DONE: Botanicals Flashcards
Listed in alphabetical order. Main concepts at the end of the list marked with ZZ.
Achillea millefolium
- actions?
- indications?
- contraindications and AEs d/t?
Yarrow flowers asteraceae family
- bitter digestive stimulant, vulnerary, styptic/hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, diaphoretic
topical: wound and skin ulcers
internal: passive hemorrhage, meno or metrorrhagia, hematuria, anal or uterine hemorrhoids, cystitis, leukorrhea, poor digestion, fever, URTIs, joint pain
AEs: *thujone is an emmenagogue, abortifacient, and can cause convulsions
contraindicated: *b/c it is a bitter digestive: GERD< PUD, gastritis, biliary obstruction, acute cholelithiais, diarrhea. *avoid large doses in pregnancy
interacts: PPIs
Aconitum napellus
- effects
- effect on the heart
Monkshood root or leaf low dose herb
- sensory and motor depressant: aconitine raises Na ion permeability and slows repol: it is initially stimulating, then causes paralysis
- sedative
- anti-pyretic
high doses: positive inotropic effect, then tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac arrest
indicated: trigeminal and intercostal neuralgia, fever, chills
side effects: highly toxic, tingling, decrease in body temperature
contraindicated: pregnancy, lactation
Actea (Cimicifuga) racemosa
- mimetic of what hormone?
- indicated?
- contraindicated?
- used with what pharmaceutical to decrease its SEs?
Black cohosh root
- uterine tonic, pituitary and estrogen mimetic, parturifacient, anti-rheumatic, spasmolytic, antitussive, nervine
indicated: dysmenorrhea, PMS, menopause, early labor, rheumatism, myalgia, OA and RA, whooping cough
AEs: in overdose: sedative, bradycardia, hypotension, blurred vision, N/V, HA
contraindicated: 1st TM of pregnancy and lactation, estrogen dependent tumors
interacts: HRT > excess estrogen that does NOT affect the uterus. reduces hot-flushes from tamoxifen
Aesculus hippocastanum
- used topically for? internally for?
Horse Chestnut leaves
- astringent, vasocontrictive, veno-tonic, anti-inflammatory, mild expectorant
topical: hemorrhoids, pruritis ani, varicose veins, nocturnal leg swelling
internal: venous insufficiency, DVT, varicose veins, thrombophlebitis, edema, chronic prostatitis
AEs: Nausea, unprocessed fruit is highly toxic
contraindications: high dose
Allium cepa
- what is it?
- name 4 actions?
- contraindicated in what 2 diseases?
- contraindicated with what therapy?
onion bulb
- antimicrobial (staph)
- reduces plt aggregation, LDL antioxidant, inhibits COX and LOX (decreases leukotrienes)
- hypoglycemic: disulphides (make you cry): ADPS increases the 1/2 life of insulin, increases insulin secretion, and increases hepatic metabolism of glucose
- carminative
indicated:
internal: urinary infections (urgency, pus, hematuria, stones), elevated cholesterol or blood pressure, platelet aggregation, inflammatory conditions, elevated blood glucose
external: dermatophytosis, onychomycosis, warts, vaginitis, otitis media
contraindicated: hypothyroidism (raw/disulphides reduce iodine uptake), bleeding disorders, anticoagulant therapy
interactions: warfarin, insulin, metformin, glyburide. rosiglitazone
Allium sativum
- what is it?
- 3 actions?
garlic bulb, oil
- antimicrobial (fungus, protozoa, and bacteria)
- hypotensive
- hypolipidemic
indicated: URTIs with cough/catarrh/pertussis/otitis media, parasites (worms and candidiasis), high cholesterol and lipids (reduces serum chol and TGs, raises HDL), intermittent claudication, HTN, heart attack and stroke prevention
caution: might potentiate anticoagulants
Aloe vera
- explain difference between inner and outer
(outer): cathartic
gel (inner): vulnerary, inflammation and immune modulator, demulcent
- external: burns, wounds, frost bite, ulcerations, stretch marks, warts, varicose veins
- internal: gastritis, IBD, peptic ulcer, interstitial or infectious cramping
- dont use in 3rd degree burns, deep/infected wounds, or wounds healing by 2ary intention
interacts: glyburide
Althaea officinalis
- indicated for?
- take away from other oral drugs how many hours?
Marsh Mallow
demulcent - urinary and GI, emolient, vulnerary, anti-inflammatory
indicated for uncomplicated cystitis (not pyeloneph), gastric inflammation, oral and pharyngeal irritation
CI: profuse catarrh or congestion of mucous membranes
take away from all other drugs 2 hours
Angelica sinensis
- indicated for?
- AEs with which pharm?
- dont use in?
Dong Quai root
- uterine tonic , liver tonic, spasmolytic, anti-inflamatory, analgesic, sedative
indicated: amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, endometritis, estrogen imbalance, menopause, PMS, uterine tonic, liver, digestion, WHOLE BODY HERB
AEs: fever, GI, increased bleeding *monitor PT/INR in those taking blood thinners, photodermatitis
contraindicated: hemorrhagic disease, hypermenorrhea, chronic diarrhea, abd bloating, acute infection, pregnancy
interacts: warfarin
Arctium lappa
- contraindicated?
- indicated?
Burdock Root asteraceae family
Bitter, hepatoprotective, alterative, diuretic (avoid with Lithium), hypoglycemic
indicated: inflammatory and hormonal skin conditions - acne, stimulates digestive juice secretion, helps with appetite and anorexia nervosa, dry/scaly skin patches like eczema, psoriasis, dandruff
topical leaves: mastitis, OA, RA, sprains
AEs: nausea
interacts: additive effect with insulin
CI: asteraceae
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
- class?
- what kind of UTIs?
- what two constituents does it contain?
- take away from these 3 supplements?
Uva Ursi, Bearberry leaves
renal antimicrobial, not a diuretic
indicated for uncomplicated cystitis (not pyeloneph), alkaline UTIs, chronic bladder irritation with pain, tenesmus, blood and mucus
AEs: high tannins could cause GI discomfort. extended use esp in children > liver damage due to hydroxyquinones
contraindicated: pregnancy > 10 days, kidney disorders
interactions: tannins iron. avoid use with anything that acidifies the urine as this reduces the antimicrobial effect of the hydroxuquinones (vitamin C and cranberry)
Arnica montana
- used when?
Arnica flower Asteraceae family
- topical antiinflammatory, vulnerary, immune stimulant
used externally for bruises and to reduce pain, phlebitis, rheumatism, strains and sprains, myalgia
do not use in large open wounds > risk of toxicity
Artemesia absinthum
- indicated for?
- what makes it different from other artemesias?
- large doses/continuous doses?
- take away from what pharm? what supplement?
Wormwood leaf asteraceae family
bitter, carminative, antimicrobial, antidepressant
indicated: weak digestion, dyspepsia, stomach pain, colic, gas, *round worm and pinworms, depression, colds, influenza
AEs: dont take continuously, large doses of thujone can lead to vomiting, cramps, headache, dizziness, etc
CI: seizures, ulcers, pregnancy, breastfeeding
interacts: PPIs, Iron (separate by 1-2 hours)
Artemesia annua
- indicated?
- what makes it different from other artemesias?
- combine with what supplement for optimal efficacy
Annual Wormwood root and leaf asteraceae family
- antiparasitic, antimicrobial, antineoplastic, bitter
Indicated: infection, *plasmodium/malaria, *cancer - leukemia and colon cancer
AEs: allergies or contact dermatitis
contraindicated: pregnancy, lactation, aster allergy
you SHOULD combine with iron for optimal efficacy!
Artemesia vulgaris
- what makes it different from other artemesias?
- contraindicated?
Mugwort root asteraceae family
bitter and nervine tonic, carminative, emmenagogue, nootropic is diff effect
indicatied: poor digestion, depression, amenorrhea
AEs: thujone is an emmenagogue, abortifacient, and can cause convulsion
contraindicated: GERD, active ulcers, gastritis, biliary obstruction, cholelithiasis, diarrhea, *pregnancy, lactation, asteraceae
interacts: PPIs, hypoglycemics
Asclepius tuberosa
- actions?
- indicated?
- contraindicated?
- interactions?
Pleurisy root
- diaphoretic, expectorant, antitussive, antispasmodic
indicated: infection, respiratory tract congestion (bronchitis, pleurisy, pertussis, pneumonia, cough, common cold, flu)
Aes: nausea and upset stomach
contraindicated: pregnancy, large doses for several days
interacts: cardiac glycosides
Aspidosperma quebracho
- indicated for? contraindicated?
Quebracho bark low dose herb
stimulating expectorant used in wet cough to promote expectoration. antitussive, antimicrobial
indicated: wet cough, dyspnea, asthma, emphysema, TB, hemoptysis, bronchitis, pneumonia
AEs: salivation, sweating, vertigo, stupor, OD = N/V
contraindicated in dry cough (same as sanguinaria, lobelia)
Astragalus membranaceus
- actions?
- could effect blood how?
- dont use in?
