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NPLEX 2 Flashcards > Phrases, Mneumonics > Flashcards

Phrases, Mneumonics Flashcards

triads, phrases, words that you should be able to associate to diseases, etc

1
Q

cottage cheese and ketchup appearance

A

retinal hemorrhage

seen in CMV retinitis (most common CMV manifestation in HIV patients with CD4 count < 50)

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2
Q

HLA B27

A

ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, ulcerative colitis, reactive arthritis (all seronegative AKA negative RF)

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3
Q

Drusen

A

Macular degeneration

yellow-white deposits seen in dry MD between retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch’s membrane. Eventually Drusen causes growth and proliferation of choroidal capillaries that causes retinal cells to die creating blind spots (wet MD)

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4
Q

flashes of light

A

retinal detachment

retinal photoreceptors are being stimulated by the separation of the retina

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5
Q

cotton wool spots

A

hypertensive or diabetic retinopathy

white, fluffy patches that occur secondary to ischemia from retinal arteriole obstruction

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6
Q

corynebacterium, gray pseudomembrane

A

diphtheria

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7
Q

mastoiditis triad

A

otorrhea, TTP over mastoid process, retroauricular swelling with protruding ear

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8
Q

treatment with amoxicillin > rash

A

infectious mononucleosis

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9
Q

Tumarkin attacks

A

drop attacks in Meniere’s

a sudden fall without loss of consciousness

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10
Q

Schwart’z sign on otoscopic exam

A

otosclerosis

normal TM with a faint pink tinge due to neovascularization of otosclerotic bone

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11
Q

Carhart notch

A

otosclerosis

audiometric artifact due to stapes fixation > reduction in bone conduction hypersensitivity

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12
Q

hyphae, pseudohyphae

A

candida

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13
Q

pellagra

A

P3llagra, B3, D3

B3 (niacin) deficiency

diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia (also death)

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14
Q

Quincy triad

A

trismus (inability to open oral cavity), uvular deviation, dysphonia (impaired ability to produce sound)

seen in peritonsillar abscess/quincy

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15
Q

plasmodium

A

malaria

falciparum = most common and most lethal

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16
Q

schistocytes

A

hemolytic anemia (intravascular hemolysis)

fragmented parts of RBCs

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17
Q

hypersegmented neutrophils

A

megaloblastic anemia (form of macrocytic anemia)

due to B12, B9 def, or methotrexate

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18
Q

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

A

iron deficiency anemia

dysphagia (esophageal webs) and glossitis

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19
Q

Heinz bodies, bite cells

A

G6PD deficiency (also thalassemias)

Heinz bodies are seen in active hemolytic anemia - damage to RBCs causing intravascular hemolysis

bite cells are RBCs with Heinz bodies that have been phagocytosed by splenic macrophages

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20
Q

fava beans

A

G6PD deficiency

remove in those with G6PD def, as it is an oxidative stressor

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21
Q

HLA A3, HFE gene

A

hemochromatosis

short arm of chromosome 6

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22
Q

bronze diabetes

A

hemochromatosis

due to the destruction of B-islet cells, iron deposits in the skin increasing melanin production/hyperpigmentation

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23
Q

Jak 2 gene mutation

A

polycythemia vera

short arm of chromosome 9

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24
Q

5 Hs of hemophilia

A

hemarthroses, hematomas, hematochezia, hematuria, head hemorrhage

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25
Q

PT (INR) vs PTT

A

play tennis outside
play table tennis inside (hemophilia)

A normal PT and PTT, with increased bleeding time due to decreased platelets, is indicative of ITP.
TTP is associated with a decreased RBC count.
Von Willebrand’s disease causes an increased PTT.
DIC causes an increase in PT and PTT in addition to increased bleeding time and decreased platelets. Polycythemia vera has an increased platelet count causing hyperviscosity.

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26
Q

tetrad of Henoch-Schonlein Purpura

A

palpable purpura, abd pain, arthritis, renal disease (IgA nephropathy, etc)

  • self-limiting and resolves in FOUR weeks
  • affects 4-10 year olds (compared to ITP which affects 2-6 yo)
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27
Q

vitamin K def

A

2, 7, 9, 10, protein C/S

normal PTT, PT/INR elevated

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28
Q

ages of leukemias

A 
CML = any age, median 65 yo
AML = All My Life, any age, 15-59 usu
ALL = All Little Leaguers, children
CLL = Cranky Late Lifers, > 60
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29
Q

Philadelphia chromosome, translocation b/w chromosomes 9 and 22

A

CML

CMon Lets go to Philadelphia!

