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ENVR_Invrt > Phylum Mollusca > Flashcards

Phylum Mollusca Flashcards

1
Q

Blastula development

A

Protostome

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2
Q

What is the Super-Phylum for Mollusca?

A

Lophotrochozoa

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3
Q

What are 4 main phylogenetic characteristics of Mollusca?

A
  • Coelomates
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Trochophore larva
  • Well developed organ systems
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4
Q

What animals are included in phylum Mollusca?

A

Clams, mussels, geoducks, scallops, chitons, squid, octopus, snails, slugs, abalone, limets, whelks, nudibranchs

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5
Q

What 4 main parts are found in the generalized mollusc head region?

A

Mouth and sensory organs
Simple to complex eyes
Tentacles
Radula in mouth

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6
Q

What is the Radula made of?

A

Chitin

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7
Q

What is the Radula?

A

Rasping, protrusible, tongue-like organ
(not found in bivalves and some nudibranchs)
Lined with teeth and supported by cartilage structure (Odontophore)

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8
Q

What is an Odontophore?

A

A cartilage structure that supports radula and teeth

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9
Q

What controls the Radula?

A

Muscles

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10
Q

Where does radula transport food?

A

To the esophagus

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11
Q

How do the radula work?

A

Radular teeth scrape, pierce, tear or cut food particles

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12
Q

What is the Foot used for?

A

Locomotion or attachment

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13
Q

What assists the foot in movement?

A

Mucus

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14
Q

Where is the foot located?

A

Ventral position

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15
Q

What animals have the foot?

A

Snails, mussels, squid

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16
Q

What does the mantle do?

A
  • Secretes shell
  • Covers viscera
  • Creates mantle cavity
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17
Q

What does the mantle cavity do?

A

Houses respiratory organs and accepts visceral mass products/wastes

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18
Q

What organs/systems empty products, and where do the wastes go?

A
  • Digestive, excretory, and reproductive products

- Into mantle cavity

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19
Q

How is the shell created?

A

Secreted by mantle

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20
Q

What are the three layers of the shell?

A

Periostracum
Prismatic layer
Nacreous layer

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21
Q

What is the Periostracum?

A

Outer horny layer made of conchiolin

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22
Q

What is conchiolin?

A

Protein resistant to erosion and boring

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23
Q

What is the prismatic layer?

A

Densely packed prisms of calcium carbonate and protein

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24
Q

What is the nacreous layer?

A

Composed of calcium carbonate sheets laid down over a thin protein matrix

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25
Q

Class Polyplacophora

A

Chitons

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26
Q

Class Scaphopoda

A

Tusk shells

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27
Q

Class Gastropoda

A

Snails, slugs, limpets

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28
Q

Class Bivalvia

A

Clams, mussels, and scallops

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29
Q

Class Cephalopoda

A

Squid, Octopus

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30
Q

What is the larval stage of an aquatic mollusc?

A

Trochophore, then Veliger

31
Q

What are the habitats of Molluscs?

A
  • Tropic to polar seas
  • Marine, some freshwater and terrestrial
  • Hard and soft substrates
  • Benthic and pelagic
  • Protected and exposed coasts

Pretty much everywhere

32
Q

Monoicious or Dioecious

A

Most Dioecious, some gastropods are hermaphrodites (Monoecious)

33
Q

What does the trochophore larva look like?

A

Microscopic, ‘top’-shaped, circlet of cilia around midsection

34
Q

5 Characteristics of Class Polyplacophora

A
  • Primitive class
  • Eight articulating plates or valves
  • Trochophore larva only
  • Dioecious
  • May have shell eyes and osphradia (chemosensory)
35
Q

What are the purposes of the mantle and mantle cavity in Chitons?

A
  • Mantle forms girdle around edge of plates

- Mantle cavity houses gills on two sides

36
Q

Chiton habitat

A

Rock surfaces, intertidal, return to same location at low tide to graze on algae

37
Q

Size range of Class Polyplacophora

A

most small (2-5cm), some reach 30cm

38
Q

Chiton reproduction

A

Eggs fertilized in mantle cavity and released

39
Q

6 Major parts of a Chiton

A
  • 8 plates
  • Girdle (houses gills)
  • Mantle cavity
  • Radula
  • Nerve Ring
  • Gills (along circumference of foot)
40
Q

Describe Tusk shells and general size range

A
  • Slender body covered with mantle and tubular shell

- Most 2.5-5cm long (range 4mm-25cm)

41
Q

What is the foot used for in Tusk shells?

