phylum echinodermata

Question 1

the echinodermata fall into protosoma or deuterosoma? and what other phyla are with them?

Answer 1

deuterosome; echinodermata, hemichordata, chordata

Question 2

Echinodermata display _____symmetry

Answer 2

pentaradial

Question 3

are echinoderms cephalized?

Answer 3

no

Question 4

list the main synapomorphies/unique features of echinodermata

Answer 4

water vascular system & associated tube feet, endoskeleton, mutable collagen, pedicillaria, nerve ring

Question 5

madreporite

Answer 5

opening in skin, lets water in/out

Question 6

extensions of the water-vascular system are:

Answer 6

tube feet

Question 7

polian vesicles

Answer 7

reservours off water vascular system that control water prssure

Question 8

tiedman’s bodies

Answer 8

small glands off the ring canal in water vascular system, produce coelomocytes

Question 9

draw a water vascular system diagram

Answer 9

there is a center circle, the ring canal. off the center ring canal is 5 radial canals. between each radial canal is a polian vesicle and 2 tiedman’s bodies. in one section between radial canals is the madreporite. following one radial canal down there are small circles coming off called ampulla with a tube foot off each

Question 10

coelomocytes

Answer 10

invertebrate immune cells, prod by tiedman’s bodies in echinoderm water vascular system

Question 11

endoskeleton is made of:

Answer 11

dermal ossicles and is covered with epidermis

Question 12

endoskeleton is derived from:

Answer 12

mesoderm

Question 13

dermal ossicles are made of:

Answer 13

CaCO3 crystals

Question 14

ambulacral grooves are formed by the ______ and are either open/closed depending on:

Answer 14

endoskeleton; whether the ossicles cover them or not

Question 15

are ossicles living?

Answer 15

nope

Question 16

mutable collagen is:

Answer 16

a unique feature of echinoderms, is a specialized connective tissue that can be locked/unlocked into place to stiffen/loosen without muscle use. it allows for rapid state changes using only nerve impulses

Question 17

pedicillaria are:

Answer 17

specialized pincer-like ossicle structures. on body surface. they are used for prevention of epibionts, prey capture, defense against toxins, camoflauge (can hold small particles/objects)

Question 18

pedicillaria are only found in:

Answer 18

asteroidea and echinoidea

Question 19

nerve ring is:

Answer 19

a central ring around the mouth where nerves extend from into and along ambulacral grooves

Question 20

there are 5 classes of echinoderm:

Answer 20

crinoidea, asteroidea, echinoidea, holothuroidea, ophiuroidea

Question 21

crinoidea are commonly called:

Answer 21

sea lilies and sea daisies and feather stars

Question 22

in crinoidea, the oral side faces ____

Answer 22

up

Question 23

crinoidea have 5-200 _____ each with hundreds maybe of lateral _____

Answer 23

arms; pinnules

Question 24

where is crinoidea madreporite?

Answer 24

they don’t have on

Question 25

how do crinoidea control water?

Answer 25

cilia on oral surface

Question 26

where are crinoidea tube feet?

Answer 26

they run along arms and pinnules, but lack suction cups

Question 27

crinoidea are ____ feeders. how do they eat?

Answer 27

suspension; podia capture food and then podia + cilia move the food to their mouth along the arms

Question 28

crinoidea reproduction

Answer 28

gonads are held in pinnules which rupture to release gametes into water (free-spawning)

Question 29

asteroidea are commonly called

Answer 29

sea stars

Question 30

asteroidea have ____ ambulacral grooves

Answer 30

open

Question 31

asteroidea have madreporite on ____ surface

Answer 31

upside, aboral

Question 32

asteroidea mouth faces:

Answer 32

down

Question 33

what kind of feeding do asteroidea do?

Answer 33

predatorial or scavengers

Question 34

asteroidea digestion

Answer 34

extracellular, and often extra-corporeal (outside body). they evert stomach and cover the desired prey to begin digesting outside body. then, they suck up the partially digested food

Question 35

asteroidea eat ______. how?

