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(CBSE) All Subjects > Phys > Flashcards

Phys Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nemonic for CARDIAC TISSUE CONDUCTION VELOCITY?

A

Park At VENTure AVenue (Purkinje->Atrial Muscle->Ventricular Muscle->AV node

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2
Q

WHEELHOUSE: which cytokine is produced EXLUSIVELY by lymphocytes??

A

IL-2

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3
Q

IL-1 is primarily produced by mononuclear ________

A

macrophages (so i shouldn’t look for it in HGF’s??lol)

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4
Q

TNF-a is a cytokine primarily produced by activated _______

A

macrophages

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5
Q

_______ is a cytokine chiefly generated by monocytes, macrophages, B cells, and NK cells and has numberous ANTIVIRAL functions

A

Interferon-alpha (IFN-a)

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6
Q

OOOO you should look for this primer with your HGF’s!! ____ is a cytokine secreted by macrophages, T-cells, NK cells, mast cells, endothelial cells, and FIBROBLASTS and stimularws production of granulocytes and monocytes…

A

GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor)

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7
Q

Desmosomes rely on ________ vs hemidesmosomes rely on _______ for connections

A

desmosomes = cadherins…hemidesmosomes = integrins

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8
Q

Bullous phemphigoid is associated with ________ whereas Pemphagus vulgaris is associated with ______

A

goid=hemidesmosomes…gus=desmosomes

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9
Q

Phospholipase C (PLC) activation is a step in the _______ second messenger system

A

inositol triphosphate (IP3)

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10
Q

What is the immediate step in tyrosine kinase signaling activity?

A

DIMERIZATION after the ligand binds to the receptor

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11
Q

Disorders of Sexual Development: X-linked mutation of androgen receptor, breast development, absent uterus/upper vagina/cryptorchid testes, absent pubic heair, karyotype 46, XY

A

COMPLETE ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME (testosterone receptors thoughout the body are nonfxn)

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12
Q

Disorders of Sexual Development: Hypoplastic or absent mullarian ductal system, breast development, absent or rudementary uterus/upper vagina/normal overies, normal pubic hair, karyotype 46, XX

A

Mullarian Agenesis

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13
Q

Disorders of Sexual Development: Malformation of urogenital sinus and Mullarian ducts, breast development, normal uterus, abnormal vagina, normal overies, normal pubic hair, karyotype 46, XX

A

Transverse Vaginal Septum

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14
Q

Disorders of Sexual Development: Complete/partial absense of 1 X chromosome, variable breast dev, normal uterus/vagina/streak overies, normal pubic hair, karyotype 45,X

A

Turner Syndrome

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15
Q

Which type of pneumocyte makes up 97% of alveolar surfaces?

A

Type I pneumocyte

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16
Q

Which type of pneumocyte secretes pulmonary surfactant?

A

Type II pneumocyte

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17
Q

What is the difference between Adult Hemogobin and Fetal Hemoglobin

A

Adult = 2 alpha and 2 beta chains…Fetal = 2 alpha 2 gamma

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18
Q

Hemoglobin Barts is incompatable with life because the fetus is missing what components?

A

The fetus is missing BOTH alpha chain genes and therefore cannot release oxygen

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19
Q

Which cells are responsible for making ABP (androgen-binding protein)? What hormone stimulates them?

A

Sertoli Cells…FSH

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20
Q

What cells secrete testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

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21
Q

Glucagon binds to G protein-coupled receptors on hepatocytes, avictating ___, which in turn stimulates _______ to increase intracellular _______ levels

A

Gs…adenylate cyclase…cyclic AMP (cAMP)

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22
Q

cAMP activates _______ which leads to the activation of key enzymes in glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis

A

protein kinase A

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23
Q

Huh, interesting…what nerve would you electrocoagulate to stop excessive axillary sweating?

