Missed Questions Flashcards
Failure of what embryonic process causes extrinsic obstruction of duodenum with fibrous bands
midgut rotation around superior mesenteric artery
calculate case-fatality
divide the number of fatal cases by the total number of people with the disease
Kinesin is associated with
microtubules, anterograde transport of neurotransmitter-containing secretory vesicles down axons
mutation of F508 causes protein misfolding and failure of glycosylation in
cystic fibrosis
Number needed to treat (NNT) =
1/ Absolute risk reduction (dividing number affected by total - same thing for other column)
Intact palate and unilateral cleft lip is a failure of what processes
fusion of the maxillary prominence and inter maxillary segment
What is the major determinant of whether or not a coronary artery plaque will cause ischemic injury
rate at which it occludes
What nerve carries pain fibers from diaphragm and mediastinal pleura
Phrenic
What antibiotic is Listeria resistant to
cephalosporins (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime)
insurance plan with low monthly premiums, low copayments and deductibles and low total cost to patient
(health maintenance organization) HMO
small cell carcinoma of the lung can produce what hormones
ACTH, ADH
expresses both CD4 and CD8
immature cortical T lymphocytes
major risk factor for ARDS
pancreatitis
ARDS has what type of membranes
alveolar hyaline membranes
lower chloride in arterial blood vs venous blood is due to what enzyme
carbonic anhydrase
how is alcohol antiseptic
disrupts cell membranes
in general right sided hear pressures are___ than left sided pressures
lower
Thiazide diuretics raise serum
cholesterol
in a patient with mitral regurgitation this most reliable auscultatory finding radiates to the axilla
a left sided S3 gallop (click)
Porphyrin synthesis is inhibited by
glucose
Disease: life long mucosal bleeding, normal platelet levels but prolonged bleeding time
von Willebrand
Taenia solium features
pork tapeworm, common in central and south america, causes Seizures
HPV has an affinity for what other location in the neck
true vocal chords
what drug helps blanched veins around IV site
phentolamine
Moms with CMV increase the risk their babies will develop what eye condition?
chorioretinitis
Mycobacterium avium complex is treated by what antibiotic
Azythromycin
what drug is used for idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
Bosentan
cardiac drug that slows phase 0 and prolongs repolarization
disopyramide
elevated levels of this are found in carcinoid syndrome
5-HIAA (hydrozyindoleacetic acid)
wound above clavicle between the midclavicular and lateral sternal lines will injur
lung pleura
Cannulation above the inguinal ligament can increase risk for blood collection in the
retroperitoneal space
most common cause for duodenal peptic ulcers
H. pylori
no apparent liver disease who have mild unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
Gilbert syndrome
Anemia causes _____ serum ferritin and ______ circulating transferrin
low serum ferritin, high circulating transferrin
Hep B replicates in what sequence
double stranded DNA -> +RNA template -> double stranded DNA progeny
What heart chamber resides closest to esophagus
left atrium
what vascular structure is directly posterior to the esophagus
descending aorta
IV fluids increase left ventricular end-diastolic volumes causing increase in
end-diastolic sarcomere length
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis: widespread glomerular lesions consistent with focal necrosis and crescent formation has cells containing
fibrin and macrophages
anapestic tumors bear no resemblance to the tissue of origin and present with
giant multinucleated tumor cells
Excess egg consumption can reduce BIOTIN which is a cofactor for the conversion of
pyruvate to oxaloacetate
ADH acts on the _______ increasing their permeability to water
collecting ducts
chronic alcoholism causes deficiency in thiamine a cofactor for
a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
S3 is indicative of what kind of failure
left ventricular failure
Cushing syndrome with increased ACTH levels is caused by an adenoma where?
