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Maddy - Neuro II - tracks > Embryo > Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the function of the hippocampal commissure

A

connects the hippocampal formations

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2
Q

what is lissencephaly and what causes it

  • sx
A

“smooth brain”

incomplete neuronal migration to cerebral cortex during 3-4 months gestation

  • sx: seizures, mental deficiency, mild spastic quadriplegia
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3
Q

when do the forebrain and hindbrain divide

(forebrain into telencephalon and diencephalon, and hindbrain into metencephalon and myelencephalon)

A

5th week

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4
Q

what does the basal plate become

A

motor neurons that leave the CNS and travel to skeletal muscle

- ventral and lateral grey columns/horns

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5
Q

function of corpus callosum and how it develops

A

connects hemispheres along their length

  • anterior portion forms first, posterior forms in fetal life
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6
Q

causes of hydrocephalus

A
  • increased CSF production by choroid plexus adenoma
  • intraventricular hemorrhage causing obstruction of lateral or median aperature
  • congenital aqueductal stenosis
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7
Q

when do the basal ganglion and cortical structure develop

A

between weeks 6-32

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8
Q

how do the median and lateral apertures form and what is their purpose

A

the roof of the 4th ventricle evaginates in 3 locations and ruptures

–> allows CSF to enter subarachnoid space from the 4th ventricle

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9
Q

what type of neurons are found closest to the midline

A

GSE

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10
Q

the cavity of the metencephalon becomes what

A

superior part of 4th ventricle

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11
Q

list the 6 structures contained within the telencephalon

A

cerebral cortex

subcortical white matter

olfactory bulb and tract

basal ganglia

amygdala

hippocampus

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12
Q

clinical features of holoprosencephaly

A

microcephaly

microphthalmia

ocular hypotnesion

cleft lip w/ or w/o cleft palate

intellectual disabilites

epilepsy

hydrocephalus

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13
Q

where is the hypothalamus from

A

neuroblasts in the intermediate zone of the diencephalon

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14
Q

what does the embyronic cervical flexure do

A

demarcates hindbrain from spinal cord

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15
Q

what are the tegmental nuclei (red nuclei, reticular nuclei, CN III, and IV nuclei) formed from

A

neuroblasts from the basal plate

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16
Q

what does the mesencephalon give rise to

A

the midbrain

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17
Q

how do the alar and basal plates migrate

A

alar plates migrate to become lateral to the basal plates so motor nuclei develop medial to sensory nuclei

(affarent will be lateral to efferent)

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18
Q

what type of neurons are found closest to the sulcus limitans

A

GVA and SVA

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19
Q

what does the caudal eminence become

A

sacral and coccyx regions of spinal cord

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20
Q

besides the posterior pituitary, what else in the pituitary gland comes from neurohypophyseal diverticulum

