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Maddy - Neuro II - tracks > Embryo > Flashcards

Embryo Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the hippocampal commissure

A

connects the hippocampal formations

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2
Q

what is lissencephaly and what causes it

  • sx
A

“smooth brain”

incomplete neuronal migration to cerebral cortex during 3-4 months gestation

  • sx: seizures, mental deficiency, mild spastic quadriplegia
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3
Q

when do the forebrain and hindbrain divide

(forebrain into telencephalon and diencephalon, and hindbrain into metencephalon and myelencephalon)

A

5th week

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4
Q

what does the basal plate become

A

motor neurons that leave the CNS and travel to skeletal muscle

- ventral and lateral grey columns/horns

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5
Q

function of corpus callosum and how it develops

A

connects hemispheres along their length

  • anterior portion forms first, posterior forms in fetal life
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6
Q

causes of hydrocephalus

A
  • increased CSF production by choroid plexus adenoma
  • intraventricular hemorrhage causing obstruction of lateral or median aperature
  • congenital aqueductal stenosis
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7
Q

when do the basal ganglion and cortical structure develop

A

between weeks 6-32

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8
Q

how do the median and lateral apertures form and what is their purpose

A

the roof of the 4th ventricle evaginates in 3 locations and ruptures

–> allows CSF to enter subarachnoid space from the 4th ventricle

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9
Q

what type of neurons are found closest to the midline

A

GSE

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10
Q

the cavity of the metencephalon becomes what

A

superior part of 4th ventricle

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11
Q

list the 6 structures contained within the telencephalon

A

cerebral cortex

subcortical white matter

olfactory bulb and tract

basal ganglia

amygdala

hippocampus

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12
Q

clinical features of holoprosencephaly

A

microcephaly

microphthalmia

ocular hypotnesion

cleft lip w/ or w/o cleft palate

intellectual disabilites

epilepsy

hydrocephalus

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13
Q

where is the hypothalamus from

A

neuroblasts in the intermediate zone of the diencephalon

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14
Q

what does the embyronic cervical flexure do

A

demarcates hindbrain from spinal cord

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15
Q

what are the tegmental nuclei (red nuclei, reticular nuclei, CN III, and IV nuclei) formed from

A

neuroblasts from the basal plate

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16
Q

what does the mesencephalon give rise to

A

the midbrain

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17
Q

how do the alar and basal plates migrate

A

alar plates migrate to become lateral to the basal plates so motor nuclei develop medial to sensory nuclei

(affarent will be lateral to efferent)

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18
Q

what type of neurons are found closest to the sulcus limitans

A

GVA and SVA

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19
Q

what does the caudal eminence become

A

sacral and coccyx regions of spinal cord

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20
Q

besides the posterior pituitary, what else in the pituitary gland comes from neurohypophyseal diverticulum

A

median eminence

infundibular stem

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21
Q

what does the medulla oblongata consist of

A

olive

pyramid

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22
Q

where does the posterior pituitary come from

A

neurohypophyseal diverticulum from diencephalon

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23
Q

what does the epithalamus develop from

A

roof and dorsal portion of lateral wall of diencephalon

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24
Q

primordia of the retinae and optic nerves are from what

A

telencephalon

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25
Q

how does the white matter of the cerebral cortex form

A

axons from neurons in the cortical plate and subplate join those in the intermediate zone, which forms the white matter

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26
Q

what is the septum pellucidum and how does it form

A

a thin plate of brain tissue containing nerve cells and fibers

  • runs as a sheet from the corpus callosum down to the fornix separating the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles of the brain
  • forms from stretching of the lamina terminalis
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27
Q

what part of the neural tube becomes the brain

A

cranial to the fourth somites

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28
Q

what does the rhombencephalon give rise to

A

(hindbrain)

metencephalon (pons)

myelencephalon (medulla)

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29
Q

when do the rostral and caudal neuropores close

A

rostral: day 25
caudal: day 27/28

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30
Q

how are the inferior and superior colliculi formed

A

neuroblasts of alar plate migrate into the tectum

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31
Q

what is the in the ventricular zone of the spinal cord

A

stem cells

ependymoblasts

choroid plexus cells

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32
Q

what does the prosencephalon give rise to

A

(forebrain)

telencephalone

diencephalon

33
Q

what do the epithalamic sulcus and hypothalamic sulcus do

A

epithalamic: separates thalamus and epithalamus
hypothalamic: separates thalamus and hypothalamus

34
Q

how and where does the cortical plate layer of the developing cerebral cortex form

A

a set of neurons migrates into the preplate layer and splits it, producing the cortical plate layer which lies in between the marginal zone and the subplate

35
Q

when does neurulation begin

36
Q

what is in the intermediate zone of the spinal cord

A

grey matter

  • neuroblasts
  • astrocytes
37
Q

primary neurulation gives rise to _____

A

lumbar region of spinal cord

38
Q

what is rathke’s pouch from

A

first arch surface ectoderm

39
Q

what is type I chiari malformation

A

inferior part of cerebellum herniates through foramen magnum

  • most comon form
40
Q

what are the radial glial cells in the developing cortex and what is their function