Astragalus, Huang Qi
- Adaptogen and immune modulating, antibacterial, viral, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, hypoglycemic
indicated: deep immune system, allergies, resp infections, cancer
Aes: could increase fibrin formation
contraindicated in autoimmune conditions
interacts: acyclovir, IFN 1 and 2, corticosteroids
Atropa belladonna
- class?
- effects on heart?
- adverse effects?
- interacts with which class?
Belladonna leaves and root
contains tropane alkaloids atropine low dose herb
- anticholinergic, parasympatholytic = competitive antagonism of Ach
- spasmolytic, positive dromotropic, positive chronotropic, vasoconstrictor, smooth muscle inhibitor, bronchodilator
indicated: liver and GB complaints, smooth muscle
AEs: hot as a hare, red as a beet, dry as a bone, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter
contraindications: long-term use, high doses, BPH, urinary retention, prostate CA, tachycardia, arrhythmia, closed-angle glaucoma, GI stenosis, megacolon, pregnancy, lactation, children
interacts: potentiates anticholinergic drugs - atropine, bupropion, dextromethorphan, dicyclomine, diphenhydramine, tiotropium bromide, tolterodine, TCAs
Avena Sativa
- classes
- contraindicated in which pt population?
- what class of meds does it effect absorption?
Oat seed
- nervine, nutritive, mild sedative
Beta-glucans in oat gum can increase food viscosity and peak post-prandial glucose, increases bile excretion and decreases lipids
indicated for:
internal: fatigue, anxiety, debility, autoimmune conditions like MS, rheumatism, insomnia, nicotine or opiate withdrawal
external: anodyne, eczema
contraindications: people with celiac disease
interactions: oat bran could effect absorption of statins - eat it 2 hours before or 4-6 hours after taking
Bacopa monnieri
- indications and class
bacopa aerial parts
-antioxidant, neuroprotective, inhibits ACHesterase, increases cerebral blood flow
indicated: cognition, anxiety, epilepsy, poor memory
AEs: palpitations, nausea, dry mouth, thirst
Baptisia tinctoria
- use in combo with which 2 herbs?
- effect on WBC?
Wild Indigo root low dose herb
- raises leukocyte count, immune stimulating, antiviral when in combination w echinacea and thuja
- antimicrobial, anti-catarrhal, alterative
indicated: infection, URIs with catarrh, pharyngitis, tonsilitis, mastitis, delirium, chronic fatigue
AEs: GI upset
CI: long term and high dose, pregnancy and lactation
Berberis (Mahonia) aquifolium
- indications different from vulgaris
Oregon Grape root
hepatic, antibiotic (not antiviral), bitter, alterative, cholagogue
indicated: poor digestion, chronic skin disease, acne, candida, mastitis, gastroenteritis, H pylori, hepatitis, lower UTI, vaginitis
AEs: N/V, hypotension, HF, convulsions, paresthesias
contraindicated: anything contraindicated in bitter digestive stimulants, late pregnancy
interacts: PPIs
Berberis vulgaris
- indications different from aquifolium
Barberry fruit and root bark
hepatic, bitter, cholagogue, choleretic, antimicrobial
hypoglycemic agent (berberine), berberine = metformin in some studies for reducing blood glucose
indicated: poor digestion, gastritis, H pylori, gastroenteritis, chronic hepatitis, liver disease, gallstones, malaria, splenomegaly
AEs: N/V, hypotension, HF, convulsions, paresthesias
contraindicated: anything contraindicated in bitter digestive stimulants, late pregnancy
interacts: PPIs
Boswellia serrata
- when is it used?
- enhances which drugs?
Frankincense gum resin
anti-inflammatory, circulatory stimulant, analgesic, antiseptic, astringent
indicated for: ulcerative colitis, OA, crohns, RA, chronic prostatits, inflammation, asthma
AEs: take with water and food to avoid GI irritation
*enhances NSAIDs - ASA, ibuprofen, naproxen and celecoxib
Bryonia alba/cretica dioica
- used for?
- how many berries would kill an adult and child?
- contraindicated?
White and Red Bryony root low dose herb
- anodyne, sedative, antirheumatic, antiviral, cathartic
indicated: painful rheumatism, laxative, emetic, diuretic, ulcers, asthma, bronchitis
AEs: OD > vomiting, diarrhea, colic, collapse, paralysis 40. berries would kill and adult, 15 would kill a child
contraindicated: pregnancy, lactation, internal use
Calendula officinalis
- indications
- contraindications?
Calendula, Marigold flower Asteraceae family
- anti-inflammatory, vulnerary, mild antibacterial it promotes the formation of granulation tissue > important for epithelization and healing of wounds
indicated: skin conditions, surgical wounds, gingivitis, oral ulcers, varicose veins. (can be used internally for gastric ulcers)
CI: deep wounds, aster allergy
Camellia sinensis
- what does it contain?
- interacts with which class?
green tea leaf
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic, antimicrobial, diuretic, contains purine alkaloids
indicated: cancer and dental cavity prevention
AEs: gi irritation, reduced appetite, constipation or diarrhea - can avoid these by adding milk to tea
contraindicated: weakened cardio system, renal disease, thyroid hyperfunctioning, anxiety and anxiety-like disorders d/t stimulant. avoid in pregnancy and breastfeeding due to caffeine content
interactions: reduces effectiveness of anticoags
Cannabis sativa
- which two situations is it most beneficial in?
- issue with non pharm versions?
- with which med is there a serious side effect? what is it?
Marijuana
demulcent, analgesic, sedative, antiemetic, psychoactive, anti-inflammatory, hypotensive
indicated: appetite stimulant, antiemetic (AIDS, CA)
side effects: dizziness, euphoria, laughing fits, paranoid, somnolence, abnormal thinking
* could be contaminated with aspergillus if not pharm
CI: pregnancy C, breastfeeding, schizophrenia
interacts: sildenafil > MI, CNS depressants, alcohol
Capsella bursa-pastoris
- actions?
- indicated?
- contraindicated?
- interacts?
Shepherd’s Purse aerial
styptic, astringent
indicated: nosebleeds, hemorrhage, wounds and burns
contraindicated: pregnancy
interacts: warfarin
Capsicum frutescens
- what is it?
- contraindicated?
- interacts with what drug?
cayenne ground dried fruit
- circulatory and vasomotor stimulant: lowers chol, TG, and LDL:HDL, decreases plt agg
- rubefacient/counterirritant
- gastric stimulant
- antimicrobial
- anti-inflammatory: stimulates production of collagenase (OA, RA), depletes substance P (pain transmission in C-fibers decreased)
indicated:
external: diabetic neuropathy, pruritis, psoriasis, OA, RA, migraines
internal: hypochlorhydria, H pylori, maldigestion, dyspepsia, biliary insufficiency, atonic constipation, atherosclerosis, GI or resp infection, hypercoagulation
contraindicated: pregnancy - uterine stimulant
interactions: compounds dry cough side effect of ACEIs
Cassia angustufolia (Senna alexandrina)
- how does it work?
- weird side effects?
- pregnancy?
Senna
stimulating laxative, cathartic inhibits water and electrolyte absorption from the large intestine > increases volume and pressure of intestinal contents > stimulates colon motility
indicated: constipation
AEs: harmless red urine or feces, colic, pseudomelanosis coli, diarrhea, abortion
contraindicated: obstruction, acute inflamm disease, appendicitis, pregnancy
interactions: avoid hypoK drugs
Caulophyllum thalictroides
- treats?
contraindicated?
- dont use with what pharm?
Blue cohosh rhizome
- uterine tonic, parturifacient, emmenagogue, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, diuretic, diaphoretic
indicated: amenorrhea, menorrhagia, metrorrhaggia, dysmenorrhea, cyclic mastalgia, female infertility, uterine prolapse, to facilitate labor, rheumatism, OA, RA
AEs: dermatitis, GI irritation
CI: pregnancy
interacts: nitroglycerin
Ceanothus americanus
- contains? which does ?
- tonic to which organ?
New Jersey Tea
- tannins have astringent effect: reduced blood clotting time, also an expectorant and antispasmodic. spleen tonic, hypotensive, sedative
indicated: fatty liver, hepatitis, splenomegaly, LAD, bronchitis, asthma, cough, dysentery, GI bleeds, skin irritation and sores
interacts: could antagonize anticoagulants
Centella asiatica
- class
- used in which emergency scenario?
- side effect on labs?
- pregnancy?
Gotu Kola whole plant
- nervine, antipyretic
indicated: nervousness, poor memory, epilepsy, venous insufficiency
externally: inflamed skin, ulcers, psoriasis, snake bite poultice
AEs: photosensitization, DM or HLD (could increase blood glucose and lipids), possible infertility
contraindicated: pregnancy
Chamaelirium luteum
- tonic for which 2 organs?
- indications?
- contraindicated?
- pharm interaction?
false unicorn root
-uterine and ovarian tonic, emmenagogue, diuretic
indicated: amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, leukorrhea, estrogen imbalance, menopause, female infertility, uterine infection, ovarian cysts, leiomyoma, PMS, threatened miscarriage, premature labor, dyspepsia
AEs: N/V, anti-plt
contraindicated: early pregnancy, GI irritation
interacts: warfarin
Chelidonium majus
- actions
- topically for? internally?