Answer 35

bivalves. use tube feet to pull apart shells, extra-corporeal digestion of mollusc. can open multiple shells at once

Question 36

asteroidea respiration

Answer 36

dermal gills that are extensions of the eucoelom that pass through gaps in the ossicles for gas exchange. they can also use podia for respiration

Question 37

asteroidea have __ stomach

Answer 37

2: cardiac and pyloric

Question 38

tube feet are also called

Answer 38

podia

Question 39

ampulla

Answer 39

little connector between radial canal and tube feet. as muscles and valves to control movement, open and close tube feet

Question 40

asteroidea have ____ for defense and structure

Answer 40

pedicillaria

Question 41

echinoderms, although pentaradial display ____ symmmetry at ______ stage of lief

Answer 41

bilateral, larval

Question 42

ophiuroidea are commonly called

Answer 42

brittle stars and basket stars

Question 43

ophiuroidea mouth faces____ and madreporite faces ___

Answer 43

down; up

Question 44

ophiuroidea ambulacral grooves are ____ similar to _____and unlike ______

Answer 44

closed; echinoidea; asteroidea

Question 45

echinoidea are commonly called:

Answer 45

sea urchins, sand dollars, sea biscuits

Question 46

echinoidea ossicles are fused into a solid structure called :

Answer 46

test

Question 47

echinoidea are divided into 2 groups. what are they? how are they different?

Answer 47

regular and irregular regular are radially symmetrical while irregular are bilaterally symmetrical. regular have aristotle's lantern structure which is used for feeding/chewing. irregular have been secondarily flattened and their ambulacral grooves have been modified into petaloids. irregular are primarily burrowers and are deposit feeders/suspension feeders while regular ones are predators or detritivores

Question 48

aristotle's lantern

Answer 48

structure in regular echinoidea. chewing apparatus with 5 continually growing, self-sharpening teeth, plates & muscles for eating

Question 49

echinoidea mouth faces ____and madreporite faces ____

Answer 49

down; up

Question 50

echinoidea pedicillaria and ossicles are modified how?

Answer 50

pedicillaria are stalked, sometimes poisonous. ossicles are modified to spines

Question 51

holothuroidea are commonly called:

Answer 51

sea cucumbers

Question 52

holothuroidea mouth faces:

Answer 52

it's lateral

Question 53

holothuroidea trivium

Answer 53

3 abulacral grooves on the bottom of the body used for movement and have longer tube feet

Question 54

holothuroidea bivium

Answer 54

two ambulacral grooves that are on top of the sea cucumber

Question 55

most echinoderms are ____ symmetrical but holothuroidea are ___

Answer 55

radial or pentaradial; bilateral

Question 56

holothuroidea have ____ arms

Answer 56

no

Question 57

holothuroidea tentacles

Answer 57

tentacles are around the mouth and are made of enlarged tube feet

Question 58

holothuroidea madreporite faces:

Answer 58

it is internal

Question 59

holothuroidea move:

Answer 59

using tube feet on trivium or worm-style with musculature or can swim

Question 60

2 main feeding guilds of holothuroidea:

Answer 60

suspension feeders & non-selective deposit feeders suspension feeders are elongate and have highly branching tentacles with mucus to trap particles. use tentacles around mouth to move food into mouth non-selective deposit feeders injest sediments as they crawl and digest any organic materials, excreting clean sediment. these are important for ocean floor turnover, preventing coral disease

Question 61

holothuroidea respiration:

Answer 61

respiratory "trees" that branch off the hind gut. water is pumped in and out of the anus, moves around the trees for gas exchange. can also use tentacles and podia for gas exchange

Question 62

holothuroidea hold gametes:

Answer 62

at the base of tentacles are the gonopores.

Question 63

cuverian tentacles:

Answer 63

located at the base of respiratory trees in holothuroidea, are sticky and ejected out of anus at a predator. like silly string, may be poisonous

Question 64

eviseration

Answer 64

holothuroidea defense. can eject organs such as respiratory trees, gonads, digestive tract out of anus to distract predator while they escape. can regenerate whole systems