A

cells that extend the entire length of the cortex

  • neurons migrate on the processes of these cells to migrate into the periphery
41
Q

what are the cerebral hemispheres from

A

telencephalon

42
Q

failure of site 2 in the neural tube to close causes what

A

meroencephaly (anencephaly)

43
Q

describe how the preplate layer and then the intermeidate zone of the developing cerebral cortex forms

A

the first neurons from the ventircular zone form the preplate, and then axons extend on the inner side of the preplate to form the intermediate zone

44
Q

what factor controls proliferation and patterning of neuroepithelial cells with the GLI transcription factor

45
Q

how are the nuclei gracilus and cuneatus formed

A

caudal myelencephalon neuroblasts in alar plates migrate into the marginal zone

46
Q

what are pituicytes from

A

neuroepithelial cells

47
Q

what is the function of the anterior cerebral commissure

A

connects olfactory bulb with the cerebral hemispheres

48
Q

what is in the marginal zone of the spinal cord

A

oligodendrocytes

  • axons that will eventually be myelinated
49
Q

what are the cerebral peduncles (crus cerebri) formed from

A

fibers growing from the cerebral cortex

50
Q

how does the choroid plexus from

A

ependymal roof of 4th ventricle –> forms tela choroida –> tela choroida invaginates into the 4th ventricle and differentiates into the choroid plexus

  • happens similarly in 3rd ventricle
51
Q

sx of agenesis of corpus callosum

A

(may be asymptomatic)

  • seizures
  • mental deficiency
52
Q

what is the anterior pituitary from

A

hypophyseal diverticulum from the roof of the oral cavity

(Rathke’s Pouch)

53
Q

defective closure of the rostral neuropore during the 4th week can cause what

A

anencephaly

meningoencephalocele (picture)

54
Q

how does craniorachischisis happen

A

failure of sites 1, 2, and 4 of the neural tube to close

55
Q

what part of the neural tube becomes the spinal cord

A

caudal to the fourth somites

56
Q

how are layers 5 and 6 formed in the developing cerebral cortex

A

the earliest neurons form here

57
Q

how does the pineal gland form

A

develops as a median diverticulum of the caudal part of the roof of the diencephalon

58
Q

failure of site 1 in the neural tube to close causes what

A

spina bifida cystica

59
Q

compare spina bifida occulta, SB with meningocele, SB with meningomyelocele, and SB with myeloschisis

A

SB occulta: unfused neural arch, skin ramins intact, tuft of hair

SB w/ meningocele: meninges extrude

SB w/ meningomyelocele: meninges and neural tissue extrude

SB w/ myeloschisis: open neural tissue

60
Q

where are the pons and cerebellum originated from

A

metencephalon

61
Q

what does the third ventricle form from

A

cavities of telencephalon and diencephalon (but mostly diencephalon)

62
Q

what is the sulcus limitans

A

separates alar and basal plates

63
Q

what causes holoprosencephaly

A

incomplete separation of cerebral hemispheres

  • genetic/environmental factors
  • maternal diabetes
  • teratogens (alcohol)
64
Q

how are layers 2, 3, and 4 formed in the developing cerebral cortex

A

later neurons migrate through layers 5 and 6 and establish layers 2, 3, and 4

65
Q

what is pachygyria

A

a type of lissencephaly where there are broad, thick gyri

66
Q

what is the embyronic cephalic flexure

A

a bend between midbrain and forebrain

67
Q

how is the cerebral aqueduct formed

A

the neural canal narrows between the 3rd and 4th ventricles

68
Q

what part of the metencephalon forms the cerebellum

A

cerebellar swellings from the dorsal parts of alar plates

69
Q

what does the alar plate become

A

dorsal horn

  • sensory neurons that stay in the CNS
70
Q

how is the interthalamic adhesion formed

A

the thalamus develops on each side of the 3rd ventricle and bulges in and fuses at midline, forming the adhesion

71
Q

what cerebral commisures form first

A

anterior and hippocampal commissures

72
Q

when does secondary neurulation occur

A

days 20-42

73
Q

how does the falx cerebri form

A

mesenchyme gets trapped in the longitudinal fissure of the cerebral hemispheres

74
Q

what is type II chiari malformation

A

cerebral tissue and brainstem herniate through foramen magnum

  • often with occipital encephalocele and lumbar myelomeningocele
75
Q

what is the roof of the mouth from

A

first arch ectoderm

76
Q

what is neuronal heterotopia

A

cells are in aberrant positions compared to a normal brain

  • commonly involve enlarged ventricles and malformation of corpus callosum
77
Q

what does the embyronic pontine flexure do

A

divides hindbrain into caudal myelencephalon and rostral metencephalon

78
Q

causes of microcephaly

A
  • autosomal recessive
  • ionizing radiation
  • infectious agents
  • maternal alcohol abuse
79
Q

list the 4 structures in the diencephalon

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

epithalamus

optic nerve (eye)

Maddy - Neuro II - tracks (16 decks)

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