A

thoracic SYMPATHETIC trunk at the T2 segment

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24
Q

Michaelis-Menten kinetics: an INCREASE in the amount of ENZYME available in a system will cause an INCREASE in _____, but NO CHANGE in ___

A

increase in Vmax, no change in Km

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25
Q

Lineweaver-Burke: A reversible competitiive inhibitor- ____ of the enzyme INCREASES, while ____ remains UNCHANGED

A

Km…Vmax

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26
Q

Lineweaver-Burke: non competitive inhibitor- ____ DECREASES, ____ remains the same

A

Vmax…Km

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27
Q

Lineweaver-Burke: UNcompetitive inhibitor (can only bin to enzyme-substrate complex), ___ and ____ DECREASE, with NO CHANGE in the slope and therefore a Parallel line with a higher Y intercept

A

Km and Vmax

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28
Q

Which pathway does PROTHROMBIN TIME measure?

A

EXTRINSIC pathway (VII)

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29
Q

_____ kinases promote the synthesis and phosphorylation of transcription factors that control the entry of cells into the cell division cycle.

A

MAP kinase (mitogen-activated protein)

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30
Q

____ is a common SECOND MESSENGER in a G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction pathway. The FIRST effector molecule is PHOSPHOLIPASE C-gamma

A

DAG (diacylglycerol)

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31
Q

Complete me: PhosphoLipase C—>DAG and _____—>Calcium and Protein Kinase C

A

IP3

32
Q

A DECREASED femoral-to-brachial BP ratio is associated with CO-ARC-TATION of the _______

A

AORTA

33
Q

A HOLO-SYSTOLIC MURMUR over the LEFT STERNAL BORDER is characteristic of _________???

A

VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT (VSD)

34
Q

In a VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT (VSD)…RIGHT atrial blood oxygenation will NOT be _________

A

increased

35
Q

EIS-EN-MEN-GER syndrome is associated with a longstanding LEFT to RIGHT ______ and pulmonary HTN, MUCOSAL ______ and FINGER ______ can be seen

A

shunt…cyanosis….clubbing

36
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosis (PDA) is associated with a ________-like _______ over the UPPER percordium

A

MACHINE-like MURMER

37
Q

A PDA (patent ductus arteriosis) allows for oxygenated blood to flow from the _______ to the _______, causing a SPIKE in the PO2 reading of this second structure.

A

AORTA—->PULMONARY ARTERY

38
Q

HYPOCHROMIC, MICROCYTIC anemia is MOST COMMONLY caused by _______ secondary to blood loss (menstruation)

A

IRON deficiency

39
Q

OMG WHEELHOUSE: PAGO-PHAGIA (a craving for ___) is SPECIFIC FOR _______

A

ICE…IRON deficiency

40
Q

Pernicious anemia is a ________ anemia

A

MEGALOBLASTIC

41
Q

OMG WHEELHOUSE: Glossal Pain, Dry mouth, atrophy of the tongue papillae

A

iron deficiency

42
Q

The “nutcracker effect” lol: the pressure within the ____ renal vein is HIGHER due to compression between the aorta and the ______ artery.

A

LEFT….superior mesenteric artery

43
Q

What is the main difference between a hydrocele and a varicocele? (besides location/structures involved)

A

Varicocele: NO transillumination…Hydrocele: Transillumination

44
Q

______ is characterized by pigmented thickened plaques that arise in flexural regions such as the axillae or back of neck

A

Acanthosis NigRICans

45
Q

Acanthosis NigRICans is usually associated with benign conditions such as INSULIN resistance or obesity…HOWEVER sudden appearance or rapid spread can signal the presence of MALIGNANCY within the _____ or _____

A

GI Tract or Lungs

46
Q

Vitamin K is essential for the _____-________ of coagulaiton factors ___,____,___, & ____

A

gamma-carboxylation….II,VII,IX,X

47
Q

Which antibody is INCREASED when there is a CD40L ligand decificency?

A

IgM

48
Q

UV radiation causes _______ in DNA

A

THYMINE DIMERS

49
Q

What does METHYLATING C-G dinucleotide repeats in the promotor region of genes do to transcription of those genes?

A

it SILENCES transcription of those genes

50
Q

What is the MOST COMMON lysosomal storage disorder?

