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Maddy - Neuro II - tracks > Phys - Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Phys - Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

location of cell bodies in the CNS that release NE

A

locus ceruleus

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2
Q

location of cell bodies in the CNS that release epinephrine

A

brainstem

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3
Q

location of cell bodies in the CNS that release serotonin

A

raphe nuclei

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4
Q

location of cell bodies in the CNS that release histamine

A

tuberomammillary nucleus

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5
Q

location of cell bodies in the CNS that release dopamine

A

VTA (ventral tegmental area)

SNPC (substantia nigra pars compacta)

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6
Q

function of NE

A

movement from awake –> awareness

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7
Q

what are the receptors for NE and what G protein pathway do they use

A

alpha 1: Gq

alpha 2: Gi

beta: Gs

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8
Q

function of dopamine

A

crucial in creating alertness

voluntary motion

pleasure

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9
Q

receptors for dopamine and the G protein pathways they use

A

D1: Gs

D2 and D3: Gi

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10
Q

functions of serotonin

A

“quiet awareness”

modulation of pain

mood and affect

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11
Q

what is the ionotropic receptor for serotonin and what does its activation do

A

5HT3

–> allows influx of Na+

–> vomiting reflex

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12
Q

what are the metabotropic receptors for serotonin

A

5HT1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7

(5HT3 is ionotropic)

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13
Q

location of cell bodies in the CNS that produce ACh

A

pons and midbrain

striatum of basal ganglia

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14
Q

compare ACh functions when it originates in the brainstem (midbrain and pons) and in the striatum of basal ganglia

A

midbrain and pons: arousal and REM sleep

basal ganglia: motor control (voluntary motion)

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15
Q

describe what occurs when the ionotropic (nicotinic) receptors of ACh are activated

A

mostly Na+ transport with a small amount of Ca2+, but still more Ca2+ than in the periphery

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16
Q

what is the major metabotropic receptor for ACh

A

M1

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17
Q

what G protein pathway does M1 receptor for ACh stimulate

A

Gq

–> increased IP3/DAG –> increased Ca2+

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18
Q

what G protein pathway does M4 receptor for ACh stimulate

A

Gi

–> decreased cAMP

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19
Q

what G protein pathway does M5 receptor for ACh stimulate

A

Gq

–> increased IP3/DAG –> increased Ca2+

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20
Q

serotonin is a derivative of what amino acid

A

tryptophan

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21
Q

what are the *critical* roles of GABA

A

consciousness

motor control

vision (retina)

22
Q

what is GABA made from and what is the rate limiting enzyme in its synthesis

  • how is GABA transported into vesicles
  • how is GABA removed from synapse
A

from glutamate

glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)

tranported: vesicular GABA transporter protein (VGAT)
removed: GABA transporter (GAT)

23
Q

where are GAT1 and GAT2 located and what do they do

A

GAT1: on presynaptic terminal

GAT2: on glial cells surrounding synapse

  • both remove GABA from the synapse
24
Q

what happens to GABA if it is taken up by GAT1

A

it is repackaged into vesicles as is

25
Q

what happens to GABA if it is taken up by GAT2

A

GABA is converted to glutamine and released to the ECF

–> will then be taken up by presynaptic terminal and recycled into GABA

26
Q

activation of GABA-A receptors causes what

A

Cl- conductance –> IPSP (in adult neurons)

(ionotropic receptor)

27
Q

activation of GABA-B receptors causes what

A

activation of K+ (GIRK) channel and inhibition of Ca2+ channel

28
Q

compare function of GABA-B receptors when presynaptic and when postsynaptic

A

presynaptic: regulates NT release
postsynaptic: inhibition of post-synaptic cell

(metabotropic receptor)

29
Q

location of cell bodies in CNS that release GABA

A

higher CNS

30
Q

location of cell bodies in CNS that release glycine

A

major: spinal cord

brainstem (medulla)

31
Q

function of glycine

A

mediates many spinal inhibitions

32
Q

how is glycine removed from the synapse

A

by either GAT proteins or recycling

33
Q

what is the only receptor for glycine and what does it do

A

GlyR

  • ionotropic
  • allows chloride to influx leading to IPSP
34
Q

compare what happens when ethanol and anesthetics bind to GlyR and when stychnine binds to GlyR

A

ethanol and anesthetics: potentiate its effects

stychnine: blocks it

35
Q

what protein stores purines (ATP, ADP, adenosine) in vesicles

A

VNUT protein

36
Q

where are purines found in the CNS

A

virtually everywhere, especially:

  • cortex
  • cerebellum
  • hippocampus
  • basal ganglia
37
Q

P1 receptor for purines

  • what is its ligand
  • what does it do when located presynaptically
  • what does it do when located postsynaptically
A

adenosine

presynaptic: inhibition of neurotransmitter release
postsynaptic: sleep induction, inhibition of neural function

38
Q

what occurs when P2 receptors are activated for purines

A

learning and memory

modiciation of locomotor pathways

39
Q

what are the ligands for:

the P2X receptor for purines

the P2Y receptor for purines

A

P2X: ATP

P2Y: ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP

40
Q

location of cell bodies in CNS that produce opioids

A

basal ganglia

hypothalamus

pons/medulla

41
Q

The two endogenous cannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2AG) are derivatives of what

A

arachidonic acid

42
Q

endocannabinoids in the basal ganglia control what

A

mood

motor control

43
Q

endocannabinoids in the spinal cord control what

A

modulation of nociception (pain)

44
Q

endocannabinoids in the cortex control what

A

neuroprotection

45
Q

endocannabinoids in the hippocampus control what

A

memory formation (disruption of)

46
Q

endocannabinoids in the hypothalamus control what

A

control of body energy/hunger

47
Q

location and function of CB1 receptors

A

location: pre-synaptic terminals of EAA and GABA releasing synapses
function: reduces EAA and GABA release via Gi coupled protein (also binds endogenous cannabinoids)

48
Q

what receptor do the endogenous cannabinoids bind to to cause their effects (mood, motor performance, hunger, etc.)

A

CB1

49
Q

location and function of CB2 receptor

A

location: microglia in brain, gut, immune system
function: anti-inflammatory

50
Q

activation of the CB2 receptor by cannabinoids causes what

A

increased B-amyloid removal (helping Alzheimer’s)

51
Q

location of cell bodies in CNS that produce endocannabinoids

A

basal ganglia

cortex

spinal cord

52
Q

what kind of receptor is CB1

A

metabotropic

Maddy - Neuro II - tracks (16 decks)

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