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Maddy - Neuro II - tracks > Phys - Sensory Phys > Flashcards

Phys - Sensory Phys Flashcards

1
Q

what is the largest and fastest sensory (affarent) fiber type of the peripheral nerve fibers and where is its receptor

  • what classification of fiber is it
A

A-alpha

primary muscle spindles and golgi tendon organ

  • class Ia and Ib
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2
Q

what is the smallest and slowest sensory (affarent) fiber type of the peripheral nerves and where is its receptor

  • what classification of fiber is it
A

C fibers

skin mechanoreceptors, thermal receptors, nociceptors

  • class IV
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3
Q

what type of fiber is A-beta fibers, what class, and where are its receptors

A

sensory

class II

secondary muscle spindles, skin mechanoreceptors

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4
Q

what type of fiber is A-delta fibers, what class, and where are its receptors

A

sensory

class III

skin mechanoreceptors, thermal receptors, nociceptors (same as C fibers)

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5
Q

where are the receptors for A-alpha motor fibers

A

extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers

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6
Q

where are the receptors for A-gamma motor fibers

A

intrafusal muscle fibers

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7
Q

what type of fiber are B fibers

  • where are their receptors
A

motor (efferent) fibers

preganglionic autonomic fibers

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8
Q

where are the receptors for C motor fibers

A

postganglionic autonomic fibers

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9
Q

what sensory system does not relay information through the thalamus on its way to the cerebral cortex?

A

olfactory

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10
Q

in somatosensory systems, what nuclei corresponds to the body and what corresponds to the face

A

body: VPL
face: VPM

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11
Q

describe receptor adaptation

A

when a stimulus persists unchanged for several minutes without a change in position or amplitude, causing the neural response to diminish and sensation to be lost

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12
Q

compare slowly and rapidly adapting receptors

A

slowly: respond to prolonged and constant stimulation

rapidly: respond only at the beginning or end of stimulus (when stimulus intensity increases or decreases)

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13
Q

what cells of the skin are responsive to taps or flutters

  • what is the receptive field size?
A

meissner’s corpuscles

  • small receptive field size
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14
Q

what cells of the skin are responsive to motion and direction

A

hair follicle receptors

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15
Q

what cells in the skin are responsive to vibration?

  • what is their receptive field size?
A

pacinian corpuscles

  • large receptive field size
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16
Q

what cells of the skin are receptive to touch and pressure?

  • what is their receptive field size?
A

merkel discs

  • small receptive field size
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17
Q

what cells of the skin are responsive to skin stretching?

  • what is their receptive field size?
A

ruffini corpuscles

  • large receptive field size
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18
Q

what kind of response (slowly or rapidly) do meissner’s corpuscles have to stimulation?

A

rapidly adapting

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19
Q

what kind of response (slowly or rapidly) do pacinian corpuscles have to stimulation?

A

rapidly adapting

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20
Q

what kind of response (slowly or rapidly) do merkel cells have to stimulation?

A

slowly adapting

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21
Q

what kind of response (slowly or rapidly) do ruffini corpuscles have to stimulation?

A

slowly adapting

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22
Q

what kind of response (slowly or rapidly) do hair follicle receptors have to stimulation?

A

rapidly or slowly adapting

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23
Q

where is tactile acuity for 2 point discimination the highest and lowest

A

highest: fingertips and lips (smallest receptive fields)

lowest: calf, back, and thigh (largest receptive fields)

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24
Q

how does pre-synaptic inhibition occur

A

GABA causes influx of Cl- into axon –> hyperpolarization occurs –> less Ca2+ enters cytosol –> less NT release

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25
Q

what is the purpose of pre-synaptic inhibition

A

improves brain’s ability to localize the signal

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26
Q

what layers of the cortex are enlarged because they are the primary sensory cortex and are the main site of termination of axons from the thalamus

A

III and IV

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27
Q

in the cortex, compare neurons stacked above and below each other

  • compare neurons stacked side by side
A

above and below: fundamentally similar

side by side: significantly different

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28
Q

what layer of the cortex do input signals first enter

A

layer IV

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29
Q

function of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and where is it located

A

integration of information for positional sense and size and shape discimination

  • located in the post-central gyrus
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30
Q

function of secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) and where is it located

A

comparisons between objects, different tactile sensations and detmeining whether something becomes a memory

  • wall of sylvian (lateral) fissure
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31
Q

function of PTO (parieto-temporal-occipital association complex)

A
  • analyzes spatial coordinates of self in environment
  • names objects
  • high level interpretation of sensory inputs
32
Q

what is the significance of the primary sensory cortex sending projections (axons) back down to subcortical structures like the thalamus

A

permits increased focusing activities

33
Q

function of cortico-cortical projections

A

they establish parallel paths of sensation

- allows for simultaneous processing of multiple sensations

34
Q

function of corticofugal signals

A

inhibit and suppress sensory input in order to prevent getting overwhelmed with senses

  • controls intensity of sensory sensitivity
35
Q

what is the doctrine of specific nerve energies

A

if an afferent pathway is stimulated at any point, the sensation that occurs is determined by the sensory receptor in the periphery that is connected to that afferent pathway

  • ex: light touch is perceived no matter where along the afferent pathway is stimulated
36
Q

what is the law of projections

A

if anywhere along an afferent pathway is stimulated, you will get sensation in the origin of sensation

  • you can stimulate anywhere along an afferent pathway, but you will still get sensation in the right thumb (if that’s where the origin of sensation is)
37
Q

compare pain and nociception

A

pain: feeling unpleasant sensory info
nociception: neural process of encoding the painful stimuli

38
Q

what are the autonomic and behavioral consequences of nociception

A

autonomic: increased BP
behavioral: motor withdrawal reflex

39
Q

describe how sharp, acute pain occurs and then dull, throbbing pain after time has passed

