu
105
Regenerates EF-Tu for further rounds
EF-Ts
106
Facilitates ribosome translocation
EF-G
107
A ribozyme within the large ribosomal subunit catalyzes the formation of
peptide bonds.
peptidyl transferase
108
Translation ends when a ___codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) is reached on the mRNA.
stop
109
bind to the ribosome, prompting the release of the newly synthesized
polypeptide.
release factors
110
* The ribosomal subunits dissociate, ready for another round of translation.
what stage of translation
termination
111
key release factors
RF-1
RF-2
RF-3
112
n is the process by which DNA is transcribed into RNA, enabling gene
expression. It is more intricate than prokaryotic transcription due to the presence of a nucleus,
multiple types of RNA polymerases, and extensive regulation.
eukaryotic transcription
113
eukaryotic transcription Begins at specific DNA sequences called
promoters
114
is a common promoter element, recognized by the TATA-binding
protein (TBP), a subunit of transcription factor TFIID.
TATA box
115
The TATA box is a common promoter element, recognized by the
TATA-binding protein
116
a subunit of transcription factor TFIID.
TATA-building protein
117
assemble to form the
pre-initiation complex (PIC), which recruits RNA polymerase to the promoter
general transcription factors
118
example of general transcription factors
TFIIB
TFIIE
TFIIF
TFIIH
119
General transcription factors (e.g., TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIH) assemble to form the
pre-initation complex (PIC)
120
, which recruits RNA polymerase to the promoter.
pre initiation complex
121
unwinds the DNA and phosphorylates RNA polymerase’s C-terminal domain
(CTD), activating it for transcription.
TFIIH
122
help stabilize the transcription process and prevent premature
termination.
elongation factors
123
o ___differs for each RNA polymerase type:
termination difference
124
Recognizes specific termination sequences
RNA polymerase I
125
Transcription continues beyond the gene's end and is
terminated after cleavage and polyadenylation signals.
RNA polymerase II
126
Terminates at a sequence of thymine residues (poly-T
tract).
RNA polymerase III
127
) undergoes several modifications to become mature
RNA:
transcribed RNA
128
transcribed RNA is also called
pre-mRNA
129
pre-mRNA several modifications in eukaryotes are
5' capping
splicing
3' polyadenylation
130
A methylated guanine cap is added to the 5' end for stability and
ribosome recognition
what modification in pre-MRNA
5' capping
131
in 5' capping, what is added at the end for stability and ribosome recongition
methylated guanine cap
132
(non-coding regions)
introns
133
(coding
regions)
exons
134
process where Introns (non-coding regions) are removed, and exons (coding
regions) are joined by the spliceosome
splicing
135
exons (coding
regions) are joined by the
spliceosome
136
A poly(A) tail is added to the 3' end to protect mRNA
from degradation.
what process
3' polyadenylation
137
in 3' polyadenylation what is atted to the 3' end to protect mRNA from degradation
poly(A) tail
138
3' Polyadenylation: A poly(A) tail is added to the __end to protect mRNA
from degradation.
3'
139
5' Capping: A methylated guanine cap is added to the __ end for stability and
ribosome recognition.
5'
140
Transcribes rRNA (except 5S rRNA).
RNA polymerase I
141
Transcribes mRNA and some snRNAs.
RNA polymerase II
142
Transcribes tRNA, 5S rRNA, and other small RNA
RNA polymerase III
143
General Transcription Factors in Eukaryotes
TFIID
TFIIB
TFIIE
TFIIH
144
which assist in initiating transcription
general transcription factors
145
A complex of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and proteins that catalyzes splicing.
spliceosome
146
spliceosome components are
small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs)
147
o Facilitate the addition of the 5' cap and 3' poly(A) tail.
capping nad polyadenylation enzymes
148
Types of RNAs Produced
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
snRNA
miRNA
149
type of RNA that Encodes proteins.
messenger RNA
150
type of RNA that Builds ribosomes.
ribosomal RNA
151
type of RNA that Transfers amino acids to ribosomes.
transfer RNA
152
type of RNA that is Involved in splicing.
small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
153
type of RNA that Regulates gene expression post-transcriptionally
microRNA
154
is the process of synthesizing proteins from an mRNA transcript. It occurs
in the cytoplasm, specifically on ribosomes, and involves three main stages: initiation, elongation,
and termination.
translation
155
The 40S ribosomal subunit binds to what end of mRNA
5' cap
156
The 40S ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA’s 5' cap, facilitated by initiation factors such as
elF4F complex
157
The ribosome scans along the mRNA to locate the start codon (AUG), often within
the ___ ___ for efficient translation initiation.
kozak sequence
158
The initiator tRNA, charged with ____, pairs with the start codon in eukaryotes
methionine (Met-tRNAi)
159
carrying the next amino acid, enters the A site of the ribosome.
aminoacyl tRNA
160
Aminoacyl-tRNA, carrying the next amino acid, enters the _ site of the ribosom
A
161
A peptide bond forms between the amino acid in the P site (peptidyl-tRNA) and the
one in the A site, catalyzed by the ribosome’s ___ ___ activity
peptidyl transferase
162
The ____translocates along the mRNA, shifting the tRNAs from the A site to the
P site, and from the P site to the E site (where the uncharged tRNA exits).
ribosome
163
The ribosome translocates along the mRNA, shifting the tRNAs from the A site to the
P site, and from the P site to the ___ site (where the uncharged tRNA exits).
E site
164
When a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) is reached,__ ___(e.g., eRF1) bind
to the ribosome
release factors
165
Eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S, composed of a 40S (small subunit) and 60S (large
subunit).
ribosomes
166
which guides the
initiator tRNA to the ribosome.
elF4F
elF2
167
elF4F is composed of
elF4E
elF4A
elF4G
168
Delivers aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosome
eEF1A
169
Regenerates eEF1A for further rounds
eEF1B
170
Facilitates translocation of the ribosome
eEF2
171
Recognizes stop codons and promotes the release of the polypeptide chain
eRF1
172
The newly synthesized polypeptide folds into its functional conformation, often assisted by what in eukaryotes
molecular chaperones
173
In some cases, proteins undergo ___ ___ modifications (e.g., phosphorylation,
glycosylation) to become fully active.
post translational
174
In some cases, proteins undergo post-translational modifications such as
phosphorylation
glycosylation
