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First Year random > Anatomy GI > Flashcards

Anatomy GI Flashcards

1
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates all of the tongue muscles except for palatoglossus?

A

CNXII (hypoglossal)

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2
Q

What innervates the constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

A

CNX (vagus)

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3
Q

Which cranial nerves innervate the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

A

CNIX and CNX

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4
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

CNIX

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5
Q

Which cranial nerves provide sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

General sensory - CNV3
Special sensory - taste - CNVII

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6
Q

What are the sensory and motor limbs of the gag reflex?

A

Sensory limb - CNIX; Motor limb - CN IX +CNX

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7
Q

Which cranial nerves provide taste innervation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

CNVII

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8
Q

What cranial nerve provides general and special sensory innervation to the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

A

General + special - CNIX

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9
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of the jaw closing and opening?

A

CNV3 (mandibular division of trigeminal nerve).

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10
Q

Name the muscles of the jaw closing.

A

Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid.

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11
Q

Which muscle is involved in jaw opening?

A

Lateral pterygoid

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12
Q

Where are the pterygoid plates located?

A

Part of the sphenoid bone.

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13
Q

Describe the typical pain progression associated with appendicitis.

A

Starts as a dull ache around the umbilicus, then moves to become a localized sharp pain in the right iliac fossa due to irritation of the parietal peritoneum.

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14
Q

What are the parasympathetic innervation sources of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Vagus nerve - up to the distal end of the transverse colon
Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2, S3, S4) -
from the descending colon to the anal canal

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15
Q

Is the liver an intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal organ?

A

Intraperitoneal organ

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16
Q

Where do sympathetic nerves synapse in the adrenal gland?

A

Directly onto cells of the adrenal gland

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17
Q

What are the visceral afferent nerve fibre levels for the foregut?

A

Foregut - T6 to T9

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18
Q

What are the visceral afferent nerve fibre levels for the midgut?

A

T8 to T12

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19
Q

What are the visceral afferent nerve fibre levels for the hindgut?

A

T10 to L2

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20
Q

What does the gallbladder do with bile?

A

Stores and concentrates bile.

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21
Q

Name the first branch of the abdominal aorta and its level.

A

Coeliac trunk, at T12 level.

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22
Q

Describe the course of the splenic artery

A

Runs a torturous course along the superior border of the pancreas

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23
Q

What breaks down red blood cells to produce bilirubin?

A

Spleen

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24
Q

Which ribs protect the spleen?

25
Q

What are the lobes of the liver?

A

Right, left, caudate, quadrate.

26
Q

What is the blood supply to the gallbladder?

A

Cystic artery

27
Q

Identify the hepatorenal and subphrenic recesses

A

Located within the greater sac of the peritoneal cavity

28
Q

What structures form the portal triad?

A

The hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, common bile duct

29
Q

What structure is formed by the joining of the bile duct and pancreatic duct?

A

Ampulla of Vater/hepatopancreatic ampulla

30
Q

What structure carries bile from the gall bladder?

31
Q

What is the function of the common hepatic duct?

A

To transport bile from the liver

32
Q

Where are the ischioanal fossae located?

A

On either side of the anal canal

33
Q

What muscles make up the pelvic floor?

A

Levator ani muscle

34
Q

Name three important sites of portal-systemic anastomoses

A
  1. The distal end of the oesophagus,
  2. Skin around the umbilicus
  3. rectum/anal canal
35
Q

What causes jaundice?

A

Increase in blood levels of bilirubin

36
Q

What is the main blood supply to the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic branches of splenic artery, superior + inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries

37
Q

Is the first part of the duodenum intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal

38
Q

Where is McBurney’s point located?

A

Posteromedial wall of the caecum, 1/3rd of the way between right ASIS and the umbilicus

39
Q

At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the common iliac arteries?

40
Q

What is the main arterial anastomosis in the large intestine called?

A

Marginal artery of Drummond

41
Q

What are the blood supplies to the rectum and anal canal?

A

Hindgut part - superior rectal artery from IMA

Somatic part (below the pectinate line) - middle and inferior rectal arteries from the internal iliac artery.

42
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the palatoglossus muscle in the tongue

A

The palatoglossus muscle is innervated by the vagus nerve (CNX)

43
Q

What are the 3 muscles associated with levator ani?

A
  1. iliococcygeus
  2. pubococcygeus
  3. Puborectalis
44
Q

For lymphatic drainage what was 1) structure above the pectinate line 2) structure below the pectinate line

A

1) IM nodes 2) Superficial inguinal nodes

45
Q

For venous drainage what was 1) structure above the pectinate line 2) structure below the pectinate line

A

1) portal system via inferior mesenteric vein 2) venous drainage from the rectum and anal canal drains into the systemic venous system through the internal iliac vein

46
Q

For nerve supply what was 1) structure above the pectinate line 2) structure below the pectinate line

A

1) autonomic
2) somatic, pudendal

47
Q

What does pudendal mean (nerve)?

A

a branch of the sacral plexus (S2-S4), which provides the somatic innervation to the anal canal

48
Q

For arterial supply what was 1) structure above the pectinate line 2) structure below the pectinate line

A

1) inferior mesenteric vein
2) internal iliac vein

49
Q

Definition of inferior mesenteric vein

A

The inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) drains blood from the lower colon and rectum to the liver

50
Q

The portal Triad consists of what

A

hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and common bile duct

51
Q

What is the CNV vein and what’s it split up into?

A

Trigeminal nerve

CNV1- Ophthalmic division
CNV2- Maxillary division
CNV3- Mandibular division

52
Q

Explain CNV1

A

This branch provides sensory innervation to the upper face, including the forehead, scalp, upper eyelid, and the front of the head.

53
Q

Explain CNV2

A

This branch supplies sensory innervation to the middle portion of the face, including the lower eyelid, cheeks, nose, upper lip, and upper teeth

54
Q

Explain CNV3

A

This branch provides sensory innervation to the lower face, jaw, and certain muscles involved in chewing

55
Q

Nerve that supplies the rectum

A

S4, inferior rectal nerve

56
Q

What is the only voluntary phase of swallowing?

A

Oral phase

57
Q

Where is secretin synthesised?

A

Synthesised by S cells found mainly in the duodenum

58
Q

Where is moltein synthesised?

A

Motilin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by M cells found in the small intestine crypts, particularly the duodenum and jejunum

59
Q

Gastrin is a peptide hormone produced in the stomach and duodenum.

What is the function of this hormone?

A

Stimulates parietal cells in the stomach to produce gastric acid

First Year random (35 decks)

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