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BIO 108 (Hunt Made These :)) > Phylum Arhtropoda > Flashcards

Phylum Arhtropoda Flashcards

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1
Q

What is so important about arthropods?

A

they are the most species-rich phylum of any organism and they are the most ecologically important group of animals in terms of decomposition and pollination

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2
Q

What are 5 characteristics of arthropods?

A
  1. cephalization –> theres nervous tissue concentrated in the front of their heads and sensory organs
  2. they have an open circulatory system
  3. They have jointed appendages that have specialized function like walking, feeding, sensory, reproduction and defence
  4. they have a segmented body due to changes in regulation of their hox genes
  5. they have sclerotized cuticle made out of chitin and it acts as a exoskeleton. they molt
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3
Q

What are tagamata?

A

They are segmented body and jointed appendages arranged into functional units with specialized functions they are good because they increase arthropod diversity

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4
Q

What are the 3 tagmatization parts of an arthropod?

A

head (for eating and sensing), thorax for locomotion (all legs are attached to the thorax) and Abdomen for digestion and reproduction

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5
Q

What is the head and the thorax often specialized into?

A

the cephalothorax

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6
Q

What are 5 main groups of Arthropods?

A
  1. Trilobita (all extinct)
  2. Chelicerata –> inc. scorpions, spiders, mites…
  3. Myriapoda –> includes millipedes, centipedes …etc..
  4. Crustacea –> includes crabs, lobsters,
  5. Hexapoda –> includes springtails, insects….
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7
Q

What is the general trend as arthropods increase in complexity?

A

they become more tagmatized

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8
Q

What are some species in the group crustaceans? a

A

Mainly marine but many freshwater and some terrestrial and it includes crabs, lobsters, shrimp and their relatives

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9
Q

What are some characteristics of crustacean morphology?

A
  • have 2 pairs of antennae and compound eyes (multiple lenses)
  • their head and thorax is merged as cephalothorax
  • their cephalothorax is usually covered by a carapace (shield that covers dorsal and lateral sides) and covered abdomen of some of them
  • their main mouthparts are called mandibles (single-segmented biting and chewing)
  • they have 2 or more pairs of appendages that help guide food
  • their thoracic limbs are used for locomotion
  • abdominal limbs are used for swimming, filter feeding, and holding eggs
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10
Q

What are some characteristics on the morphology of their exoskeleton and breathing?

A
  • their exoskeleton is strengthened by calcium carbonate
  • the aquatic species have gills
  • and few crustaceans that are terrestrial use trachea (like woodlice, pillbug and sowbug)
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11
Q

what occurs in the crustacean life cycle?

A
  • occurs via copulation –> separate sexes (except for hermaphroditic barnacles)
  • the sperm transfer occurs via copulation –> intromission or spermatophore deposited at female’s genital opening
  • females brood eggs
  • direct and indirect development both occur
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12
Q

What are the habitats of crustaceans?

A

they are detritivores (eat detritus which are particles of dead decaying matter), scavengers and predators

  • plantonic crustaceans are food for many vertebrates and theres many of them in the water
  • they filter feed (some of them) and some are motile and sessile
  • some scavenge on plant or animals and some are predatory and prey on fish
  • some are commensals or parasites of vertebrates or invertebrates
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13
Q

What are hexapods and myriapods?

A

hexapods include insects, springtails, and a few others

myriapods include centipedes, millipedes and a few others

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14
Q

what are 3 shared features of hexapods and myriapods?

A
  1. one one pair of antennae
  2. mandibles for main mouthparts
  3. trachea (respiratory tubes) used for gas exchange
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15
Q

What does DNA and morphological features indicate about the phylogenetic of hexapods?

A

shows similarities with crustaceans and indicate that hexapods belong with crustaceans called pancrustacea
- myriapods however, are sister taxa to pancrustacea

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16
Q

What are 3 characteristics of Hexapoda?

A

they are 6 legged arthropods

  • they belong in class insects
  • other smaller groups are called: collembola (springtails), Protura, and Diplura
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17
Q

What are some hexapod morphological features?

A
  • show tagmatization (specialization and fusion of joints)
  • the head has one pair of antennae
  • thorax has 3 pairs of jointed legs with wings if they are present
  • abdomen without paired jointed appendages
18
Q

What are some features that class insects share?

A
  • cerci –> pair of segmented terminal appendages (sensory organs in the posterior abdomen of an animal)
  • they have compound eyes (have many lenses)
  • they have ocelli which are simple eyes and collect and focus light on single lens, mainly used for focus
  • the primitive groups lacked wings (apterygote)
  • most insects have wings as adults and wings are known to be synapomorphies of this clade
19
Q

What is the incomplete metamorphosis of a hexapod life cycle?

A
  • juveniles are called nymphs and they share the same morphology and habitat of the adult
  • the wings develop slowly overall several moults
  • examples include grasshoppers and dragonflies
20
Q

What is the complete metamorphosis of a hexapod life cycle?

A
  • wings develop all at once in a special stage called pupa
  • juvenile always has different morphology and ecology than adult (like caterpillar and butterfly)
  • juvenile is termed larva …
21
Q

How do hexapods moult?

A

they shed all ectoderm ally derived cuticles including lining of their foregut, handgun and trachea

  • their new cuticle is produced before the moult and is soft and wrinkled
  • after the moult, animal swallows air or water to expand in its new skin
22
Q

how do hexapods reproduce?