A

median eminence

infundibular stem

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21
Q

what does the medulla oblongata consist of

A

olive

pyramid

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22
Q

where does the posterior pituitary come from

A

neurohypophyseal diverticulum from diencephalon

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23
Q

what does the epithalamus develop from

A

roof and dorsal portion of lateral wall of diencephalon

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24
Q

primordia of the retinae and optic nerves are from what

A

telencephalon

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25
how does the white matter of the cerebral cortex form
axons from neurons in the cortical plate and subplate join those in the intermediate zone, which forms the white matter
26
what is the septum pellucidum and how does it form
a thin plate of brain tissue containing nerve cells and fibers - runs as a sheet from the corpus callosum down to the fornix separating the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles of the brain - forms from stretching of the lamina terminalis
27
what part of the neural tube becomes the brain
cranial to the fourth somites
28
what does the rhombencephalon give rise to
(hindbrain) metencephalon (pons) myelencephalon (medulla)
29
when do the rostral and caudal neuropores close
rostral: day 25 caudal: day 27/28
30
how are the inferior and superior colliculi formed
neuroblasts of _alar plate_ migrate into the tectum
31
what is the in the ventricular zone of the spinal cord
stem cells ependymoblasts choroid plexus cells
32
what does the prosencephalon give rise to
(forebrain) telencephalone diencephalon
33
what do the epithalamic sulcus and hypothalamic sulcus do
epithalamic: separates thalamus and epithalamus hypothalamic: separates thalamus and hypothalamus
34
how and where does the cortical plate layer of the developing cerebral cortex form
a set of neurons migrates into the preplate layer and splits it, producing the cortical plate layer which lies in between the marginal zone and the subplate
35
when does neurulation begin
day 22-23
36
what is in the intermediate zone of the spinal cord
grey matter - neuroblasts - astrocytes
37
primary neurulation gives rise to \_\_\_\_\_
lumbar region of spinal cord
38
what is rathke's pouch from
first arch surface ectoderm
39
what is type I chiari malformation
inferior part of cerebellum herniates through foramen magnum - most comon form
40
what are the radial glial cells in the developing cortex and what is their function
cells that extend the entire length of the cortex - neurons migrate on the processes of these cells to migrate into the periphery
41
what are the cerebral hemispheres from
telencephalon
42
failure of site 2 in the neural tube to close causes what
meroencephaly (anencephaly)
43
describe how the preplate layer and then the intermeidate zone of the developing cerebral cortex forms
the first neurons from the ventircular zone form the preplate, and then axons extend on the inner side of the preplate to form the intermediate zone
44
what factor controls proliferation and patterning of neuroepithelial cells with the GLI transcription factor
SHH
45
how are the nuclei gracilus and cuneatus formed
caudal myelencephalon neuroblasts in alar plates migrate into the marginal zone
46
what are pituicytes from
neuroepithelial cells
47
what is the function of the anterior cerebral commissure
connects olfactory bulb with the cerebral hemispheres
48
what is in the marginal zone of the spinal cord
oligodendrocytes - axons that will eventually be myelinated
49
what are the cerebral peduncles (crus cerebri) formed from
fibers growing from the cerebral cortex
50
how does the choroid plexus from
ependymal roof of 4th ventricle --\> forms tela choroida --\> tela choroida invaginates into the 4th ventricle and differentiates into the choroid plexus - happens similarly in 3rd ventricle
51
sx of agenesis of corpus callosum
(may be asymptomatic) - seizures - mental deficiency
52
what is the anterior pituitary from
hypophyseal diverticulum from the roof of the oral cavity (Rathke's Pouch)
53
defective closure of the rostral neuropore during the 4th week can cause what
anencephaly meningoencephalocele (picture)
54
how does craniorachischisis happen
failure of sites 1, 2, and 4 of the neural tube to close
55
what part of the neural tube becomes the spinal cord
caudal to the fourth somites
56
how are layers 5 and 6 formed in the developing cerebral cortex
the earliest neurons form here
57
how does the pineal gland form
develops as a median diverticulum of the caudal part of the roof of the diencephalon
58
failure of site 1 in the neural tube to close causes what
spina bifida cystica
59
compare spina bifida occulta, SB with meningocele, SB with meningomyelocele, and SB with myeloschisis
**SB occulta**: unfused neural arch, skin ramins intact, tuft of hair **SB w/ meningocele**: meninges extrude **SB w/ meningomyelocele**: meninges and neural tissue extrude **SB w/ myeloschisis**: open neural tissue
60
where are the pons and cerebellum originated from
metencephalon
61
what does the third ventricle form from
cavities of telencephalon and diencephalon (but mostly diencephalon)
62
what is the sulcus limitans
separates alar and basal plates
63
what causes holoprosencephaly
incomplete separation of cerebral hemispheres - genetic/environmental factors - maternal diabetes - teratogens (alcohol)
64
how are layers 2, 3, and 4 formed in the developing cerebral cortex
later neurons migrate through layers 5 and 6 and establish layers 2, 3, and 4
65
what is pachygyria
a type of lissencephaly where there are broad, thick gyri
66
what is the embyronic cephalic flexure
a bend between midbrain and forebrain
67
how is the cerebral aqueduct formed
the neural canal narrows between the 3rd and 4th ventricles
68
what part of the metencephalon forms the cerebellum
cerebellar swellings from the dorsal parts of alar plates
69
what does the alar plate become
**dorsal horn** - sensory neurons that stay in the CNS
70
how is the interthalamic adhesion formed
the thalamus develops on each side of the 3rd ventricle and bulges in and fuses at midline, forming the adhesion
71
what cerebral commisures form first
anterior and hippocampal commissures
72
when does secondary neurulation occur
days 20-42
73
how does the falx cerebri form
mesenchyme gets trapped in the longitudinal fissure of the cerebral hemispheres
74
what is type II chiari malformation
cerebral tissue and brainstem herniate through foramen magnum - often with occipital encephalocele and lumbar myelomeningocele
75
what is the roof of the mouth from
first arch ectoderm
76
what is neuronal heterotopia
cells are in aberrant positions compared to a normal brain - commonly involve enlarged ventricles and malformation of corpus callosum
77
what does the embyronic pontine flexure do
divides hindbrain into caudal myelencephalon and rostral metencephalon
78
causes of microcephaly
- autosomal recessive - ionizing radiation - infectious agents - maternal alcohol abuse
79
list the 4 structures in the diencephalon
thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus optic nerve (eye)

Maddy - Neuro II - tracks (16 decks)

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