A

Burrowing in sand or mud, shell protrudes from sediment

42
Q

What do tusk shells feed on and how do they get food?

A
  • Protozoa and Detritus

- Tentacles

43
Q

How do tusk shells breathe?

A

Gas exchange by diffusion across mantle surface

- no gills

44
Q

What are tusk shells?

A

Sedentary marine mollusc with a slender body and tubular shell
- local west coast and used as indigenous currency

45
Q

Gastropod habitat?

A

Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial

46
Q

What is the operculum in gastropods?

A

A plate to cover shell aperture

47
Q

Describe gastropod shell

A

Single shell or no shell

- Visceral mass found in shell

48
Q

Gastropod feeding habits

A

Herbivorous, carnivorous, detritivore (scavengers)

49
Q

What is different about moon snails?

A

Extensible proboscis
Equipped with radula
Used to bore into bivalve shells

50
Q

Gas exchange in gastropods

A

Marine - use gills

Terrestrial and Freshwater - use lung

51
Q

Symmetry of Gastropods

A

Secondarily asymmetrical due to torsion

52
Q

What is torsion in gastropods?

A

Rotation of visceral mass, mantle, and shell 180 degrees in development
- Brings mantle cavity and anus to anterior position above the head

53
Q

Gastropod reproduction

A
  • Dioecious, some hermaphrodites
  • Copulation is common
  • Eggs laid in gelatinous masses or singularly
54
Q

Gastropod larva

A

Trochophore, then Veliger in marine species

55
Q

What is a rare occurrence in regards to snail shells?

A
  • Few species may have shell covered by mantle
56
Q

What is the Pneumostome (odd ‘hole’ found on the anterior side of a slug viewed in lab)?

A
  • Breathing pore or respiratory opening
57
Q

Describe Class Bivalvia

A
  • Shell with 2 valves
  • Range from 1mm-2m
  • Limited cephalization with no head or radula
  • Shell opens and closes using hinge and muscles
58
Q

What is the lifestyle of a Bivalve?

A
  • Sedentary suspension feeders
59
Q

How do Bivalves feed?

A
  • Incurrent and excurrent siphons
  • Feeding currents produced by cilia on gills
  • Gills filter food from water
60
Q

What is the foot used for in Bivalves?

A

Burrowing in sediments

61
Q

How do non-burrowing bivalves attach to substrates?

A

Anchor to rock using byssal threads (mussels) or cement (oysters)

62
Q

Bivalve habitat

A

Aquatic, mostly marine, some freshwater

- attached to substrate or burrowed in substrate

63
Q

Bivalve reproduction

A
  • Dioecious

- Trochophore and veliger larva

64
Q

What are the common names of animals found in Class Cephalopoda?

A

Squid, octopuses, nautilus, cuttlefish

65
Q

Cephalopoda habitat

A

Marine, pelagic

66
Q

What is the function of the foot in Cephalopods?

A

forms funnel to expel water from mantle cavity

67
Q

Size range of Cephalopods

A

Large range

- 2-3 cm all the way to giant squid

68
Q

Cephalopod locomotion

A

Jet propulsion

69
Q

How many arms to octopus, cuttlefish and squid have each?

A

Octopus - 8

Squid and Cuttlefish- 10

70
Q

What are 3 evolutionary developments found in Cephalopods?

A
  • Chromatophores for colour change
  • Ink sacs for defense
  • Well developed eyes
71
Q

What happened to the shell in Cephalopods?

A

Mostly internal or lost

72
Q

Feeding mode of Cephalopods

A

All predatory

73
Q

Cephalopod reproduction

A
  • Dioecious
  • Copulate
  • Tentacles transfer sperm sac
  • Eggs attached to substrate (brooded in octopus)

ENVR_Invrt (10 decks)

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