- contraindicated?
Greater celandine aerial parts, roots and rhizome
-alterative, choleretic, cholagogue, bitter, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, mild antitussive, anitmicrobial, antiviral (HPV)
topical: warts, eczema, corns, malignant tumors
internal: biliary insufficiency, prevent gall stones, whooping coug, asthma
CI: biliary obstruction, hepatic failure, acute diarrhea, cholelothiasis, hepatitis, chlecystitis, conconjugated hyperBRemia, pregancy, lactation, children
Chionanthus virginicus
- indications?
Fringe Tree dried root or tree bark
- cholagogue, alterative, bitter, diuretic
topical: wounds and inflammation
internal: liver and gallbladder dysfunction, jaundice, hepatomegaly, biliary insufficiency, gall stones, chronic skin conditions
CI: normal things for bitters
Cineraria maritima
- use?
- contraindicated?
Dusty Miller leaf Asteraceae family
indications: cataracts (topical) I have to SEE to go to the CINE MA
AEs: hepato-veno-occlusive disease, hepatic failure, death
CI: internal use, broken skin, pregnancy, lactation, aster family
Cinnamonum zeylanicum
- which bug does it work against?
- pregnancy?
Cinnamon oil from bark and leaf
astringent, carminative, antimicrobial (H pylori), vasodilating, diaphoretic, antispasmodic
indicated: loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia
AEs: GI irritant, N/V
contraindicated: pregnancy, allergy, ulcers, acid reflux, *prolonged use could be toxic
Coleus forskohlii
- contains what?
- effects on the heart? lunggs?
- contraindicated?
Coleus root
- diterpene glycosides
- adenylate cyclase activator, positive ionotropic (contractility), vasodilator, hypotensive, bronchodilator, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antihistamine, anti-plt
indicated: asthma, dilated cardiomyopathy, HTN, allergies, glaucoma, hypothyroidism, obesity
AEs: gi stimulation and nausea
contraindicated: active peptic ulcers, pregnancy, lactation, children
interacts with: cardiac glycosides (digoxin, convallaria, digitalis, leonurus), anticoags, insulin and hypoglycemic drugs, antihistamines, levothyroxine, increase bleeds with NSAIDs, antagonize PPIs
Commiphora mukul
- main use?
- interacts with what drug?
Indian bdellium gum/resin
- hypolipidemic: increases hepatic binding sites for LDL, inhibits chol synthesis, decreases TGs, increases fecal excretion of bile acids and chol
- anti-inflammatory: decreases pain of OA after 1 month
indications: elevated LDL, HLD, inflammations (OA), nodulocystic acne
contraindicated: IBD
interactions: induce CYP450, decrease bioavailability of propranolol
Commiphora myrrha (molmol)
- uses?
- interacts w what pharm?
Myrrh resin from bark
- antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, expectorant, antitussive
indicated: topical mouth and pharynx inflammation. internal cough expectorant
contraindicated: pregnancy and lactation
interacts: insulin and hypoglycemics
Convallaria majalis
- contains? does what to the heart?
- how do you treat an OD?
- contraindicated?
- interactions?
lily of the valley flower tips and rhizome low dose herb
- glycosides
- positive ionotropic (contractility), negative chronotropic (rate), negative dromotropic (conduction), positive bathmotropic (excitability)
- natiuretic, diuretic
- dose-dependent venoconstrictive
indicated: arrythmia, cardiac insufficiency, hypotension
AEs: nausea, vomiting, headache, death treat with atropine - monitor K/glc/insulin
contraindications: digitalis and other cardiac glycosides (convallaria, digitalis, leonurus)
interactions: hypokalemic drugs/diuretics, corticosteroids. anti-arrhythmics, pseudoephedrine, glycyrrhiza, calcium > will promote arrhythmia, potentiates BBs
Cordyseps sinensis - made from? indicated for? - contraindicated in? at toxic doses? - potentiates?
Caterpillar fungus
-bronchodilator, antibiotic, anti-cancer
indicated: acute infection, anemia, BM protection, fatigue, asthma, impotence, chronic cough, debility
at toxic doses: *constipation, abd distention, irregular menstruation, amenorrhea
potentiates Epinephrine
Corydalis ambigua
- contains what?
- used in?
- contraindicated?
Corydalis root
*isoquinolone alkaloids
powerful analgesic, hypnotic, sedative, spasmolytic, tranquilizing, hallucinogenic. suppresses CNS, reduces BP, decreases GI motility
indicated: severe nerve damage, emotional disturbances and tremors, high blood pressure, small intestine spasms, dysmenorrhea
AEs: decreased menstrual flow, headaches, fatigue
overdose: clonic spasms with musculature tremor
contraindicated: pregnancy, breastfeeding
Crataegus oxyacantha (laevigata)
- contains what?
- similar to what drug class?
- effects on heart?
- drug interactions?
Hawthorn berries, flower, leaf
- cardiac tonic: procyanidins and flavonoids increase coronary blood flow via vasodilation and red in peripheral resistance, positive ionotrope and chronotrope, similar to class III antiarrhythmics, lowers LDL
- heart nutritive
- hypotensive
- anti-inflammatory: flavonoids decrease capillary fragility, prevent collagen destruction of joints
indicated: CHF, arrhythmias, valvular murmurs, cap fragility, HTN
interacts: antiplatelets increase bleed risk, may enhance glycoside drug/herbs, avoid with antiarrhthymics, increased side effects of BBs
Curcuma longa
- actions?
- indications?
- contraindicated?
Turmeric rhizome
- hepatic, anti-neoplastic, anti-inflammatory, immune modulator, antibacterial, antiplatelet
Indicated for: reduction of pain and inflammation associated with OA, inflammatory conditions (IBD), gallstone prevention, jaundice, hepatitis, UBS, protection of NSAID induced ulcers, cancer, OA, RA, inflammation, asthma, skin, prevention of strokes and MIs
AEs: stomach stuff
CI: biliary obstruction, hyperchlorhydria, pregnancy
interacts: warfarin
Cynara scolymus
- indications? actions?
Artichoke Asteraceae family
- bitter, hypolipidemia
indicated: dyslipidemia, poor digestion
contraindicated in bitter CIs
Datura stramonium
- which part of the plant is poisonous?
- what does it contain? who is it similar to?
- indicated for?
- contraindicated?
- drug interactions?
Jimson weed dried leaves flowers are poisonous, but fragrant low dose herb
- contains tropane alkaloids (daturine, atropine, hyoscine, scopolamine*
- these are anticholinergic and parasympatholytic
- sedative, antispasmodic
indications (folk medicine, we dont use it): asthma, convulsive cough, pertussis, bronchitis, influenza, severe catarrh, expectorant
AEs: same as belladonna
contraindicated: glaucoma, pregnancy, with anticholinergic or TCAs
interacts: potentiates anticholinergic drugs - atropine, bupropion, dextromethorphan, dicyclomine, diphenhydramine, tiotropium bromide, tolterodine AND TCAs
Digitalis purpurea
- contains what? effects on heart?
foxglove leaf low dose herb
- cardiac glycosides* positive ionotrope, negative chronotrope
- cardiac stimulant, diuretic, emetic at high doses
indicated: CHF, atrial arrhythmias
AEs: narrow therapeutic range, GI sxs, yellow or green halo around objects
contraindicated: 1/2 degree AV block, severe carditis, angina, arrhythmias, bradycardia. cardiac hypertrophy, aortic stenosis, kidney failure, hypokalemia/calcemia, hypercalcemia, pregnancy, lactation
interactions: hypokalemic drugs/diuretics, corticosteroids. anti-arrhythmics, pseudoephedrine, glycyrrhiza, calcium > will promote arrhythmia, potentiates BBs
Dioscorea villosa
- actions?
- indications?
- contraindicated in ?
Wild Yam root
- spasmolytic, antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, diaphoretic, hepatic, cholagogue
indicated: dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, PMS< threatened miscarriage, premature labor, smooth muscle spasm, colic, myalgia, neuralgia, OA RA acute rheumatism
CI: biliary obstruction, cholecystitis, biliary cancer, pancreatic cancer, hepatitis, cirrhosis, pregnancy in high doses
Echinacea angustifolia, pallida, and purpurea
- actions?
- indications and contraindications?
- children?
- dont use with what drugs?
Purple cone flower root leaf and flower asteraceae family
Adaptogen, immune modulator, immune stimulant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial/bacterial/viral, stimulates phagocytosis and activates macrophages, vulnerary and alterative
indicated: influenza, URTI, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, staph skin, vaginitis, mastitis, wounds, skin ulcers, acne, chronic skin disease, cancer, mycobacterial infection
contraindicated: aster family, TB, MS, AIDS, HIV, auto-immune disease, possible long term use
* safe for use in children*
interactions: immune suppression therapy
Eleutherococcus senticosus
- actions?
- indicated?
- contraindicated?
