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Maddy - Neuro II - tracks > Phys - Cerebral Vasculature and Brain Homeostasis > Flashcards

Phys - Cerebral Vasculature and Brain Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

three locations of CSF

A

ventricles
cisterns
subarachnoid space

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2
Q

what are the receptors on the apical membrane of a choroid plexus cell

A 
Na/K ATPase
aquaporin channel
NKCCl
HCO3- channels
anion channels
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3
Q

what are the receptors on the basolateral membrane of a choroid plexus cell

A

Na+ dependent Cl-/HCO3- exchanger (NCBE)

aquaporin channel

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4
Q

describe how sodium travels through a choroid plexus cell and what is its significance

A

enters cell through NCBE –> actively pumped out via Na/K ATPase

  • creates a transmembrane gradient that allows movement of other ions like HCO3- and Cl-
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5
Q

how does HCO3- travel through a choroid plexus cell

A

HCO3- accumulates intracellularly from continuous hydration of CO2 by carbonic anhydrase –> the gradient drives HCO3- out of the cell into the ventricles down its concentration gradient through anion channel and HCO3- channels

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6
Q

how does Cl- travel through a choroid plexus cell

A

Cl- accumulates intracellularly from following Na+ into the cell –> creates electrochemical gradient –> leaves cell via NKCCl channel

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7
Q

what drives water from the blood into the ventricles

A

the osmotic gradient created by movement of Na+, Cl-, and HCO3- drives water in the same direction across apical membrane

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8
Q

how does water travel through choroid plexus cell

A

aquaporin channels on both basolateral and apical membranes

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9
Q

compare sodium and osmolarity between CSF and serum

A

about the same levels

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10
Q

compare Cl-, CO2, and pH between CSF and serum

A

CSF has more Cl- and CO2 than serum and a lower pH (7.33)

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11
Q

compare protein, glucose, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3- between CSF and serum

A

serum has more protein, glucose, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3- than CSF

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12
Q

if intracranial pressure is less than 68 mm CSF, how does this affect absorption

A

no absorption occurs if ICP is less than 68 mm CSF

normal is 112

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13
Q

how does carbon dioxide regulate cerebral blood flow

A

carbon dioxide will dissociate into carbonic acid, which which then dissociate into hydrogen, which causes vasodilation of blood vessels increasing blood flow

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14
Q

how does oxygen regulate cerebral blood flow

A

sensing of decreased oxygen causes vasodilation to increase blood flow

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15
Q

how do astrocytes regulate cerebral blood flow

A

the metabolites they release have vasodilator activities which increases blood flow

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16
Q

how does metabolic activity in the brain regulate cerebral blood flow

A

metabolic activity increase blood flow to the area of the brain that is functioning for that activity

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17
Q

when systemic cardiac output increases, what autonomic system turns on in the brain

A

sympathetics turn on to vasoconstrict

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18
Q

when systemic cardiac output decreases, what autonomic system turns on in the brain

A

parasympathetics turn on to vasodilate

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19
Q

what NT and receptors are used by sympathetics in the brain

A

NE and NPY

alpha-adrenergic receptors

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20
Q

what NT are used by parasympathetics in the brain

A

Ach, VIP, NO

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21
Q

what NT are used in sensory innervation to the blood vessels of the brain

A

SP, NKA, CGRP

22
Q

why does decreased CSF cause pain

- what does the brain do to stop the pain

A

it renders the brain heavier, so simple motion torques the blood vessels which causes pain
- sensory afferents activate vasodilation to increase blood flow and CSF volume

23
Q

how are ICP and cerebral blood flow related

A

as ICP increases, cerebral blood flow greatly decreases

24
Q

how are PaCO2 and cerebral blood flow related

A

as PaCO2 increases, cerebral blood flow increases

25
Q

how are PaO2 and cerebral blood flow related

A
  • if O2 is too low, cerebral blood flow increases
  • as O2 increases cerebral blood flow remains the same
  • if O2 gets too high, cerebral blood flow decreases
26
Q

how are cerebral perfusion pressure and blood flow related

A
  • when cerebral perfusion pressure is low, cerebral blood flow is low
  • cerebral perfusion pressure increases without change in cerebral blood flow (plateaus)
  • if cerebral perfusion pressure gets too high, cerebral blood flow also begins to increase again
27
Q

autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in times of increasing blood pressure is mediated by _____

A

sympathetic stimulation

28
Q

what is the process that occurs in the event of decreased brain perfusion

A

activation of vasomotor centers that monitor perfusion at all times –> increase systemic blood pressure –> drives blood to the brain

29
Q

what is the effect of anemia on cerebral blood flow

A

increases it

30
Q

what is the effect of polycythemia on cerebral blood flow

A

decreases it

31
Q

how does alkalosis affect cerebral blood flow

A

decreases it

32
Q

how does acidosis affect cerebral blood flow

A

increases it

33
Q

what are the BBB and blood-CSF barrier highly permeable to

A

water
CO2
O2
lipid soluble substances

34
Q

what are the BBB and blood-CSF barrier slightly permeable to

A

Na+
Cl-
K+

35
Q

what are the BBB and blood-CSF barrier nearly impermeable to

A

plasma proteins and non-lipid-soluble organic molecules

36
Q

function of pericytes in the BBB

A

contractile cells that control what gets into the BBB

37
Q

how does H2O, CO2, and O2 cross the BBB

A

passive diffusion

38
Q

how do unbound steroid hormones and lipid soluble substances cross the BBB

A

passive diffusion

39
Q

how does glucose cross the BBB

A

GLUT1

40
Q

is GLUT1 dependent on insulin

A

no (it is non insulin dependent)

41
Q

expression of the NaK2CL is tied to what protein

A

endothelin 1 and 3

42
Q

endothelin production in the BBB is tied to what signals

A

astrocyte signals

43
Q

function of P-glucoprotein in the BBB

A

moves drugs that don’t belong that crossed the BBB back into the blood

44
Q

where is the GLUT3 transporter expressed

A

neurons

45
Q

where is the GLUT5 transporter expressed

A

microglia

46
Q

where is the 45 kD isoform of GLUT1 expressed

A

astrocytes

47
Q

where is the 55 kD isoform of GLUT1 expressed

A

microvessels
choroid plexus
ependymal cells

48
Q

primary function of posterior pituitary as a circumventricular organ

A

secretory

49
Q

primary function of area postrema as a circumventricular organ

A

sensory; initiation of vomiting in response to chemotactic triggers

50
Q

primary function of organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) as a circumventricular organ

A

sensory; regulation of total body water and thirst - target of angiotensin II

51
Q

primary function of subfornical organ as a circumventricular organ

A

sensory

Maddy - Neuro II - tracks (16 decks)

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