Introduction to Molecular Biology and Chemical Bonds

Question 1

Molecular Biology

Answer 1

Understanding biological processes at a molecular level.

Question 2

Gene Structure

Answer 2

Arrangement and function of genes in organisms.

Question 3

Biological Processes

Answer 3

Chemical reactions and interactions in living systems.

Question 4

Covalent Bonds

Answer 4

Bonds formed by sharing electron pairs between atoms.

Question 5

Polar Bonds

Answer 5

Covalent bonds with unequal electron sharing.

Question 6

Non-Polar Bonds

Answer 6

Covalent bonds with equal electron sharing.

Question 7

Ionic Bonds

Answer 7

Bonds formed by electron transfer between atoms.

Question 8

Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 8

Weak bonds between hydrogen and electronegative atoms.

Question 9

Hydrophobic Effects

Answer 9

Interactions that drive non-polar molecules together.

Question 10

Van der Waals Forces

Answer 10

Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules.

Question 11

Macromolecules

Answer 11

Large molecules essential for cell structure and function.

Question 12

Chemical Bond Energy

Answer 12

Energy stored in chemical bonds, released during reactions.

Question 13

Electron Transfer

Answer 13

Movement of electrons during chemical reactions.

Question 14

Hydrolysis

Answer 14

Chemical breakdown involving water, releasing energy.

Question 15

Phosphoanhydride Bonds

Answer 15

High-energy bonds in ATP, crucial for energy transfer.

Question 16

Essential Elements

Answer 16

Key elements like C, H, O, N in life.

Question 17

Carbon’s Role

Answer 17

Forms four covalent bonds, creating diverse structures.

Question 18

Covalent Bond Types

Answer 18

Single, double, and triple bonds between atoms.

Question 19

Bond Rotation

Answer 19

Rotation around single bonds affects molecular conformation.

Question 20

Electrostatic Interactions

Answer 20

Attractions between charged ions and polar molecules.

Question 21

Hydration Shell

Answer 21

Water molecules surround ions, stabilizing them in solution.

Question 22

Non-Covalent Interactions

Answer 22

Weaker interactions crucial for macromolecule structure.

Question 23

Enzymatic Reactions

Answer 23

Reactions involving enzymes to form or break bonds.

Question 24

Biological Molecules

Answer 24

Proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and fats.

Question 25

Electronegativity

Answer 25

Attraction power of an atom for bonding electrons.

Question 26

Polar covalent bond

Answer 26

Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms.

Question 27

Non-polar covalent bond

Answer 27

Equal sharing of electrons between atoms.

Question 28

Dipole

Answer 28

Charge difference across a polar molecule.

Question 29

Hydrogen bond

Answer 29

Weak attraction between hydrogen and electronegative atom.

Question 30

Hydrophilic

Answer 30

Substances that dissolve well in water.

Question 31

Hydrophobic

Answer 31

Substances that do not dissolve in water.

Question 32

Hydrophobic effect

Answer 32

Nonpolar molecules aggregate in aqueous solutions.

Question 33

Van der Waals interactions

Answer 33

Weak attractions due to transient dipoles.

Question 34

Noncovalent forces

Answer 34

Weaker interactions than covalent bonds.

Question 35

Molecular complementarity

Answer 35

Compatibility of molecular shapes and charges.

Question 36

Monomers

Answer 36

Small building blocks of macromolecules.

Question 37

Polysaccharides

Answer 37

Carbohydrates formed from multiple monosaccharides.

Question 38

Glycosidic bonds

Answer 38

Linkage between monosaccharides in polysaccharides.

Question 39

Fatty acids

Answer 39

Long-chain hydrocarbons with a carboxylic acid group.

Question 40

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 40

Fatty acids with no double bonds.

Question 41

Monounsaturated fatty acids

Answer 41

Fatty acids with one double bond.

Question 42

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

Answer 42

Fatty acids with multiple double bonds.

Question 43

Triacylglycerols

Answer 43

Storage lipids made from glycerol and fatty acids.

Question 44

Phospholipids

Answer 44

Membrane lipids with hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.

Question 45

ATP

Answer 45

Energy currency of the cell, stores energy.

Question 46

Hydrolysis of ATP

Answer 46

Releases energy by breaking phosphate bonds.

Question 47

Redox reactions

Answer 47

Electron transfer reactions in metabolism.

Question 48

NAD+

Answer 48

Electron carrier, reduced to NADH.

Question 49

OILRIG

Answer 49

Oxidation is loss, reduction is gain of electrons.

Question 50

Anabolism

Answer 50

Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones.

Question 51

Catabolism

Answer 51

Breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones.

Question 52

Covalent polymerization

Answer 52

Formation of macromolecules from monomers via dehydration.