Siberian ginseng root
- Adaptogen, immune modulating, adrenal support
indicated: pharyngitis, tonsillitis, infection, fatigue, hypoadrenocorticism, lack of stamina, tendency to infection
contraindicated in autoimmune conditions, hypertension, acute infections, and long term use
interacts with immune suppression therapy
Ephedra sinica
- actions?
- indications?
- side effects?
- contraindicated?
- interactions?
Ephedra, Ma Huang stem low dose herb
adrenergic agonist, bronchodilator, antitussive, anti-allergic, decongestant, anti-secretory, vasoconstrictor, hypertensive, diaphoretic, diuretic
indicated: bronchitis, asthma whooping cough, sinusitis, allergies, weight loss
AEs: agitation, alertness, MI, cerebral vasculitis, stroke
OD: sympathomimetic
contraindicated: HTN, hyperthyroid, DM, BPH, glaucoma, CAD, anorexia, pregnancy, lactation, long term
interacts: potentiates sympathomimetics, caffeine, dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate, MAOIs
antagonizes a and B blockers, TCAs, and increases clearance of dexamethasone
Equisetum arvense
- used for?
- contraindicataed?
- interactions?
Horsetail aerial parts
diuretic, astringent - decreases uric acid content in the blood by increasing clearance rate
indicated: UTI, kidney and bladder stones, nocturnal enuresis
CI: edema d.t impaired heart or kidney function, hypokalemia, and coagulation disorders
interactions: hypokalemic drugs, warfarin
Eschscholzia californica
- who do we use in?
- contraindicated?
- drug interactions?
California poppy dried aerial perts
- nervine, hypnotic, anti-spasmodic, anodyne
indicated: sedative and hypnotic for children, nerve pain (not joint pain), anxiety, insomnia
AEs: addictive
contraindicated: pregnancy, lactation
interactions: could potentiate MAOIs and SSRIs
Eucalyptus globulus
- topical? internal uses?
- avoid with?
Eucalyptus lead
- antimicrobial, counter irritant, antispasmodic, expectorant, antiperiodic
topical: aching joints and muscles, add to bath water, insect repellant, wounds, burns, ulcers
internal: URTI, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, nasal stuffiness
CI: hypotension, kidney function impaired *infants - as it could produce a laryngeal spasms and respiratory arrest
interacts: hypoglycemic agents
Eupatorium perfoliatum
- most indicated for?
- contraindicated?
Boneset aerial parts asteraceae family
respiratory, diaphoretic, immune and digestive bitter stimulant, affinity for the respiratory and GI systems, urolithiasis, anti-catarrhal, asntispasmodic
indicated: influenza, aches and pain, fever,
Eupatorium purpureum
- what is it?
- class?
- indications?
Grave root, Joe pye weed Root asteraceae family
- anti-lithic, diuretic
indicated: urolithiasis, dysuria, hematuria from prostatitis, gout
Euphrasia officinalis (stricta) - used for?
Eyebright aerial parts
- anti-inflammatory, anti0catarrhal, astringent, vasoconstrictor
indicated: ophthalmitis, allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis, sinusitis, blepharitis, hordeolum, eye trauma
Foeniculum vulgare
- contraindicated in which allergy?
Fennel seeds
carminative, spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory, phytoestrogen, galactogogue
indicated: flatulence, colic, stimulates digestion and appetite, calming effect for bronchitis, cough, infant colic, dyspepsia, maldigestion, IBS, catarrh of URT
AEs: **celery allergy - although very rare*, CNS toxicity in high doses
contraindicated: pregnancy, < 2 yo, prolonged use
Fucus vesiculosis
- contains?
- treatment of?
- contraindicated in?
- decreases absorption of? due to ? content?
Bladderwrack, kelp
- iodine, nutritive, anti-obesity, antirheumatic
indicated for: RA, iodine-deficient hypothyroidism, goiter, obesity
AEs: could aggravate hyperthyroidism, long term ingestion could decrease iron absorption due to polysaccharide fucoidan, could be contaminated with heavy metals, acne
contraindicated: hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, lactation
interacts: anticoags, antiplatelet and thrombolytic agents
Galium aparine
- external? internal indications?
- avoid what with it?
Cleavers aerial parts
- alterative and lymphatic, diuretic and antinodular
indications: topical for acne and chronic skin diseases, ulcers, festering glands, lumps in breast and skin rashes. internal for acute lower urinary tract infections, urolithiasis, lymphadenitis
diuretic (avoid with Lithium)
Ganoderma lucidum
- what is it?
- actions?
- weird AE and allieviated when coadministered with?
Reishi mushroom
- Adaptogen, immune activation, nervine, hypotensive, antiallergy, antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, antithrombotic
AEs: darkened stool, diarrhea allieviated when coadministered with Vit C
contraindicated: organ transplants and autoimmune
interacts: immunosuppressive, sedatives, anticoags, and statins
Gelsemium sempervirens
- indicated?
- contraindicated?
- drug interaction?
Yellow jasmine dried rhizome low dose herb
contains indole alkaloids and hydroxycoumarins
- anticholinesterase, vasodilation, hypotensive, bronchodilation, affects smooth muscles, analgesic, mydriasis
- it stimulates, then depresses neural function > antispasmodic, cardio-sedative
indication:ovarian cyst pain, topical on the os to induce labor, insomnia, fever, nervous unrest, headache, convulsions, neuralgia, dysmenorrhea, asthma
AEs: double vision, dry mouth, vomiting > loss of speech, pupil enlargement, trembling, paralysis, cyanosis, coma, death
contraindicated: hypotension, MG, pregnancy, resp or cardiac disease
could potentiate aspirin
Gentiana lutea
- actions?
Gentian rhizome and root
bitter, cholagogue, hepatotonic, sialogogue, antimicrobial, emmenagogue
indicated: dyspepsia, loss of appetite, flatulence, stimulates bile secretion, increases gut motility
AEs: excess stomach acid and nausea
CI: diarrhea, ulcers
interacts: PPIs
Geranium maculatum
- contains which constituent?
- indications?
American Cranesbill rhizome and leaves
*tannins - astringent, styptic, venotonic
indicated for: diarrhea and bleeding, hemorrhoids, gastritis, varicose veins, ulcers, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, dysmenorrhea
only to be used short term
Ginkgo biloba
- actions?
- indications?
- contraindications?
ginkgo leaf
- anti-neoplastic, anti-inflammatory, vasodilator, antioxidant, inflammation modulator, bronchodilator
- nootropic: inhibits cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (caffeine), increases neuronal activity and memory
- anti-platelet: inhibits PAF (platelet activating factor) to decrease plt agg and degranulation
indicated: atherosclerosis, intermittent claudication, impotence, post-ischemic stroke, phlebitis, cerebrovascular insufficiency (depression, dementia, poor memory)
contraindicated: intracranial bleed, severe bleeding
interactions: blood thinners, as it inhibits PAF
Glycyrrhiza glabra
- use against what bug?
- relationship to adrenals?
- adverse effects?
- contraindicated in?
- interactions?
Licorice root
- Adaptogen, phytoestrogen, hepatoprotective, expectorant, anti-inflammatory, demulcent, antiviral, antibacterial hy pylori
Indicated in: stress, fatigue, may be helpful in HIV infection, cough, bronchitis, catarrh of URT, ulcers, sore throat, gastritis, appendicitis, constipation, to increase milk production, adrenocorticoid insuff, insomnia
AEs: can lead to pseudoaldosteronism, rhabdomyolysis, hypokalemia, reduces thyroid activity
contraindicated in HTN as it can increase corticosteroids and HTN, hyperaldosteronism, cirrhosis, hepatitis, CHF, diabetes, pregnancy, long term use
interacts: cardiac glycoside drugs
* protects mucosal damage from ASA*
Grindelia robusta
- indicated?
- important AE?
Gumweed leaves and flower asteraceae family
inflammation modulator, respiratory stimulant**, relaxing expectorant, antispasmodic, cardiac tonic
indicated: asthma, dry cough*, URTI, bronchitis, cough w arrhythmia/cardiac cough
AEs: *selenium overdose, bradycaria
Gymnema sylvestre
- indications?
- contraindicated in?
- interacts with?
Gymnema leaf
- hypolipidemic, anti-obesity
indicated: DM, metabolic syndrome, weight loss, hypercholesterolemia
AEs: aggravates reflux
contraindicated: GERD
interactions: will decrease insulin requirement, potentiates hypoglycemic drugs, could potentiate atorvastatin
Hamamelis virginiana
- contains?
- used?
- high doses can cause?
Witch hazel twig and leaf
contains tannins - astringent, anti-inflammatory, local hemostatic effects
indications: external use all cases of bleeding, hemorrhoids, varicose veins, bruises, inflammation. can control diarrhea and dysentery, sore throat, tonsillitis, acute catarrh. can use internally, but use common sense.
AEs: high doses can increase risk of esophageal and liver cancer (drinking teas 15-20 cups/day)
Harpagophytum procumbens
- actions?
- indications? - interactions with pharm?