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30
Q

Auer rods

A

AML - pathognomonic

splinter shaped or rod shaped structures in the cytosol of myeloblasts

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31
Q

virgin B cells

A

CLL

B cells that cannot differentiate into plasma cells

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32
Q

smudge cells

A

CLL

fragile leukemic cells

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33
Q

Reed-Sternberg cells

A

Hodgkin Lymphoma

neoplastic cells that arise from germinal center B cells > has two mirror image nuclei “owl eyes”

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34
Q

mediastinal mass

A

Hodgkin Lymphoma

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35
Q

LAD of noncontiguous spread along multiple lymph nodes

A

Non Hodgkin Lymphoma

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36
Q

MM sxs/signs

A

CRAB: increased calcium, renal failure, anemia, bony lesions, Bence Jones proteins

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37
Q

punched out lytic lesions

A

multiple myeloma

lytic lesions or osteoporosis (also seen in other cancers that affect the bones - neuroblastoma, etc)

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38
Q

Rouleaux formation

A

multiple myeloma

RBCs are stacked like poker chips in the blood smear

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39
Q

M-spike

A

multiple myeloma

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40
Q

tophi

A

Gout

monosodium urate crystal deposits in tissues

microtophi = deposits in synovium

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41
Q

podagra

A

acute gouty arthritis in the first metatarsophalangeal joint

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42
Q

bull’s eye skin lesion

A

Lyme Disease

seen in Stage 1 (7-14 days post-bite), a red expanding non-pruritic lesion with concentric circles

43
Q

bilateral bell’s palsy

A

Lyme Disease (also consider GBS, cancer, etc)

44
Q

Dowager’s hump

A

kyphosis

45
Q

absence of dystrophin

A

muscular dystrophy

46
Q

waddling gait

A

muscular dystrophy (or hip dislocation from birth)

47
Q

popcorn calcification on XR

A

chondroma

48
Q

nidus

A

osteoma/osteoid osteoma

radiolucent area of about 1 cm in diameter with a calcified center - seen on XR

49
Q

onion-like skinning, moth-eaten appearance

A

ewings sarcoma - seen on XR of the periosteal bone

50
Q

steeple sign

A

croup

51
Q

thumbprint sign

A

epiglottitis

52
Q

apple core sign

A

colon cancer

53
Q

bird beak sign

A

volvulus

54
Q

beriberi

A

B1 deficiency

55
Q

Wernicke - Korsakoff

A

B1 deficiency due to alcoholism

56
Q

burning foot syndrome

A

B5 deficiency

57
Q

blueberry muffin skin nodules

A

neuroblastoma

58
Q

point mutation that inactivates RB suppressor gene of ch 13

A

retinoblastoma

59
Q

cat’s eye reflex

A

retinoblastoma

60
Q

negri bodies

A

rabies

present in the hippocampus and cerebellum in encephalitis

61
Q

slapped cheek rash and exanthema > erythematous maculopapular rash the extends to the trunks and proximal extremities

A

fifth disease or erythema infectiosum (human parvovirus B19)

fades over 2-4 days > appears 1-4 days after slapped cheek disappears

Erythema infectiosum (5th disease) appears as a blotchy pink rash on the cheeks, occurring in 5–7-year-old children mostly; this rash will also resolve spontaneously.

62
Q

hand-foot-mouth

A

coxsackie

63
Q

HHV 6

A

roseola infantum

64
Q

begins with a fever and 3 days of general malaise, then the fever rapidly resolves, and a light pink lacy, nonpruritic rash appears on the neck and trunk > face and extremities

A

roseola infantum

Roseola infantum . (The mnemonic I use to remember the disappearing rash of roseola in ‘phantom’ is that the fever disappears “like a ghost.” The ‘infantum’ part of the name is also practically helpful for remembering that this condition affects infants, whereas many other childhood exanthems affect children over the age of 2.) This rash may extend to include the arms and legs as well. This rash is common in infants 9–12 months of age. Febrile seizures may occur in some children with a high fever. Notably, it is rare to see URI or GI symptoms in the beginning of the roseola infantum presentation, and this may help to distinguish it from a more common viral infection. Of course, the rash is the most distinctive part of the presentation, and this will appear after the fever drops.

