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BIO 108 (Hunt Made These :)) > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 phyla of fungi?

A
  1. Chytridiomycota
  2. Zygomycota
  3. Glomeromycota
  4. Ascomycota
  5. Basidiomycota
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2
Q

What kind of feeders are fungi? How do they digest their food? and what kind of food do they digest?

A

they are chemo-heterotrophs (needs to consume food from other species)
it digest food externally by absorbing it through their plasma membranes and using exoenzymes to break it down

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3
Q

How do decomposers, parasitic and mutualists absorb food?

A
  • decomposers break down and absorb nonliving organic matter
  • parasites absorb nutrients from living hosts
  • mutualists absorb nutrients from living host but also gives something back
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4
Q

What are the cell walls of a fungi made of?

A

Chitin

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5
Q

What are the bodies of fungi made of? and what is it called when its interwoven into a large surface area?

A

they’re made of hyphae, and the hyphae grow and into a hyphal mat called mycelium.
- these are used to absorb food and nutrients (this is the true part of the fungi)

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6
Q

What is an advantage to the fungi’s large filamentous structure?

A

larger surface area to volume ratio

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7
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

they produce spores asexually or sexually
their spores produce hyphae and are haploid
spores in fungi are produced by mitosis and meiosis
- some fungi can produce sexually and asexually depending on what point in their lives

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8
Q

what are some characteristics of phylum chytridiomycota?

A

they mainly live in freshwater but can also live in soil and guts of animals

  • non-parasitic ones digest dead organic matter
  • parasitic ones digest tissues of living hosts
  • host can be animal, plant or other fungi
  • they are the reason why theres a global decline in amphibians like frogs
  • only group of fungi with flagellated sperm
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9
Q

What are some characteristics of phylum zygomycota?

A
  • live in soil and organic remains
  • not too many are parasitic or predatory
  • they all look alike (morphologically monotonous)
  • look like BREAD MOLD
  • they have airborne spores
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10
Q

what are some characteristics of phylum glomeromycota?

A
  • they engage in symbiotic relationships with roots of plants
  • supply nutrients and food to roots of plants while plants give them shelter
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11
Q

What are some characteristics of phylum ascomycota?

A
  • they are often referred to as “sac-fungi”
  • they are the largest phylum
  • they range from single celled yeasts to fist size
  • they produce spores sexually in a sac-like asci
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12
Q

What are some characteristics of phylum basidiomycota?

A
  • classic mushroom
  • very important in decomposing dead plant matter especially lignin
  • smuts and rusts are parasites to plants
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13
Q

What are some features of the basidiomycota?

A
  • they have a cap that contains vertical sheets of tissue called gills
  • the gills are lined with basidia which is the spore production area
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14
Q

What are characteristics of molds?

A

molds are rapidly growing and asexually reproducing fungi

  • it includes from zygotemycota, ascomycota, and basidiomycota phylums
  • fuzzy growth on organic substrates like bread
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15
Q

what are characteristics of yeast?

A
  • unicellular that inhabit liquid or MOIST habitats
  • reproduces asexually by budding
  • some fungi have the ability to live as yeast or hyphae depending on how much nutrients are available
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16
Q

What is the fungi role in decomposition?

A

they break down complex organic compounds into inorganic mineral forms

  • they do nutrient and co2 recycling
  • most fungi in soil make their living by decomposing plant matter and breaking down lignin
17
Q

What are ENVIRONMENTAL characteristics of lichens?

A

lichens break down solid rock, volcanic flows and burned forests

  • they attach on rocks and their hyphae gets into the cracks when wet and splits the rocks
  • helps in colonizing new forests
  • lichen secretes enzymes that strong enough to break down rocks
18
Q

what are lichens?

A

lichens are symbiotic mixture of fungal hyphae and photosynthetic partner (green alchae (chlorophyta) or cyanobacteria)

  • the fungi has a place to grow, be protected and retain water and minerals
  • the fungi species are asco- and basidio-
  • algae provides products of photosynthesis to fungi
19
Q

What kind of mutualistic symbiosis is mycorrhizae?

A

its is the relationship between fungus and plant root that helped plants colonize land by helping them absorb minerals from soil

  • the plant gives the fungus carbohydrates
  • 90% of vascular plant species have mycorrhizal associates
  • glomero-, asco- zygo-, and basiomycota involved
20
Q

what is an example of a mutualistic relationship between fungus and animals?

A

fungus in the guts of ants help them digest food/leaves by converting plant material into carbohydrates

21
Q

What are some examples and dangers of Plant-Parasitize fungi?

A
  • second most important pests of plants
  • blights, cankers, and scabs in plants are necrosis (state of rot) caused by fungi
  • wilting is also caused by fungi when hyphae blocks xylem (interferes with water flow in plant)
  • powdery mildews are fungi that coat leaves and fruit by penetrating cells w hyphae
  • dutch elm disease is an example of a parasitic fungi invasion in elm wood
  • caused by an ascomycota species called ophiosoma ilmi which is carried (vectored) by bark beetles
  • kills elms
22
Q

What are some fungi and examples that are parasites to invertebrates?

A
  • causes slow death and process spores inside the host
23
Q

what are some fungi that prey on invertebrates?

A

nematode traps produced by fungi trap nematodes through detachable rings or nets

24
Q

What are fungi that cause disease of animals and humans called?

A

Mycosis

25
Q

What are cutaneous infections caused by fungi?

A

infection that occurs on the outer layers of skin and eats dead skin cells and keratin (ring worms)

26
Q

What are localized subcutaneous infections?

A

infections due to wounds

27
Q

What are systemic infections?

A

infections widely spread inside host body (most dangerous)

28
Q

Which fungi is involved in yeast infections? What does it do?

A

candida albicans –> a common member of gut microflora and moist epithelia

  • colonizes skin’s surface under humid conditions
  • also colonizes mucous membranes if pH changes like genitals and mouth
29
Q

what is histoplasmosis?

A

it is a most common systemic mycosis in north america which is the inhalation of spores of fungi from bird droppings

30
Q

What kind of people are more at risk in terms of mycosis?

A

immune compromised individuals who have aids, leukaemia, organ transplant …etc..

31
Q

what is the most commonly cultivated mushroom?

A
  • agarics bosporus (type of basidiomycota
32
Q

what kind of fungi forms brewer’s and baker’s yeast? What product leaves?

A

ascomycota, co2 and ethanol leave

33
Q

what is the first notable antibiotic medicine formed from fungi? what other factors can fungi be used for in medical terms?

A
  • penicillin came from ascomycota fungus (penicillium chrysogenmum) and it was a naturally producing antibiotic in the fungus to prevent competitors
  • fungi in yeast form can also be used as health supplement (b-vitamins and chromium)
34
Q

What is an example of of hallucinogenic fungi?

A

psilocybin a kind of basidiomycota

35
Q

What is an example of toxic fungi?

A

also a basidiomycota called amanita which destroys liver slowly and the only way to fix it is to drain blood and get it cleaned

BIO 108 (Hunt Made These :)) (32 decks)

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