Anatomy GI Flashcards
Which cranial nerve innervates all of the tongue muscles except for palatoglossus?
CNXII (hypoglossal)
What innervates the constrictor muscles of the pharynx?
CNX (vagus)
Which cranial nerves innervate the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?
CNIX and CNX
Which cranial nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle?
CNIX
Which cranial nerves provide sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?
General sensory - CNV3
Special sensory - taste - CNVII
What are the sensory and motor limbs of the gag reflex?
Sensory limb - CNIX; Motor limb - CN IX +CNX
Which cranial nerves provide taste innervation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?
CNVII
What cranial nerve provides general and special sensory innervation to the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?
General + special - CNIX
Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of the jaw closing and opening?
CNV3 (mandibular division of trigeminal nerve).
Name the muscles of the jaw closing.
Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid.
Which muscle is involved in jaw opening?
Lateral pterygoid
Where are the pterygoid plates located?
Part of the sphenoid bone.
Describe the typical pain progression associated with appendicitis.
Starts as a dull ache around the umbilicus, then moves to become a localized sharp pain in the right iliac fossa due to irritation of the parietal peritoneum.
What are the parasympathetic innervation sources of the gastrointestinal tract?
Vagus nerve - up to the distal end of the transverse colon
Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2, S3, S4) -
from the descending colon to the anal canal
Is the liver an intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal organ?
Intraperitoneal organ
Where do sympathetic nerves synapse in the adrenal gland?
Directly onto cells of the adrenal gland
What are the visceral afferent nerve fibre levels for the foregut?
Foregut - T6 to T9
What are the visceral afferent nerve fibre levels for the midgut?
T8 to T12
What are the visceral afferent nerve fibre levels for the hindgut?
T10 to L2
What does the gallbladder do with bile?
Stores and concentrates bile.
Name the first branch of the abdominal aorta and its level.
Coeliac trunk, at T12 level.
Describe the course of the splenic artery
Runs a torturous course along the superior border of the pancreas
What breaks down red blood cells to produce bilirubin?
Spleen
Which ribs protect the spleen?
Ribs 9-11
What are the lobes of the liver?
Right, left, caudate, quadrate.
What is the blood supply to the gallbladder?
Cystic artery
Identify the hepatorenal and subphrenic recesses
Located within the greater sac of the peritoneal cavity
What structures form the portal triad?
The hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, common bile duct
What structure is formed by the joining of the bile duct and pancreatic duct?
Ampulla of Vater/hepatopancreatic ampulla
What structure carries bile from the gall bladder?
Bile duct
What is the function of the common hepatic duct?
To transport bile from the liver
Where are the ischioanal fossae located?
On either side of the anal canal
What muscles make up the pelvic floor?
Levator ani muscle
Name three important sites of portal-systemic anastomoses
- The distal end of the oesophagus,
- Skin around the umbilicus
- rectum/anal canal
What causes jaundice?
Increase in blood levels of bilirubin
What is the main blood supply to the pancreas?
Pancreatic branches of splenic artery, superior + inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
Is the first part of the duodenum intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?
Intraperitoneal
Where is McBurney’s point located?
Posteromedial wall of the caecum, 1/3rd of the way between right ASIS and the umbilicus
At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the common iliac arteries?
L4 Level
What is the main arterial anastomosis in the large intestine called?
Marginal artery of Drummond
What are the blood supplies to the rectum and anal canal?
Hindgut part - superior rectal artery from IMA
Somatic part (below the pectinate line) - middle and inferior rectal arteries from the internal iliac artery.
What cranial nerve innervates the palatoglossus muscle in the tongue
The palatoglossus muscle is innervated by the vagus nerve (CNX)
What are the 3 muscles associated with levator ani?
- iliococcygeus
- pubococcygeus
- Puborectalis
For lymphatic drainage what was 1) structure above the pectinate line 2) structure below the pectinate line
1) IM nodes 2) Superficial inguinal nodes
For venous drainage what was 1) structure above the pectinate line 2) structure below the pectinate line
1) portal system via inferior mesenteric vein 2) venous drainage from the rectum and anal canal drains into the systemic venous system through the internal iliac vein
For nerve supply what was 1) structure above the pectinate line 2) structure below the pectinate line
1) autonomic
2) somatic, pudendal
What does pudendal mean (nerve)?
a branch of the sacral plexus (S2-S4), which provides the somatic innervation to the anal canal
For arterial supply what was 1) structure above the pectinate line 2) structure below the pectinate line
1) inferior mesenteric vein
2) internal iliac vein
Definition of inferior mesenteric vein
The inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) drains blood from the lower colon and rectum to the liver
The portal Triad consists of what
hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and common bile duct
What is the CNV vein and what’s it split up into?
Trigeminal nerve
CNV1- Ophthalmic division
CNV2- Maxillary division
CNV3- Mandibular division
Explain CNV1
This branch provides sensory innervation to the upper face, including the forehead, scalp, upper eyelid, and the front of the head.
Explain CNV2
This branch supplies sensory innervation to the middle portion of the face, including the lower eyelid, cheeks, nose, upper lip, and upper teeth
Explain CNV3
This branch provides sensory innervation to the lower face, jaw, and certain muscles involved in chewing
Nerve that supplies the rectum
S4, inferior rectal nerve
What is the only voluntary phase of swallowing?
Oral phase
Where is secretin synthesised?
Synthesised by S cells found mainly in the duodenum
Where is moltein synthesised?
Motilin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by M cells found in the small intestine crypts, particularly the duodenum and jejunum
Gastrin is a peptide hormone produced in the stomach and duodenum.
What is the function of this hormone?
Stimulates parietal cells in the stomach to produce gastric acid
