Phylogeny and the Evolutionary History of Life

Question 1

Prezygotic reproductive isolation

Answer 1

Barriers preventing mating before fertilization occurs.

Question 2

Cichlid fish

Answer 2

Species exhibiting depth-based reproductive isolation.

Question 3

Assortative mating

Answer 3

Mating preference based on specific traits.

Question 4

Sympatric speciation

Answer 4

Speciation occurring without geographical separation.

Question 5

Convergent evolution

Answer 5

Independent evolution of similar traits in different species.

Question 6

Homologous traits

Answer 6

Traits shared due to common ancestry.

Question 7

Analogous traits

Answer 7

Traits with similar functions but different origins.

Question 8

Clade

Answer 8

A monophyletic group including an ancestor and descendants.

Question 9

Phylogenetic tree

Answer 9

Diagram representing evolutionary relationships among species.

Question 10

Fossil record

Answer 10

Historical evidence of past life forms preserved in rock.

Question 11

Transitional fossils

Answer 11

Fossils showing intermediate evolutionary stages.

Question 12

Cetaceans

Answer 12

Aquatic mammals including whales and dolphins.

Question 13

Whale-hippo hypothesis

Answer 13

Theory linking cetaceans and hippos through common ancestry.

Question 14

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 14

Bacteria causing tuberculosis in humans and animals.

Question 15

Granuloma

Answer 15

Immune response structure formed during tuberculosis infection.

Question 16

Geological timescale

Answer 16

Chronological framework for Earth’s history and life.

Question 17

Great oxygenation event

Answer 17

Period when atmospheric oxygen levels significantly increased.

Question 18

LUCA

Answer 18

Last universal common ancestor of all life.

Question 19

Phanerozoic

Answer 19

Current geological eon, marked by abundant fossil records.

Question 20

Eutrophication

Answer 20

Nutrient enrichment leading to excessive algae growth.

Question 21

Behavioral ecology

Answer 21

Study of ecological and evolutionary basis of animal behavior.

Question 22

Sexual selection

Answer 22

Natural selection based on mating preferences.

Question 23

Gene flow

Answer 23

Transfer of genetic material between populations.

Question 24

Morphological characters

Answer 24

Physical traits used to determine evolutionary relationships.

Question 25

Genomic characters

Answer 25

DNA sequences used for phylogenetic analysis.

Question 26

Turbid water

Answer 26

Water with high particle concentration, affecting visibility.

Question 27

Extinction by hybridization

Answer 27

Loss of species due to interbreeding with others.

Question 28

Cichlid diversity

Answer 28

Variety of cichlid species influenced by environmental factors.