Devil’s claw rhizome
antiinflammatory, antirheumatic, anodyne, analgesic, bitter digestive stimulant, hepatic
indicated: arthritis, tendonitis, dyspepsia, lack of appetite, liver and GB complaints
interactions: ulcers, drugs not to be used with bitters, decreases the need for NSAIDs and other analgesics
Humulus lupulus
- actions
- contraindicated
Hops whole dried flowers
- humulone can inhibit gram + and - bacteria, some fungi and yeast. other constituent has a sedative effects
- nervine and sedative, phytoestrogen activity, digestive bitter, cholagogue, mild laxative
indicated for: sleeplessness from worry, anxiety, nervousness, stimulate appetite and increase gastric juice secretion
AEs: nausea, headache
contraindications: depression, pregnancy
interacts: barbiturates
Hydrangea arborescens
- indicated? actions?
- at high doses > ?
Seven barks rhizome
- diuretic, anti-lithic, antimicrobial
used in UTIs, prostatitis, BPH, urolithiasis, dysuria, urethritis, acute nephritis, *acute pyelonephritis
AEs: high doses can cause vertigo and feelings of constriction in the chest
Hydrastis canadensis
- actions, indications, AEs
- drug interactions, vitamin interaction.
Golden seal rhizome
- hepatic, bitter, choleretic, anti-catarrhal, antimicrobial, immune modulator, antineoplastic, spasmolytic, astringent, “king of the mucous membranes”
indicated: acute cystitis, poor digestion, catarrh on mucous membranes, URTIs, candidiasis, vaginitis, mastitis, gastroenteritis, H pylori, intestinal parasites, cholera, staph skin infection
AEs: dysbiosis, berberine displaces BR from albumin, GI., dyspnea, bradycardia, spasms, delirium, hallucinations
CI: bitter digestive CIs, long term high doses
interacts: PPIs, hypoglycemic drugs, barbiturates, *reduces absorption of B vitamins, paclitaxel
Hyoscyamus niger
- what does it contain? who is it similar to?
- death by?
- interactions?
Henbane leaves low dose herb
- contains tropane alkaloids* - parasympatholytic or anticholinergic effects
- sedative, hypnotic, antispasmodic
indications: dyspepsia, spasms, cough, nervous irritability, insomnia, delirium
AEs: same as bella donna and datura, death by asphyxiation
contraindicated: tachy arrhythmias, prostatic adenoma, angle-closure glaucoma, megacolon
interactions: anticholinergic drugs and amantidine
Hypericum perforatum
- comparable to which classes?
- indicated to help wean people off?
- effect on what labs?
- contraindicated when?
- CYP?
St. John’s Wort buds
- comparable to TCAs and SSRIs, dose is dependent on the inhibition of re-uptake for NE and 5-HTP > may increase serotonin, lower cortisol and act on GABA-R
- antibacterial, anti-viral
- anti-inflammatory, suppresses leukocyte infiltration on wounds
- astringent, vulnerary, nervine
indicated: depression, anxiety, skin inflammation wounds, burns, blunt injuries, wean people off MAOIs
AEs: high doses with exposure to UV light causes rash, alopecia, diarrhea, indigestion, fatigue, depression, elevated liver enzymes
contraindicated: suicidal ideation, high doses in pregnancy
- useful in HIV infection, but avoided in patients who take antiretroviral drug therapy as it changes the metabolism and could lead to underexposure and treatment failure
- induces CYP450 3A4: decreases effectiveness of warfarin
- contraindicated in people taking OCPs, benzos, TCAs, SSRIs, theophylline, cyclosporine, digoxin, warfarin
Inula helenium
- kind of cough?
- contraindicated?
Elecampagne rhizome asteraceae family
- respiratory expectorant, antiseptic, diaphoretic, pulmonary tonic and demulcent (mucilage), antimicrobial and antihelminthic, antibiotic, antitussive, anticatarrhal
indicated: asthma, COPD, wet cough and dry cough, spasmodic cough, URTI, bronchitis, intestinal parasites
CI: pregnancy and allergy
Iris versicolor
- indicated?
Blue flag root low dose herb
- lymphatic alterative, cholagogue
indications: skin disease - eczema and psoriasis liver detox, indicated for an enlarged thyroid or lymphatic enlargement that is soft, without pain
Juglans nigra
- treats?
- side effect?
- pregnancy?
Black Walnut bark, leaves, rind
antihelminthic, antiparasitic, astringent, antimicrobial, hypolipidemic
indicated: parasites and worms, chronic constipation, dysentery, hemorrhoids, high cholesterol
AEs: N/V/diarrhea, *carcinogenic, mutagenic
CI: pregnancy, long-term use
Juniperus communis
- indicated for?
- AEs? constiuent responsible?
- contraindicated?
Juniper berry
- diuretic, bacteriostatic, antiseptic, urinary sedative, digestive stimulant bitter
indicated: hypochlorhydria, dydpepsia, maldigestion, biliary insufficiency, dyskinesia, anorexia, atonic constipation, gas lower UTI and renal atonia
AEs: has thujone: emmenagogue, abortifacient, convulsions
CI: pregnancy, breastfeeding, inflammatory renal dz
Larrea tridentata
- topical for? internal for?
- avoid in which pt populations?
Chaparral aerial parts
- infection, anti-neoplastic, antimicrobial, antiallergic, antispasmodic, expectorant
topical: herpes, poultice for resp problems, skin complaints
internal: ; allergic rhinitis, cancer, infections d/t bacteria, yeast, larvae, viruses, and parasites
AEs: has a strong tae, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, hepatotoxicity, contact dermatitis
contraindicated: NOT safe for use in children, can be hepatotoxic in large doses, high doses and long term use
interacts: hepatotoxic drugs and CYP450
Leonurus cardiaca
- contains what?
- indications?
Motherwort whole plant
- cardiac glycosides
- hypotensive, inhibits myocardial cell firing, diuretic, antispasmodic (uterus and blood vessels), sedative (but takes months), improves mesenteric circulation and coronary perfusion
indicated: nervousness, irritable, restless, menopause, hyperthyroidism, palpitations/anxiety, reduced coronary perfusion
contraindicated: pregnancy
Leptandra virginica (Veronicastrum virginicum) - actions? indications? CIs?
Black root
- hepatic, bitter digestive and hepatotonic, diaphoretic
indicated: poor digestion, hepatitis, liver congestion, cholecystitis
CI: normal bitter digestive
Ligusticum porteri
- actions?
- indications?
Osha root
- antimicrobial, antiviral, antiseptic, stimulant, diaphoretic, carminative, (similar to lomatium)
indication: upper and lower respiratory tract infection, viral infections, induces sweating
dont use in pregnancy
Ligustrum lucidum
- when is it used?
- adjunct to chemo why?
Chinese privet
- Adaptogen, immune modulating, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic
indicated: infections, hypercholesterolemia, hepatitis, adjunct to chemo to protect BM
interacts: could antagonize immune suppression therapy
Linum usitatissimum
- richest source of?
- indicated?
Flax seed richest known source of omega 3s and lignans
demulcent, laxative, emollient, antitussive, anodyne, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, antineoplastic/antimycotic/antioxidant/antiestestrogenic (lignans)
indicated: constipation, GI irritation, nutritive, hormone balance, breast CA
contraindicated: ileus, stricture, acute inflammation
interactions: could delay absorption of other drugs
Lobelia inflata
- how does it act?
- used in? not used in?
Indian tobacco, Pukeweed aerial parts low dose herb
- initially CNS stimulation > respiratory depression (similar to nicotine in that it has peripheral and central nervous system effects)
- parturifacient when applied to the os. stimulating expectorant, lung tonic, spasmolytic, nervine, diuretic cathartic
indicated: used in wet/spasmodic cough, acute asthma, URTI, dyspnea, smooth muscle spasm. topical for rigid os preventing labor
AEs:tachycardia, diaphoresis, resp dep, unconsciousness, death will vomit first
contraindicated in dry cough (same as sanguinaria, aspidosperma), cardiac hypertrophy, HTN, heart block, weak, pregnancy, lactation, infants, high doses
Lomatium dissectum
- indications?
- side effect?
Indian balsam root
- antiviral, bacterial and fungicidal, immune stimulating, antitussive, expectorant
indicated: viral resp infection, cough, cold, bronchitis, influenza, pneumonia, TB
side effects: photosensitization
safe for use in children, but can cause a full body pruritic rash in rare cases, looks like measles
contraindicated: pregnancy
Lycopus virginicus
- lowers 3 hormones?
- dont give with?
Bugleweed aerial perts low dose herb
- antigonadotropic (lower PRL), antithyrotropic (inhibits peripheral de-iodination of T4 > T3 in the liver), will normalize an overactive thyroid, inhibits TSH which then lowers T4 production, corrects heart beat irregularity, cardiac sedative, nervine, calms nervous cough
indications: a mild overactive thyroid, hyperthyroidism, nervousness, insomnia, PMS
contraindicated: hypothyroidism, goiter, dont give with thyroid hormone, infertility, pregnancy
interactions: hypothyroid meds
Matricaria recutita (chamomilla)
- helps prevent?