65
Q

forchheimer’s spots

A

rubella/german measles/3-day measles

red spots that develop on posterior soft/hard palate

66
Q

pruritic pink, discrete maculopapular rash that starts on hairline of face and rapidly spreads to neck, trunk, and rest of body

A

rubella/german measles/3-day measles **this is also a TORCH infection)

67
Q

morbilliform rash

A

rubeola (measles)

rubella, group A strep

68
Q

rash that starts at the hairline, spreads down to face/neck/trunk, then desquamates

A

morbilliform rash
rubeola (measles)

does not involve palms or soles

69
Q

4 Cs of rubeola/measles

A

prodrome has a cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis, and Koplik spots

70
Q

Koplik spots

A

rubeola (measles)

grey/white papules on buccal mucosa

71
Q

strawberry tongue

A

scarlet fever

white exudate on tongue studded with prominent red papillae > when white exudate disappears tongue looks beefy red

72
Q

sandpaper rash, nonpruritic, nonpainful erythematous rash on face and neck first, then spreads

A

scarlet fever

73
Q

Centor criteria

A

strep pharyngitis, 1 point per +

no cough
3-14 y/o
tender anterior LAD
erythematous tonsils
fever > 100.4

0-1 = less likely
2-3 = culture and treat if +
4: antibiotics

74
Q

significant pruritic rash progressing from macules > vesicles > pustules > burst and crust. involves trunk, face, scalp, conjunctivae, oral mucosa, palms, and soles

A

varicella zoster chicken pox

**do not prescribe ASA)

75
Q

stridor, subglottic swelling, seal bark cough

A

Croup

76
Q

steeple sign or pencil point sign

A

croup

subglottic narrowing

77
Q

salty tasting skin

A

cystic fibrosis

78
Q

tripod posture in kids

A

acute epiglottitis

79
Q

thumb sign on lateral neck radiograph

A

acute epiglottitis: cherry shaped epiglottic swelling

80
Q

machinery murmur

A

PDA

81
Q

no meconium in first 48 hours of life

A

Hirschsprungs

normal: 95% should pass in first 24, rest of 5% before 48 hours

82
Q

blast sign

A

Hirschsprungs: explosive passage of stool upon withdrawal of finger

83
Q

sausage shaped mass in RLQ

A

intussusception, also called Dance sign

84
Q

red currant jelly stools, palpable mass, and abd pain

A

tried of intussusception

85
Q

bilious green vomit and no passage of meconium

A

meconium ileus

86
Q

nonbilious projectile vomiting

A

pyloric stenosis

*hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis

87
Q

olive shaped mass

A

pyloric stenosis: firm, nontender, and mobile hard pylorus at the RUQ

88
Q

salmon colored maculopapular rash

A

sx of juvenile RA

89
Q

club shaped bacilli

A

corynebacterium diphtheriae - seen on gram stain

90
Q

chromosome 14 missense mmutation (AD)

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

91
Q

splinter hemorrhages in nail beds

A

endocarditis - linear reddish brown lesions within the nail bed

92
Q

janeway’s lesion

A

endocarditis - painless 5 mm pustular, hemorrhagic lesions on palms or soles

93
Q

roth’s spots

A

endocarditis - irregular red area of retinal hemorrhage with a pale center

94
Q

osler’s nodes

A

endocarditis - painful nodules on the pads of fingers or toes

95
Q

coffin lid or triple phosphate

A

kidney stones

Urinalysis revealed the absence of nitrites and leukocytes making it less likely that we will observe WBC casts as they are typically associated with infectious or inflammatory diseases of the kidney. Epithelial cells are usually due to acute tubule cell injuries and causative factors are inconsistent with his clinical presentation. Fatty casts are associated with nephrotic syndrome while hexagonal crystals are composed of cystine and have an incidence of only about 2 percent due to an autosomal recessive disorder causing cystinuria. Trace amounts of non-hemolyzed blood and “coffin lid” or “triple phosphate” crystals are reflective of kidney stones.

96
Q

spaghetti and meatballs

A

tinea versicolor looks like this on KOH - long curved strands of hyphae and budding yeast cells

97
Q

“Dewdrops on rose petals”

A

varicella zoster (chicken pox)

98
Q

“Chandelier sign”

A

extreme tenderness on palpation or movement of the cervix, and indicates pelvic inflammatory disease.

99
Q

“Orange peel sign,” also called “peau d’orange”

A

dimpling of the skin over inflammatory or cancerous breast tissue

100
Q

WBC casts

A

The pathognomonic sign for pyelonephritis is white blood cell casts in the urine. In a lower UTI, you’ll see WBC without casts, and presence of casts suggests kidney involvement.

101
Q

RBC casts

A

Red blood cell casts are found in glomerulonephritis.

102
Q

Waxy casts

A

waxy casts are found in patients with chronic renal failure.

103
Q

Fatty Casts

A

Fatty casts are seen in nephrotic syndrome

NPLEX 2 Flashcards (13 decks)

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