A

GAUCHER disease

51
Q

ALPHA-1 receptors and EPI: it functions via the __________________ second messenger system

A

PHOSPHA-TI-DY-LIN-OS-ITOL

52
Q

Alpha-1 receptors and EPI: when EPI binds to the alpha-1 receptor a G_ protein becomes stimulated and activates _________

A

Gq…PHOSPHO-LIPASE-C

53
Q

Alpha-1 receptors and EPI: Phospholipase C releases ____ AND ____ from MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLIPIDS

A

IP3 and DAG

54
Q

Alpha-1 receptors and EPI: IP3 liberates ________, while DAG activates ________…all of this ultimately leads to SMOOTH MUSCLE contraction

A

calcium….PROTEIN KINASE C

55
Q

The SECOND heart sound (S2) results from closure of WHAT 2 VALVES?

A

Aortic and Pulmonic Valves

56
Q

WIDE SPLITTING of heart sound 2 (S2) can occur with conditions that PROLONG _______, like a RIGHT bundle branch block or pulmonary stenosis

A

RIGHT VENTRICULAR EJECTION

57
Q

IN GENERAL…do hydrophillic or hydrophobic materials cross the PLACENTA?

A

Hydrophobic readily cross the placenta…hydrophillic do not.

58
Q

Which anatomical landmark of a small intestine enterocyte is responsible for producing epithelial stem cells and regeneration of the mucosal epithelium post infection?

A

CRYPTS of LIE_BERK_UHN

59
Q

What cell type is most prominent in the progression of LIVER CIRRHOSIS?

A

HEPATOCYTES

60
Q

What type of cell is a Kupffer cell?

A

a MACROPHAGE!

61
Q

WHICH ION’s equilibrium potential contributes THE MOST to the neuronal membrane potential during DEPOLARIZATION?

A

SODIUM!!

62
Q

LACTOSE INTOLERANCE results from a NORMAL _________ of lactase production by small intestine enterocytes

A

DOWNREGULATION…(lessens genetic expression)

63
Q

COPD spirometry shows increased _______ volume and total lung capasity (that shit is stretched out yo!)

A

Residual Volume

64
Q

A fall in renal perfusion pressure (e.g. systemic hypotension, renal artery stenosis/obstruction) will cause _______ arteriole constriction. This will increase GFR, but decrease ______. THIS OVERALL CAUSES AN INCREASE in the ______ ______.

A

efferent…RPF (renal plasma flow)…FILTRATION FRACTION

65
Q

A major cause for postural hypotension is insufficient stimulation of vascular _______1-adrenergic receptors upon standing

A

ALPHA1-adrenergic

66
Q

Skeletal muscle (UNLIKE THE LIVER) lacks __________ and cannot produce glucose from glycogen

A

G-6-P (glucose-6-phosphatase)

67
Q

In _________, increased intrathorasic pressure during a coughing episode decreases venous return and thus decreases cardiac output and cerebral profusion

A

cough syncope

68
Q

When a female is pregnant and is doing a latex b-hCG urine test, agglutination in the sample = _______ and no agglutination = _______

A

agglutination = not pregnant…. no agglutination = pregnant

69
Q

What is the most common enzyme defect of the UREA CYCLE?

A

OTC: Orn-i-thine Trans-Carb-amo-ylase deficiency

70
Q

Defects in the OTC enzyme of the urea cycle result in accumulation of CARBAMOYL phosphate, which is converted to _______ acid by the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway

A

OROTIC acid

71
Q

In COLLAGEN, which AA occupies EVERY THIRD AA position, allowing compact coiling of the helix?

A

GLYCINE

72
Q

In collagen synthesis: defective _______ hydroxylation will lead to failure of the triple helix formation and stabilization by pro-alpha chains.

A

PROLINE

73
Q

Angiotensin 2 raises blood pressure by causing ________ in the blood vessles and promoting the secretion of _______

A

vasoconstriction…aldosterone

74
Q

________ oxidase catalyzes the first step of the oxidative burst pathway that macrophages use to kill bacteria. A deficiency in this increases the risk of infection from CATALASE POSITIVE organisms (staph aureus)

A

NADPH oxidase

75
Q

_______ every 7th AA (aka a “zipper”) is a result of a transcription factor

A

Leucine

(CBSE) All Subjects (10 decks)

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