- contraindicated?
- interacts with which drugs?
Chamomile flower Asteraceae family
carminative, mildly bitter digestive, sedative, anti-inflammatory, anodyne, antimicrobial, anti-allergy, vulnerary, anti-emetic, spasmolytic, diaphoretic, hypnotic, anxiolytic, nervine
indicated: IBD, digestion complaints, decrease stomach ulcer healing time, helps prevent formation of ulcers d/t ASA/EtOH/stress, relax smooth muscle, stimulate B-lymphocyte and macrophage activity, atopic derm, skin ulcers, wounds, N/V in pregnancy, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, leukorrhea, infant colic, gas, gastritis, smooth muscle spasms, fever, periodontal disease, gingivitis, insomnia, anxiety, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis
AEs: sensitivity to chamomile, pregnancy?
interacts: can potentiate sedatives - antihistamines, barbiturates, benzos, opiates, hydrocodone, morphine, trazodone, zolpidem
Medicago sativa
- actions?
- indications?
- be wary if spoiled, could contain?
- contraindicated in 3 things?
- interacts with what 4 drugs?
Alfalfa whole plant or seeds
- phytoestrogen, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, cholesterol lowering (saponins)
indicated: endometriosis, hyperestrogen, infertility, menopause
AEs: if spoiled, might contain E coli, bacillus cereus, salmonella
contraindicated: gout, SLE, pregnancy
interacts: hypoglycemic drugs, anticoags, HRT, CYP450
Melaleuca alternifolia
- what bugs can it kill?
- indications?
Tea tree leaves
- antifungal, microbial and antiseptic, immune stimulating: causes autolysis of bacteria staph aureus, E coli
topical: dermatophytosis, onychomycosis, acne, thrush, vaginitis, staph skin infections, wounds, insect bites
can have a burning sensation
dont use over large areas of broken skin or internally
Melissa officinalis
- indicated?
Lemon balm leaves and oil
carminative, anti-spasmodic, and sedative, antiviral
indicated for IBS from anxiety and depression, relieves colic, cardiac problems related to anxiety/restlessness, also used as a topical for skin irritations
safe for use in children
(Lemon balm, leonurus, and lycopus for hyperthyroidism)
Mentha piperita
- avoid in what disease?
- pregnancy?
- pharm interaction?
Peppermint leaves
spasmolytic, antiviral, antimicrobial, diuretic, carminative, sedative, cooling to skin
indicated for: nausea, flatulence, abd discomfort, and diarrhea, cholelithiasis, infant colic, IBS, IBD, nausea. vomiting.
topical - myalgia, OA, RA, headaches, strains, sprains
AEs: avoid with G6PD def, prolonged use as an inhalant
contraindications: pregnancy (emmenagogue), GERD, biliary occlusion, GB inflammation, severe liver damage
interacts: CCBs
Mitchella repens
- actions?
- indicated for?
- contraindicated?
Partridge berry aerial parts
- parturifacient, uterine tonic, emmenagogue, alterative, astringent, diuretic
indicated: dysmenorrhea, infertility, leiomyoma, menorrhagia, poor uterine tone, preparing for childbirth
contraindicated in early pregnancy
Momordica charantia
- indicated for?
- contraindicated?
Bitter melon leaves, fruits, seeds, and seed oil
hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic, emmenagogue
indicated for: late-onset diabetes, non-insulin dependent diabetes
AEs: possible food intolerance
contraindicated: pregnancy d/t emmenagogue/abortifacient activity, hypoglycemia, lactation
interacts: antidiabetic agents could increase risk of hypoglycemia, anticholesterol agents
Olea europaea
- contraindications?
olive dried leaves and fresh branches w flower
fruit: lecithin and bitter, leaf: bitter glycoside
- nutritive, emollient, demulcent
leaf: increases phagocytosis, bitter, antibacterial and antiviral, antiviral, antipyretic, antifungal, hypotensive and hypoglycemic
olive leaf extract (oil): calcium elenolate kills viruses and bacteria, oleuropein inhibits LDL oxidation and antioxidant, increases coronary blood flow, emollient, cholagogue, mild laxative, hypotensive, hypocholesterolemic
indications:
fruit oil: externally for dry skin, cradle cap, internally to decrease heart disease risk
leaf: HTN
leaf extract: malaria, chills, diarrhea, severe viral infection, fevers and chills
contraindications: large gallstones
cautions: take after meals as the extract is a GI irritant
could potentiate warfarin and hypoglycemic drugs
Panax ginseng/quinquefolius
- which is yin/yang?
- indications?
- weird AE?
- contraindicated?
- interactions?
Korean/American Ginseng
- Adaptogen, vulnerary, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, phytoestrogen, ginseng - yang tonic, quin - yin tonic
indicated: may be helpful in HIV infection, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, cancer, infection, auto-immune disease, male infertility, fatigue, stress, diabetes, hyperestrogenism, hypoestrogenism, opiate withdrawal
AEs: mastalgia, PMB, ginseng abuse syndrome: euphoria, diarrhea, nervousness, insomnia, HTN, skin eruptions
contraindicated: HTN, hemorrhage, asthma, anxiety, depression, psoriasis, long term use, high doses, pregnancy
could potentiate MAOIs, morphine, insulin, hypoglycemic drugs, immune drugs. antagonize warfarin, immune suppression therapy
Passiflora incarnata
- effect on heart?
- indications?
- contraindicated?
- interactions?
Passion flower whole plant
- glycosides with hypotensive effects, stimulates respiration
- nervine, sedative, antispasmodic
indicated: insomnia, nervousness, restlessness, spasms, convulsions, nervous palpitations and tachycardia
contraindicated: pregnancy (uterine stimulant)
interacts: SSRIs, MAOIs, sedatives
Pausinystalia yohimbe
- action!
- treats?
- AEs?
- contraindicated?
- interacts with what drugs?
Yohimbe bark low dose herb
- aphrodisiac, *a2 adrenergic blocker, serotonin antagonist: stimulates erection and salivation, prolongs and strengthens erection, cerebral stimulant
indicated: impotence, ED, depression, narcolepsy
AEs: nausea, salivation, dizziness, nervousness, insomnia, anxiety, mania, mydriasis, HTN, edema fatigue, paralysis, HAs, diuresis, palpitations, tachypnea, resp paralysis, cardiac paralysis, death
contraindicated: schizophrenia, panic attacks, PTSD, CAD, severe edema, HTN, angina, peptic ulcer, renal disease, liver disease, prostatitis, pregnancy, lactation
interacts: a-adrenergic blockers, TCAs, MAOIs, sympathomimetics, clonidine, atropine
Phytolacca americana
- indicated?
- large doses can cause?
- contraindicated?
Poke Root low dose herb
- alterative, lymphatic, antiviral, saponins have an emetic effect
indicated: cleansing of lymph glands, URTI (catarrh, tonsillitis, laryngitis, swollen glands, mumps), topical for mastitis
AEs: large doses - emetic and purgative
CI: pregnancy, long term in lactation and high doses
Piper methysticum
- inhibits which enzyme?
- indicated for what kinds of neuralgia?
- toxic to which organ? other AEs?
- pregnancy? breastfeeding?
- drug interactions?
kava kava rhizome low dose herb
- analgesic (inhibits COX2), antinociceptive, inhibits the limbic system (sedative, anxiolytic) and sodium ion currents (skeletal muscle relaxant, antispasmodic)
indicated for anxiety, restlessness, tension, agitation, neuralgia (facial, trigeminal, toothache) can help with benzo withdrawal symptoms
AEs: hepatotoxicity, addictive, exfoliative dermatitis, ulcers, vomiting, LOC
contraindicated in hx of liver disease, depression as it increases suicide danger, enters breast milk and should not be used in pregnancy
interacts: antipsychotics and benzos
Piscidia erythrina (piscipula)
- indications
- AEs?
- contraindicated?
- interactions?
Jamaican dogwood bark low dose herb
- sedative, analgesic, anodyne
indicated: anxiety, fear, daytime sedative, myalgia, spasms
AEs: in high doses - N/V, salivation, sweating, hyporeflexia, bradycardia, mydriasis, depressed consciousness, convulsion, respiratory depression, heart failure, death
contraindicated: pregnancy
interacts: sedatives
Plantago major
- used for?
Plantain leaf and aerial parts
- demulcent and vulnerary, astringent and antimicrobial for dermatitis, wounds and ulcerations
- expectorant: ideal for coughs and mild bronchitis,
- astringent: diarrhea, hemorrhoids, cystitis
Podophyllum peltatum
- indications?
- die by?
American mandrake, mayapple rhizome and resin not used anymore low dose herb
purgative, antitumor
indicated: warts, constipation, cancer
AEs: should not be taken internally: can aggravate abd pain, bloody watery diarrhea, vomiting bile, collapse and death via resp failure
contraindicated: pregnancy, gallstones
Prunus (Pygeum) africana(um)
- action?
- indication?
- contraindicated?
