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Maddy - Neuro II - tracks > Anatomy - Hydrocephalus > Flashcards

Anatomy - Hydrocephalus Flashcards

1
Q

where is choroid plexus found in the brain

A

lateral ventricle (majority)

third ventricle

fourth ventricle

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2
Q

describe the structure of the BBB

A

endothelial cells connected with tight junctions

then a basement membrane

then astrocyte foot processes

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3
Q

what transporters are in the BBB

A

transport carriers for glucose and essential amino acids

sodium ion transporters

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4
Q

what controls entry of NT in the BBB

A

metabolic processes within endothelial cells

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5
Q

describe the structure of the blood-CSF barrier

A

fenestrated epithelial (no tight junctions)

then a basement membrane

choroid cells connected by tight junctions

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6
Q

impairment of the blood-CSF barrier leads to what

A

increased protein concentration in the CSF

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7
Q

compare CSF and plasma content

A

CSF: low glucose, low protein

plasma: higher glucose, higher protein, amount the same Na+

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8
Q

how does CSF protect the brain from harmful toxins

A

it has a one-way flow wihch takes harmful metabolites, drugs, and other substances away from the brain

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9
Q

how does CSF work with the endocrine system

A

it serves to transport hormones to other areas of the brain

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10
Q

where is the interventricular foramen of monroe

A

between the lateral and 3rd ventricle

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11
Q

how does CSF leave the fourth ventricle

A

through either 2 of the lateral foramina (Luschka) or the 1 medial foramen (Magendie)

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12
Q

describe the pathway of flow of CSF

A

lateral ventricle –> interventricular foramen –> third ventricle –> cerebral aqueduct –> fourth ventricle –> lateral aperature, median aperature, or central canal –> subarachnoid space –> arachnoid villi of dural venous sinuses –> heart and lungs –> arterial blood –> back to brain

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13
Q

if CSF pressure is greater than venous pressure, how does CSF flow

if venous pressure is greater than CSF pressure, how does CSF flow

A

CSF > venous: flows into venous sagittal sinus

venous > CSF: one way valve; will not flow backwards

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14
Q

describe communicating/non-obstructive hydrocephalus

  • where is the problem normally located
A

flow of CSF is blocked after it has exited the ventricles

  • inhibition of resorption of CSF at the level of the arachnoid villi
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15
Q

what does this image show

A

communicating hydrocephalus

(enlarged lateral ventricle)

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16
Q

what is normal pressure hydrocephalus

  • what can cause it
A

a type of chronic communicating hydrocephalus

  • increased viscosity of CSF
  • altered elasticity of ventricular walls
  • impaired absorption due to prior meningitis or subarachnoid hemorrhage
17
Q

normal pressure hydrocephalus normally presents in what types of patients

A

adults over 60

  • dementia
  • apraxis gait
  • urinary incontinence
18
Q

what is this

A

hydrocephalus ex-vacuo

19
Q

what is hydrocephalus ex-vacuo and what causes it

A

a type of communicating hydrocephalus where there is compensatory enlargement of cerebral ventricles and subarachnoid spaces (making up for atrophy)

  • brain atrophy
  • post-traumatic brain injuries
  • schizophrenia
20
Q

compare LP results between normal pressure hydrocephalus and hydrocephalus ex vacuo (two types of communicating hydrocephalus)

A

normal pressure: intermittent elevated ICP pressure

ex vacuo: no increased ICP

21
Q

what is non-communicating/obstructive hydrocephalus

A

excess accumulation of CSF due to structural blockage of CSF flow within the ventricular system

22
Q

what dis

A

aqueductal stenosis

(non-communicating hydrocephalus)

23
Q

signs and sx of aqueductal stenosis

A

“thunderclap” headache

papilledema

enlarged head (infants)

cognitive/developmental delays

upward gaze palsy

decrease level of consciousness

tremors

24
Q

what is this

A

Dandy-Walker Malformation

25
Q

what is this

A

Dandy-Walker Malformation

26
Q

what is Dandy-Walker malformation

A

obstruction at outlet of 4th venticle + cerebellar hypoplasia

  • enlargement at the base of the skull in infants
27
Q

complete or partial agenesis of the cerebellar vermis is associated with what disease process

A

Dandy-Walker

28
Q

what is this

A

Chiari type II

29
Q

what is a chiari II malformation

A

downward displacement of inferior cerebellar vermis, cerebellar tonsils, and medulla through foramen magnum

30
Q

causes of Chiari type II

A

structural defects in the brain and SC

genetics

lack of vertain vitamins in maternal diet

31
Q

what two sx are often associated with chiari type II

A

myelomeningocele

hydrocephalus

32
Q

what is this

A

aquired hydrocephalus from tumor

33
Q

what is aquired hydrocephalus and what causes it

A

development of hydrocephalus from something preventing CSF drainage in the brain

  • brain tumor/cyst
  • blocked CSF flow
  • subarachnoid hemorrhage
  • head trauma
  • infection (meningitis)

Maddy - Neuro II - tracks (16 decks)

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