A
  • they have separate sexes and no hermaphrodites
  • collembolans and apterygote insects transfer sperm indirectly using a spermatophore (a stalk with a blob of sperm) on a substrate and female sits on it
  • All pterygote insects copulate … male places sperm directly on or in the female’s sperm receiving structure
23
Q

What is the ecology of hexapods?

A

important detritivores and agent of decomposition

  • important food source for invertebrates and vertebrates
  • they can be predatory, herbivores, vectors and parasites
24
Q

What are some of the importances of hexapods?

A
  • economic importance is the main reason for the study of entomology (study of insects)
  • forestry, agriculture and medicine and forensic discipline
25
Q

What are some beneficial insects and how are they beneficial?

A
  • pollination of fruit and vegetable crops (from honey bees)
  • Other beneficial insects act as biological control agents and they control the number of pests by eating them instead of using pesticide
26
Q

What is the name of the disorder that is causing honey bees to decline?

A

colony-collapse disorder –> cause is unknown but it occurs at random. Belief that its from fungi, parasitic mites or stress

27
Q

What are the four classes in Myriapoda?

A
  1. Class Diplopoda
  2. Class Chilopoda
    - -> Subphylum Chelicerate
  3. Class Arachnida
    - -> order aranaeae
    - – >order scorpiones
    - —> order Acari (mites)
  4. Class Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs)
28
Q

What are 5 features of myriapods?

A
  1. theres 2 classes: millipedes and centipedes
  2. they have more than 3 pairs of legs
  3. they are less tagmatized, their head has ocelli, mandibles and one pair of antennae. Their trunk has 9-325 pairs of jointed legs
  4. they go through direct development
  5. they are all terrestrial
29
Q

What are 3 features of Class Diplopoda

A
  • include millipedes
  • detritivorous or herbivorous (scavengers)
  • two pairs of legs per segment (diplo = double) therefore 4 legs per segment
30
Q

What are 3 features of class chilopoda?

A
  • includes centipedes
  • most are carnivorous
  • 1 pair of legs per segment and they have one pair of modified legs behind their mouthparts which act as poison claws to kill their prey
31
Q

What are the class chelicerata?

A

they include: horseshoe crabs, scorpions, spiders and mites

  • they ack antennae
  • they have chelicerae as main mouthparts which are 2 or 3 segmented pincers (claws)
  • they use it to either inject venom into their prey (NOT used to eat food but only as defence)
  • often muscular
32
Q

What are some morphological characteristics (besides the pincers) of the species in the subphylum chelicerata?

A
  1. they have 2 main tagmata:
    - include the cephalothorax which is wholly or partially covered by carapace
    - 6 pairs of limbs and 4 pairs on legs, chelicerae and pedipalps (modified segment near the mouth)
    - abdomen –> may contain appendages ; contains guts and report organs
33
Q

What are pedipalps

A

they are used to sense environmental stimuli an feeding and handling prey
- spiders have enlarged pedipalps to transfer sperm to female

34
Q

What are some features in the class arachnida?

A

include spiders, mites and scorpione

  • ocelli –> simple eyes
  • fluid feeding predators (they leave hollow shell after sucking out fluid)
  • have different sexes
35
Q

Describe order araneae (spiders)

A
  • they have a tight constriction between cephalothorax and abdomen
  • they have 2 separate chelicerae
  • they have 0-4 pairs of cell
  • they contain trachaea and/or book lungs
  • they have spinnerets that make silk
  • fluid feeding predators
  • contain poison glands that empty through their fangs of chelicareae
  • sold producing
  • show maternal care of eggs and young
  • complex courtship (i.e. dance)
36
Q

Describe order scorpiones

A
  • includes scorpions
  • pedipalps are modified as grasping pincers that they use to capture prey
  • crush or sting prey to death
  • they externally digest food and drink their fluid
  • male leads female in a dance within courtship
  • female broods young beneath her
  • hatchlings are often carried on her back
  • they have a poisonous stinger on her back thats dangerous to humans
37
Q

Describe order Acari

A
  • no operation between cephalothorax and abdomen (looks like ball with legs)
  • includes mites
  • they have 2 - 3 segmented chelicerae
  • 2 pairs of ocelli
38
Q

What is the ecology of acari (mites)

A
  • predators, detritivores, herbivores and parasites
  • live in soil, water, plants an inside other animals and three species live in human skin
  • they are fluid feeders
  • detritivores can ingest solid particles
  • important for decomposition
  • predators in fresh water and soil (burrow into plants and make galls)
39
Q

What is the importance of mites?

A
  • crop pests
  • bio control agents (can be used to kill other pests)
    medically important because of the reactions we have towards them
40
Q

Describe class xiphosura

A
  • not related to crabs
  • include horseshoe crab
  • very old species
  • has compound eyes
  • has book gills that it uses for gas exchanges
  • it has long terminal spine that sticks upwards and its used to turn them around if they’re flipped over and burrowing through sand and streering
41
Q

What is the ecology of horseshoe crabs?

A
  • they live in coastal bays and near shore waters from suing to fall but in the winter they move into the depths
  • scavenge on dead plants and animals
  • predators of soft bodied animals
  • their spawn rise above tide level and their eggs are important food for migrating shorebirds
  • their larvae is planktonic (super tiny with minimal chance of survival)

BIO 108 (Hunt Made These :)) (32 decks)

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