- what pharm and herbs does it interact with?
dried bark
- prostatic tonic, 5aRI, anti-inflammatory
indicated: BPH, chronic prostatits, low prostatic secretions
AEs: possible GI irritation, nausea, stomach pain
contraindicated: pregnancy, lactation
interacts: 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (finasteride, pygeum, serenoa)
Prunus sertotina
- used in what kind of cough?
Wild black cherry, choke cherry inner bark
- relaxing expectorant, astringent, antitussive, mild sedative
indication:irritating/spasmodic cough, bronchitis and whooping cough
AEs: large doses are toxic
contraindicated: pregnancy
Pulsatilla vulgaris
- indications?
- AEs?
Pulsatilla, Wind Flower, Pasque Flower, fresh whole plant
- antipyretic, strong local irritant to mucus membrane and skin, nervine, sedative, emmenagogue
indicated: pain, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, PMS, leukorrhea, insomnia, nervousness, headache, URTI, asthma, indigestion, IBS
AEs: extended contact with plant > blisters, unsafe orally
contraindicated: pregnancy
Quercus rubra
- contains which constituent?
- indicated in what 2 things topically? 1 thing internally?
- dont use if someone has this kind of anemia?
Red Oak bark
* tannins = astringent, styptic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic
topical: varicosities, anal fissure, wounds, burns, strains, sprains weeping eczema, hemorrhoids
douche: leukorrhea, vaginal prolapse, PP uterine bleeding
internal: **diarrhea*, dysentery, rectal bleed, IBD, ulcers
AEs: IDA*, malabsorption occurs with long time use
contraindicated: HF, constipation, IDA
interactions: tannins reduce drug absorption
Rauwolfia serpentina
- contains what? has what effect on heart?
- contraindicated?
snake root low dose herb
- indole alkaloid reserpine*
- antihypertensive alkaloids: releases noradrenaline and inhibits its resorption > lowers catecholamines > hypotensive effect
- antiarrhythmic alkaloids ajmaline
indications: HTN, nervousness, insomnia
AEs: nasal congestion, depression, tiredness, ED
contraindicated: depression, PD, ulceration, pheochromocytoma, pregnancy, lactation
interacts: increases alcohol impairment, increases effect of neuroleptics and barbituates, severe bradycardia with digitalis glycosides, herb effect is reduced w/ levodopa, increase in extra pyramidal motor sxs w sympathomimetics
Rhamnus frangula and purshiana
- how does it work as a laxative?
- indications?
- weird AE?
- contraindications?
- interactions?
Frangula and Cascara sagrada dried bark
laxative, cathartic, emetic, bitter *induces active secretion of electrolytes and water into the lumen and inhibits the absorption of water and electrolytes by stimulating contractions
indicated: constipation
AEs: harmless red urine and feces, pseudomelanosis coli
contraindicated: pregnancy, breastfeeding, obstruction, children < 12, for more than 1-2 weeks, bloody diarrhea
interacts: hypoK drugs
Rhodiola rosea
- indications
- do not use with which patients?
Rhodiola root
- adaptogen, antistress, antioxidant, antineoplastic, cardioprotective
indications: increase physical endurance, work, productivity, longevity, resistance to altitude sickness, fatigue, depression, anemia, impotence, GI ailments, infections, nervous system most indicated for fatigue, exercise endurance, and general well-being
AEs: activating yet antidepressant effect - do not use in patients with bipolar, take early in the day to not interfere with sleep
contraindications: manic
interactions: could interact with stimulants
Ricinis communis
- how does it work?
- how many beans will kill someone
Castor oil from seeds **severely poisonous*
laxative, purgative *ricinoleic acid > an anti-aborptive and secretogenic
indicated: constipation, external for inflammatory skin disorders, furuncles, carbuncles, abscesses
AEs: same as all cathartic laxatives. 12 beans can kill someone - death by hypovolemic shock - TX with IV diazepam and fluids
avoid hypoK drugs
Rosmarinus officinalis
- how is it used topical? internal?
- at toxic doses > ?
- pregnancy?
- pharm interactions?
Rosemary oil from leaves
antimicrobial, hypertensive, circ stimulant, antioxidant, carminative, circulation improvement when applied topically, nervine
topical: myalgia, neuralgia, arthritis
internal: dyspepsia, loss of appetite
AEs: at toxic doses > coma, spasm, vomiting, death
CI: pregnancy, epilepsy
interacts: doxorubicin, vinblastine
Rubus idaeus
- used in?
- contraindicated?
- contains?
Raspberry leaves and fruit
- parturifacient (strengthens contractions, reduces hemorrhage during labor), uterine tonic, astringent, inflammation modulator
indicated: prep for labor as it strengthens uterine tone, diarrhea, leukorrhea, aphthous ulcers, gingivitis, conjunctivitis
contraindicated: early stages of pregnancy
* contains tannins, vitamin C
Rumex crispus
- indications
Yellow Dock root
regulator, alterative, hepatoprotective, laxative
indicated: mild constipation, sluggish digestion, liver congestion, scurvy, blood cleansing, inflammatory and hormonal skin conditions - acne
AEs: same as other cathartic laxatives
contraindicated: GI irritation, kidney disease, oxalates
interacts: hypoK drugs
Salix alba
- used for?
- adverse effects?
- contraindicated in?
white willow bark
- analgesic, anti-inflammatory, febrifuge, anti-rheumatic
indicated: rheumatism, gout, fevers, aches, pains, menstrual pain, sweating, hot flashes
AEs: *salicylism (N/V) from tannins, Gi irritation, tinnitus, lethargy, dizziness, cerebral edema, seizures
contraindicated: children w flulike sxs REYES SYNDROME, salicylate sensitivity, G6PD def, pregnancy, lactation, long term use
interacts: acetaminophen and NSAIDs, warfarin
Salvia officinalis
- external and internal indications?
- breast milk?
- contains? contraindications?
Sage leaf
antimicrobial, anti-secretory, astringent, anti-inflammatory, carminative
indicated: inflammation of mouth throat and tonsils, internally as a mouthwash for gingivitis, glossitis, stomatitis, gargle for aphthous ulcer, laryngitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis. a compress for wound healing
internal: carminative, can *lessen production of breast milk
AEs: thujone emmenagogue, abortifacient, convulsions
contraindicated - large doses due to thujone, pregnancy (stimulates uterine contraction)
Sambucus nigra (and canadensis?) - how is the flower, leaf, and berry used differently?
elder berry
flower: diaphoretic, anti-catarrhal, anti-spasmodic: *cold and influenza, *any catarrhal URTI
leaf: diuretic, diaphoretic, expectorant, emollient, vulnerary: *topically for bruises, sprains, wounds
berry: diaphoretic, diuretic, laxative, antirheumatic: rheumatism
* safe for use in children
Sanguinaria canadensis
- actions?
- uses?
- internal indication and contraindication? cough?
Bloodroot low dose herb
- stimulating expectorant, escharotic, antimicrobial, cholagogue, sialogogue
external: cervical dysplasia, BCC, SCC, tinea pedia, warts, nasal polyps
oral rinse: gingivitis, periodontal disease, tickling cough, amenorrhea, hep A
stimulating expectorant used in wet cough to promote expectoration - but we dont use internally anymore - DEATH
Aes: oral leukoplakia with long term use
contraindicated in dry cough (same as aspidosperma, lobelia), closed angle glaucoma, pregnancy, lactation, infants
Schisandra chinensis
- actions?
- indicated?
- contraindicated?
- interacts with? decreases harmful effects of? used in treatment of which med recovery?
Schisandra berries
- Adaptogen and immune modulating, hepatoprotective, stimulant, sedative, expectorant, anti-tussive, sexual tonic
indicated: chronic hepatitis, liver damage fatigue, physical stress debility, depression, insomnia, liver detox
contraindicated in autoimmune conditions, epilepsy, severe HTN, intercranial pressure
interacts:potentiates barbiturates, decreases acetaminophen toxicity, inhibits CYP 450, used for withdrawal from benzos and opiates
Scutellaria bicalensis
- indicated for?
- contraindicated?
Chinese skullcap root
antioxidant, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antirheumatic, anticancer
indicated: Bi CLEANSE the SInuS asthma, hay fever, dermatitis, acute infections (different than lateriflora indications)
AEs: hepatotoxicity, sedation, hypotension
CI: early pregnancy
interacts: warfarin, sedatives, barbiturates, benzos, opiates, trazodone, zolpidem
Scutellaria lateriflora
- indications?
- AEs?
skullcap aerial parts
- anti-spasmodic and nervine, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anodyne
indicated: need to LAY on the FLORA: insomnia, anxiety, pain, nervousness, headache, delirium, seizures, irregular arrhythmias, fasciculations* (different than bicalensis indications)
AEs: tremors, hepatotoxic
Selenicereus (cactus) grandiflorus
- similar to what other herb?
- what drugs does it interact with?
night-blooming cactus flowers and stems low dose herb
similar effects to digitalis (stimulation, vessel dilation) but also stimulates motor neurons of the spinal cord
-sympathetic stimulant to the heart and kidneys, diuretic
indicated: impaired heart function, rapid pulse with edema, mitral regurgitation, angina, palpitations, chest pain, dyspnea, arrhythmia, prostatitis, kidney congestion
AEs: nausea, vomiting, arrhythmia, tachycardia, confusion, headache, GI distress, heart failure
contraindicated: pregnancy, lactation, and high doses
interactions: might potentiate MAOIs (phenelzine)
Serenoa repens
- how does it act?
