Eukaryotes and Protista Flashcards
What are 4 properties of eukaryotic cells?
- DNA is in LINEAR chromosomes in a membrane bound nucleus
- Membrane bound organelles
- Much larger
- Diverse morphology
What are 2 origins of eukaryotic cells
- Infoldings of cell membrane that formed endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope after many generations
- Endosymbiont theory
What two things does the endosymbiont theory suggest about the origin of eukaryotic cells?
- ancestral host cell took on an endosymbioyant (a relationship where both parties benefit) aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote which eventually became the mitochondria
- Other lineages of ancestral host cell engulfed photosynthetic prokaryotes that were most likely cyanobacteria and developed chloroplasts
What are 4 evidence of endosymbiosis in terms of mitochondria and chloroplast structures?
- self replicating (binary fission)
- resemble bacteria in size and structure
- they have circular DNA
- They have 2 cell membrane layers. The inner one belongs to them and is homologous to the plasma membrane found in prokaryotes
What are unicellular eukaryotes called? What are 4 examples?
They are called Protists. They include:
- algae
- protozoans
- slime/water holds
- many marine protists
What kind of phylogenetic is “Kingdom Protista”. Why isn’t it considered a “kingdom”?
Protists can’t be a kingdom because its a monophyletic group, because some species are considered non-protists that are WITHIN the clades.
- The group that has a common ancestor but not all members are included –> paraphyletic group
What are 3 examples of Autotrophic protists?
- Algae
- Diatoms
- Dinoflagellates
What are 5 characteristics of algae?
- its a photoautotoph
- Aquatic
- Single cells or multicellular
- asexual and sexual reproduction
- alternation of generation
- can cause environmental problems
What are some environmental problems that algae can cause?
Eutrophication –> excess nutrients that run off into streams cause excess growth in algae, and when they die, the aerobic bacteria in the water uses oxygen to break it down and causes oxygen depletion in the water causing fishes to suffocate
What are 3 examples of multicellular algae?
- Green algae
- red algae
- brown algae
What are 4 characteristics of heterotrophic protista? AKA protozoans?
- unicellular
- asexual reproduction (binary fission)
- internal digestion of food
- structures specific for movement
What are ciliates?
- a group of protozoans that are characterized mainly by their cilia.
- they are a large group
- they feed on bacteria and smaller protists through phagocytosis (engulfing them)
- reproduce by binary fission or sometimes conjugation
ex. paramecium
What are some characteristics of amoeba type protozoans?
- move using pseudopods (extensions of cytoplasm)
2. some are parasitic
What are 2 examples of zoo flagellate types of protozoans?
- zooflagelates cause diseases
1. Trypanosome brucei (sleeping sickness)
2. Giardia lamblia (beaver fever)
What are non-motile protozoans called? What are 2 examples?
non-motile protozoans are called Apicomplexans which require an insect or a “vector” to carry them around to hosts. For example, in malaria, the bacteria plasmodium is transferred via mosquitoes (vectors) to hosts.
Another example is toxoplasmosis
