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ENVR_Invrt > Phylum Echinodermata > Flashcards

Phylum Echinodermata Flashcards

1
Q

Symmetry

A

Penta-radial adults with bilateral larva

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2
Q

What kind of larva?

A

Bilaterally symmetric

  • Pluteus
  • Bipinnaria
  • Auricularia
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3
Q

How do echinoderms respire

A

Dermal Branchiae or tube feet

  • Sea cucumbers have respiratory tree
  • Brittle stars have bursae
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4
Q

7 Echinoderm characteristics

A
  • Deuterstome
  • Eucoelomate
  • Internal skeleton of calcareous ossicles
  • No cephalization (secondarily lost)
  • No excretory organs
  • Dioecious
  • External fertilization
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5
Q

Which class may brood larva?

A

Ophiuroidea may sometimes brood larva in bursae

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6
Q

Protostome vs. Deuterstome development

A
  • Fate of Blastopore (determinant or indeterminant)
  • Spiral vs. Radial cleavage
  • Schizocoelous vs. enterocoelus (Mesoderm split vs. outpockets of archenteron form coelom)
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7
Q

What are the 5 classes in Phylum Echinodermata?

A
  • Asteroidea
  • Crinoidea
  • Holothuroidea
  • Echinoidea
  • Ophiuroidea
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8
Q

How many arms does Asteroidea have?

A

5 or more that merge gradually with a central disc

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9
Q

What is the skeleton of Asteroidea

A

endoskeleton of ossicles bound by connective tissue

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10
Q

What are ossicles?

A

Internal calcareous skeleton (plates in asteroidea)

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11
Q

Does asteroidea have spines?

A

Yes, tubercules on ossicles with spines

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12
Q

Where are the tube feet located in Asteroidea?

A

along the abulacral grooves, topped with suckers

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13
Q

What are pedicellariae?

A

Pincher-like appendages on the skin surface that are used for defense and keeping the surface skin clear of debris
- Found in Asteroidea and Echinoidea

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14
Q

What are papulla?

A

Used for gas exchange, found on skin surface

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15
Q

Where is the madreporite on Asteroidea?

A

The aboral surface

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16
Q

How do sea stars feed?

A
  • Feed on molluscs, crustaceans, polychaetes, echinoderms, and other inverts
  • Digestion is external by everting stomach, rarely internal
  • Larger waste material discharged by the mouth
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17
Q

What is the sea star habitat?

A

Shallow waters and lower intertidal on rock, sand or mud substrates

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18
Q

What are the larval types of asteroidea?

A

Bipinnaria and then brachiolaria planktonic larva

19
Q

How many arms do brittle stars have?

A

5 arms set off sharply from central disc and made of a column of ossicles connected by muscles and covered by plates

20
Q

Where is the madreporite in Ophiuroidea?

A

The oral surface

21
Q

What are bursae

A

Pockets between the arms of ophiuroidea that are used for respiration, brooding larvae and possibly filter feeding

22
Q

Characteristics of Ophiuroidea

A
  • 5 arms set off from central disc
  • No pedicellariae or papula
  • Ambulacral groove closed and covered w/ ossicles
  • No suckers on tube feet
  • Madreporite on oral surface
  • No anus or intestine
  • Spines located on the sides of the arms
  • five pairs of bursae between each arm
  • Great powers of regeneration
23
Q

Ophiuroidea habitat

A

Benthic marine at all depths and substrates

24
Q

Ophiuroidea

A

Brittle stars

25
Q

Ophiuroidea feeding

A

suspension feeders using mucus on tube feet, or browsers/snaggers

26
Q

Ophiuroidea reproduction

A 
dioecious
external fertilization
ophiopluteus larva
gonads empty into the bursae
some species brood young in bursae and release juvenilles
27
Q

What has happened to the ossicles in Echinoidea?

A

Fused to form the internal skeleton known as a test

28
Q

Where are the anus and madreporite on the echinoidea?

A

The aboral surface

29
Q

What is Aristotle’s lantern?

A

The specialized feeding apparatus in Echinoidea that is most well developed in the urchins
and has 5 teeth

30
Q

What is the feeding mode of the Echinoidea?

A

Algal grazers using Aristotle’s lantern or filter /detritus feeders with mucous on tube feet

31
Q

Echinoidea reproduction

A

dioecious, external fertilization, echinopluteus planktonic larva

32
Q

Echinoidea habitat

A

Shallow to deep sea, urchins like hard substrate, dollars and heart urchins like sandy substrate

33
Q

Why is there sand in sand dollars?

A

The sand in sand dollars is used for weight balance.

34
Q

What is the issue with japanese eel grass?

A

It is stabilizing sand and reducing sand dollar habitat

35
Q

Characteristics of class Holothuroidea

A
  • Elongated aboral-oral axis
  • Reduced ossicles scattered within the epidermis
  • Ambulacral region is well developed on one side
  • 10 to 30 tentacles used mostly for filtering
  • Respiratory tree for gas exchange
  • Eviscerates internal organs to distract predators
36
Q

Holothuroidea feeding mechanisms

A

suspension or deposit feeding with tentacles modified for feeding mode that can be retractable

37
Q

Holothuroidea Reproduction

A

dioecious, external fertilization, free swimming Auricularia larvae or brooded on female

38
Q

Holothuroidea Habitat

A

Hard or soft substrate intertidal to super deep

39
Q

Characteristics of Class Crinoidea

A
  • Body disc with leathery skin and calcareous plates
  • 5 flexible arms branched at base bearing pinnules
  • No madreporite, spines, or pedicellariae
  • Upper surface is oral bearing mouth and anus
  • Tentaculate tube feet in abulacral groove
40
Q

Crinoidea Feeding

A

Use tube feet and mucous net to catch small organisms with ciliated ambulacral groove that transports food to the mouth

41
Q

Crinoidea Reproduction

A

Dioecious with free swimming Dollolaria larvae

42
Q

Crinoidea Habitat

A

Shallow tropical pacific and caribbean but also many deep water species

43
Q

What are the issues with sea urchin fisheries?

A
  • Urchin barrens were thought to reduce diversity and so urchins were heavily fished. However, it wasn’t the barrens that were often fished and because urchins in barrens don’t have well developed gonads, the populations greatly decreased.

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