A

combination of A-alpha fibers and C fibers

  • A-alpha fibers respond and transmit the sharp, acute pain, and after time C fibers transmit the dull, throbbing pain
40
Q

describe the two types of phenotype switching for nociceptors

A

1) silent nociceptors get stimulated during a chronic inflammatory condition and genetically switch to a new type of nociceptor
2) non-nociceptors become nociceptors

41
Q

decribe free nerve endings

A

axons with peripheral terminals that are not associated with specific structures or cell types

  • lack specialized receptor cells or encapsulations
42
Q

describe peptidergic free nerve endings

  • what growth factor are they responsive to
A

free nerve endings that express neuropeptides (substance P and CGRP)

  • responsive to nerve growth factor (NGF)
43
Q

most visceral affarent fibers have what type of free nerve ending

A

peptidergic

(responsive to NGF)

44
Q

describe non-peptidergic free nerve endings

  • what factor are they responsive to?
A

free nerve endings that do not express neuropeptides

  • responsive to glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)
45
Q

what type of free nerve endings are associated with chronic inflammation

A

peptidergic

(chronic inflammation causes up-regulation of NGF, which peptidergic nerve endings are responsive to)

46
Q

what type of free nerve endings are associated with diabetic neuropathy

A

non-peptidergic

(diabetic neuropathy causes changes in non-peptidergic nerve endings)

47
Q

what type of channels are activated by TRP receptors

A

ligand-gated non-selection cation channels permeable to Ca2+, Na+, and K+

48
Q

what TRP receptor responds to capsaicin (hot peppers) and hot temperatures

A

TRPV1

49
Q

what TRP receptor responds to menthol and cold temperatures

A

TPRM8

50
Q

what TRP receptor responds to allyl isothiocyanate (mustard and radishes) and cold temperatures

A

TYPA1

51
Q

how does ATP activate nociceptors

A

via P2X channels

52
Q

how does H+ activate nociceptors

A

via ASIC (acid sensitive channels)

53
Q

how do substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) activate nociceptors

A

they are released by nociceptors and then come back to activate the nociceptors even further

54
Q

what inflammatory mediators can activate nociceptors

A

histamine and bradykinin

55
Q

what neurotransmitters do C fibers release in the synapse with second order neurons in the spinal cord

A

EAA (which binds to non-NMDA receptors) and SP/CGRP (peptidergics)

56
Q

what neurotransmitters do A-delta fibers release in the synapse with second order neurons in the spinal cord

A

EAA (binds to non-NMDA receptors)

57
Q

how is the pain pathway suppressed when there is no pain sensed

A

in absence of input of C fibers, a tonically activa inhibitory interneuron suppresses the pain pathway (blocks nocicpetive signal from continuing to move foward)

58
Q

describe the gate control theory of how strong pain causes strong painful stimulus to the brain

A

painful stimulus travels through a C fiber –> the C fiber inhibits the inhibitory interneuron –> a strong signal is sent to the brain

59
Q

using the gate control theory, explain how rubbing one’s elbow can reduce the sensation of pain felt after hitting the elbow

A

the hitting of the elbow causes inhibition of the inhibitory interneuron, but the rubbing action is a non-painful stimulus which travels through A-beta fibers to stimulate the inhibitory interneuron by releasing EAA

–> the inhibitory interneuron releases glycine and inhibits the secondary sensory neuron of the nociceptive pathway, decreasing the pain felt after bumping your elbow

60
Q

how does descending inhibition decrease nociception

A

opiates, EAA, and cannabinoids activate PAG –> PAG activates locus ceruleus and raphe nucleus –> NE and serotonin are released into dorsal horn and activate inhibitory interneurons –> interneurons release opiates and activate mu receptors on pre-synaptic terminals of C fibers –> reduction of SP from C fibers and less nociception

61
Q

what are the two options for serotonin and NE to inhibit inhibitory neurons in descending inhibition of nociception

A

1) direct inhibition
2) activation of intermediate neuron that releases opiates that will inhibit nociception

62
Q

function of bradykinin in inflammatory states

A

bradykinin directly activates nociceptors and also upregulates NGF, which will then activate even more nociceptors and cause more pain

63
Q

where is most nociception processed

A

insular cortex

64
Q

what functions does the insular cortex provide to process nociception

A
  • processes info about the body viscera
  • autonomic responses to pain

- integrates all signals related to pain

65
Q

damage to the insular cortex causes what

A

asymbolia

  • sensation of pain but without emotional unpleasantness
66
Q

function of amygdala

A

fear, emotional component of pain

67
Q

what stimuli are adequate to activate nociceptors in the skin

A

thermal

mechanical

chemical (formalin, carrageenan, bee venom, capsaicin)

68
Q

what stimuli are adequate to activate nociceptors in the joints

A

mechanical

chemical (inflammatory, other mediators)

69
Q

what stimuli are adequate to activate nociceptors in the muscles

A

mechanical

chemical: inflammatory)

70
Q

what stimuli are adequate to activate nociceptors in the viscera

A

mechanical (distension, traction on mesentery)

chemical (inflammation, mediators)

71
Q

describe the pain associated with cutaneous damage like cuts and burns

A

fast, sharp pain followed by slow, dull pain

72
Q

describe the pain associated with ligamentous and bone pain

A

dull and achy

  • associated with muscle spasm
73
Q

describe the pain associated with injury or ischemia to muscle

A

both fast and slow pain

74
Q

describe the pain associated with the internal visceral organs

A

poorly localized, very sensitive to stretch

75
Q

why does referred pain occur

A

the brain requires experience to localize pain, and visceral pain is not experienced enough in early development to train the brain to localize its pain

Maddy - Neuro II - tracks (16 decks)

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