phyiology

Question 1

phase Inflow of cardiac cycle valves

Answer 1

AV - open
SL - closed

Question 2

Describe inflow

Answer 2

Diastole - blood passively flows from the atria to the ventricles.

Atrial systole - atria contract to force remaining blood into ventricles

Question 3

Phase Isovolumetric Contraction valves

Answer 3

AV - closed
SL - closed

Question 4

Describe Isovolumetric Contraction

Answer 4

Ventricles contract simultaneously, causing ventricular pressure to increase.

Question 5

What occurs during Isovolumetric Contraction?

Answer 5

Production of S1 sound (atrioventricular valves close)

Question 6

Phase Outflow valves

Answer 6

AV - closed
SL - open

Question 7

Describe outflow

Answer 7

When ventricular pressure exceeds aortic/pulmonary artery pressure, blood is ejected from the ventricles into great vessels

Question 8

Phase Isovolumetric Relaxation valves

Answer 8

AV - closed
SL - closed

Question 9

Describe Isovolumetric Relaxation

Answer 9

Ventricles relax and the pressure in the aorta/pulmonary artery exceeds ventricular pressure again.

Question 10

What occurs during Isovolumetric Relaxation?

Answer 10

Production of S2 sound (semilunar valves close)

Question 11

Factors which Increased HCl production include what?

Answer 11

1. Vagal stimulation
2. Gastrin
3. Histmine

Question 12

How does small intestinal absorption occur?

Answer 12

via passive transport

Question 13

FACTORS INCREASING BILE SECRETION

Answer 13

CCK
Gastrin
Secretin
Parasympathetic nervous system activation

Question 14

FACTORS DECREASING BILE SECRETION

Answer 14

Sympathetic nervous system activation

Question 15

Tidal volume means ?

Answer 15

the volume of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal quiet breath

Question 16

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 16

the volume of additional air inhaled above Tidal volume

Question 17

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 17

the volume of additional air exhaled below Tidal volume

Question 18

Residual volume

Answer 18

FRC - ERV = RV, the volume of remaining air after maximal exhalation

Functional Residual Capacity - Expiratory Reserve Volume = residual volume

Question 19

Vital capacity

Answer 19

Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume = vital capacity

the volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximal inhalation

Question 20

Inspiratory capacity

Answer 20

TV + IRV = IC, the volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a quiet exhalation

Tidal volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume = Inspiratory Capacity

Question 21

Functional residual capacity

Answer 21

ERV + RV = FRC, the volume of remaining air in the lungs after a quiet exhalation of tidal volume

Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual volume =

Question 22

Total lung capacity (TLC)

Answer 22

TV + IRV + ERV + RV = TLC. The total volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inhalation

Question 23

What is physiological dead space?

Answer 23

refers to the portion of the tidal volume that does not participate in gas exchange, including both anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space

Question 24

What is Dalton’s Law of partial pressures?

Answer 24

the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases in the mixture

Question 25

What are the three pressures important in ventilation?

Answer 25

They are atmospheric pressure, intra-alveolar pressure, and intra-pleural pressure.

Question 26

Explain the three phases of gastric secretion

Answer 26

Gastric secretion occurs in cephalic (before food enters stomach), gastric (when food is in stomach), and intestinal (after food leaves stomach) phases, regulated by neural and hormonal factors