pituitary
Normal aPTT but prolonged PT is a problem with ____ pathway and what factor
extrinsic factor VII
what changes in the bone marrow during aplastic anemia
bone marrow replaced by fat cells and marrow stroma
nitrates combined with phosphodiesterase inhibitors (erectile dysfunction) causes a profound systemic hypotension because they both increase______
intracellular cGMP causing vascular smooth muscle relaxation
Flutamide is a non steroid agent that acts as a
competitive testosterone receptor inhibitor
What is given for immediate anticoagulant reversal- binds to heparin
Protamine
Warfarin overdose is treated with
fresh frozen plasma
A fib has absent____ waves
P waves
What determines the number of atrial impulses that reach the ventricle to control the ventricular contraction rate
Atrioventricular node refractory period
What enzyme catalyzes the rate limiting step of bile acid synthesis
cholesterol- 7a- hydroxylase
enteric pathogen transmitted from domestic animal to humans
Campylobacter
ONLY cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties
IL-10
what is the initiating step in the pathogenesis of Strep endocarditis
Fibrin deposition
Strawberry-type capillary hemangioma intialy
increases with size and then regress
cherry red face
cyanide poisoning
hCG therapy primarily mimics which physiologic event
LH surge
What makes up the Tetralogy of Fallot
- ventricular septal defect as a result of deviated infundibular septum 2. overriding aorta 3. Right ventricular outflow obstruction 4. Right ventricular hypertrophy
Tetralogy of Fallot gets better when the patient
squats
What study has a characteristic “wash out” period
crossover study
most common urea cycle disorder that results in excess ammonia
ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
what mechanism is glucose entry into cells
carrier-mediated transport
Patients who have undergone total gastrectomy require lifelong administration of what
B12 (water soluble vitamin) because there is no more intrinsic factor
Gastric parietal cells secrete
HCl and IF
Gastric chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
Cardiac condition with intermittent heart sounds only heard during expiration
cardiac tamponade
what artery lies along the posterior wall of the duodenal bulb and is likely to be eroded by posterior duodenal ulcers
gastroduodenal artery
synthetic somatostatin used to treat carcinoid syndrome
octreotide
clinical features of carcinoid syndrome
flushing, watery diarrhea, bronchospasm, elevated 5-HIAA
What binds to K+ channels to regulate the release of insulin
ATP
The pentose phosphate pathway generates
NADPH- used for glutathione and fatty acid synthesis
Toxic Shock Syndrome induces response of what cells
T lymphocytes and macrophages
Tampons are associated with what microbe
Staph aureus
If abuse is suspected you should
obtain more information 1 on 1
zinc finger motifs are associated with what hormone
thyroid hormone
acute ischemic stroke most likely occurs in the
middle cerebral artery
non fusion of the urethral folds in a male causes
hypospadias
redistribution of blood flow away from ischemic areas, exacerbating existing myocardial ischemia occurs when
coronary arteriolar dilation
PAH is not reabsorbed by the nephron and the concentration of PAH is lowest in
bowman’s space
pearly mass behind the tympanic membrane is a result of
squamous cell debris (cholesteatoma)
Propofol has quick onset and short duration of action because
tissue redistribution of the drug
Immunization with diphtheria toxoid induces production of
circulating IgG against exotoxin B subunit
The posterior descending artery can originate from what two arteries
right coronary artery (70%) or left circumflex artery (10%)
obstruction by emboli of the coronary artery supplying the AV node in a left side dominant heart occurred because of atherosclerosis in what coronary artery
left circumflex artery
where is the best location to hear tricuspid valve sounds
4th intercostal on left side
what cells are present in an acute cardiac transplant rejection
dense interstitial lymphocytic infiltrate
Down syndrome is commonly caused by
maternal meiotic nondisjunction
a Krukenberg tumor is a gastric tumor that has metastasized to ____ and have what distinct cell type
the ovary with signet ring cell
mutation in the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase gene causes decreased enzymatic activity and impairment converting homocysteine into
methionine
Progesterone is secreted during what phase of menstruation
secretory phase
what can increase cardiac output and venous return
chronic arteriovenous fistula
Ca+ efflux from cardiac cells prior to relaxation is primarily mediated by
Na-/Ca+ exchange pump
clinical features of polycystic ovary syndrome
elevated LH levels= menstrual irregularaties , excess androgen production=hirsutism, enlarged ovaries, and insulin resistance
what treatment mechanisms can help induce LH and FSH levels
estrogen receptor modulation
normal ovaries and secondary sex characteristics, shortened vaginal canal with a rudimentary uterus is caused by
Mullerian aplasia
Turner Syndrome is due to
paternal meiotic nondisjunction
major blood supply to the uterus
internal iliac arteries
what structure contains the ovarian artery, vein, lymphatics, and nerves
suspensory ligament of the ovary
what process causes endometrial bleeding during menstruation
progesterone withdrawal causing apoptosis
STD causing yellow-green frothy vaginal discharge
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomonas vaginalis is best seen on what type of slide prep
saline wet mount
septic abortion and foul smelling discharge is caused by what bacteria
Staph aureus
right ovarian vein drains directly into
inferior vena cava
bloody nipple discharge with no mass or skin change indicates
intraductal papilloma
what hormone increases after ovulation
progesterone