- indications?
- interacts with what pharms?
Saw palmetto fruit
- prostatic tonic, 5aRI (anti-androgenic, antiestrogenic, anti-inflammatory: inhibits the binding of DHT to receptors > prevents accumulation of the steroid. inhibits conversion of T > DHT and DHT > androgens
indicated: BPH, inflammation of urinary tract and bladder, nocturnal enuresis, libido
AEs: pregnancy, BF
contraindicated prior to surgery as it carries a risk of hemorrhage
interacts: warfarin, 5aRI, hormone-like drugs, adrenergic drugs, iron *tannins
Silybum marianum
- actions?
- reduces AEs fo which 4 drugs?
Milk Thistle seeds asteraceae family
hepatotropic, hepatorestorative, cholagogue, anti-inflammatory
*silymarin: inhibits the entrance of toxins into liver, decreases production of free radicals in Kuppfer cells, inhibits LT formation (cirrhosis and fibrosis), increases GSH production
indicated: dyspepsia, toxic liver damage, hepatic cirrhosis
AEs: sweating, abd cramping, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
contraindicated: pregnancy
interacts: protects against SEs of acetaminophen, cisplatin, cyclosporine, and MTX. potentiates doxorubicin
Smilax spp
- indications, actions?
Sarsaparilla root
- alterative, antirheumatic, diaphoretic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic (steroidal saponins)
indicated: GOUT, chronic dermatitis, psoriasis, fevers, arthritis, rheumatic complaints, reduction of pain and inflammation associated with OA
Solidago spp.
- actions?
- pulm indication? kidney indication?
- contraindicated?
Goldenrod aerial parts Asteraceae family
- antimicrobial and anticatarrhal, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, carminative, expectorant
indicated: URTI with catarrh*, influenza, flatulence, cystitis, urethritis, dysuria, anuria
contraindicated in high doses and aster allergy
Symphytum officinale
- used internally and externally for?
- what does it contain? how is that harmful?
Comfrey root, rhizome, and leaf
- demulcent (ulcers), expectorant, vulnerary used topically for wound healing, astringent (hemorrhages)
- allantoin stimulates cell proliferation to support wound healing - internal and external*
topical: wounds, dermatitis, osseous fractures, ulcer, bruises, gingivitis, mastitis
internal: dry cough, hemoptysis, inflammation of the lungs and GI, UTI, dysentery, GU bleed
AEs: HVOD, hepatic failure
CIs: cannot use internally d/t unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids that are heptotoxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic saturated ones are OK (tussilago, inula, echinacea)
use with caution if sign of infection as it can cause would to close too soon and trap the infection
Tanacetum parthenium
- main indication?
- contraindicated?
- interactions?
Feverfew leaf and flower Asteraceae family
- antiinflammatory (inhibits PGs, not COX. blocks plt granule secretion, decreases vascular smooth muscle spasm), vasodilator, bitter, antitumor, anti mast cell
indicated: prevention and treatment of *migraine headaches (so is petasites but isnt on our list), digestive problems, RA, irregular menstruation
topical: antispetic, toothache, insecticide
AEs: blood thinning
contraindicated: pregnancy - may stimulate uterine contractions, aster family
interacts: morphine, blood thinners
Tanacetum vulgare
- components that lead to properties?
- indications?
- pregnancy?
Tansy flowering herb low dose herb asteraceae family
- thujone - insect repellent *sesquiterpene lactones in leaves are antimicrobial and antihelminthic *polysaccharides are ulcer protective
- emmenagogue, bitter, and astringent
indicated: worms, parasites, gingivitis, weak digestion, amenorrhea
contraindicated: pregnancy, GI irritation
Taraxacum officinale
- root/leaf differences
- dont use with what pharms? which vit does it deplete?
Dandelion root/leaf asteraceae family
- root is a hepatotonic and cholagogue, bitter, antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory
- leaf is a bitter, diuretic, antiviral, choleretic
root: poor digestion, cholecystitis
leaf: lower UTIs, urolithiasis, edema, topical warts, CHF
leaf: contraindicated w use of BBs
contraindicated in bitter digestive complaints and asteraceae
whole plant is diuretic (avoid with Lithium)
interacts: PPIs, Li, hypoglycemics, reduces vit B absorption
Theobroma cacao
- indicated for?
- can cause what 3 SEs?
Cocoa seed skins
purine alkaloids (theobromine and caffeine), fats (oleic and stearic acid), protein substances, starch, saccharides (glucose and fructose), isoquinolone alkaloids, catechin tannins
-methylxantines/thebromine: diuretic, broncholytic, and vasodilatory, muscle relaxant, stimlate cardiac muscle
indications: bronchial smooth muscle spasms, cardiovascular health, diarrhea
AEs: tannins can cause constipation, insomnia in high doses, amines can trigger a migraine
Thuja occidentalis
- topical? internal uses?
- avoid at high doses due to?
- contraindicated?
Thuja leaves
genitourinary antiseptic, diuretic
topical: warts, leukorrhea, anal fissures, chancre, ulcers
internal: pharyngitis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, incontinence, enuresis, GU catarrh
AEs (at high doses): N/V/impotence, fatty liver, insomnia, nightmares, hallucinations, convulsions. Thujone is an emmenagogue, abortifacient, and possible carcinogen
CI: large doses (thujone), pregnancy (abortifacient(, and lactation
Thymus vulgaris
- actions? indications?
Thyme leaf and flowering top
- bronchial antispasmodic and expectorant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, protozoan, antioxidant, spasmolytic, carminative
indicated: dyspepsia and slow digestion, infected wounds and respiratory and digestive infections, spasmodic cough, eases sore throats
contraindications: long term use, pregnancy
Tilea europa
- indicated?
Linden flower
diaphoretic, antitussive, spasmolytic, nervine, analgesic
indicated: cough and bronchitis
Tribulus terrestis
- effects in men? women? heart?
- indicated?
- contraindicated?
- interacts which what 3 pharm class?
Bindii aerial parts
- sex hormone enhancer (estrogenic in females and androgenic in males), negative chronotropic
indications: infertility, impotence, decreased libido, fatigue, convalescence, CAD
AEs: aggravates GERD, insomnia, menorrhagia
contraindicated: GERD, cholestasis, BPH, pregnancy, lactation
interacts: could potentiate cardiac glycosides, BBs, and CCBs
Trifolium pratense
- actions? indications?
- contraindications?
Red Clover flower
- alterative, expectorant, anti-spasmodic, anti-tumor
indicated: childhood eczema, psoriasis, chronic skin conditions (topical). coughs, bronchitis, whooping cough cancerous growths (topical)
contraindicated: estrogen sensitive breast cancers (disproven), bleeding disorders
interacts: warfarin
Tussilago farfara
- contains what constituent? what mineral?
indicated?
- how should it be prepared?
Coltsfoot flower and leaf
*pyrrolizidine alkaloids: antibacterial, carcinogenic and hepatotoxic. demulcent, antiinflammatory (zinc content), antitussive, expectorant, antispasmodic
indicated: soothing expectorant for as antispasmodic cough, chronic or acute bronchitis, irritating cough, whooping cough, asthma
AEs: pyrrolizidine alkaloids - however no danger if they are in a tea form in low amounts
contraindicated: pregnancy, lactation
synergistic w hepatotoxic drugs
Ulmus rubra (fulva) - take 2 hours away from ?
Slippery Elm inner rind
demulcent, astringent, anti-inflammatory
indicated: irritated and inflamed mucus membranes, externally as a poultice for wounds burns and swollen glands
take 2 hours away from iron
Urtica dioica
- topically used for? externally?
- contraindicated?
- interacts with which supplement?
Stinging Nettle flowering plant and roots
- leaf is astringent, diuretic, rubefacient, counter-irritant
- lignans in the root bing to SHBG of prostate tissue, inhibiting prostate cell metabolism and growth (BPH sx relief), think 5aR inhibitor
topical flowering plant: rubefacient for rheumatic dz
internal flowering plant: UTIs, kidney and bladder stones
internal root: prostate, irritable bladder - reduces prostate sxs by reducing residual urine and increasing flow it does not eliminate the enlargement
AEs: stinging from the fresh leaf
contraindicated: pregnancy (diuretic effects), when there is fluid retention d/t reduced heart or kidney function
interacts: tannins iron
Usnea barbata
- anti? not anti?
- what bugs does it get?
Old Man’s Beard
antimicrobial and antifungal (not so much antiviral), bitter
inhibits gram + bacteria, M tuberculum, pneumococcus, strep hemolyticus, corynebacterium diphtheriae
can be hepatotoxic when using isolated usneic acid
Vaccinium myrtillus
- used for?
- interacts?
Bilberry, Blue Berry leaf and fruit
- contains potent antioxidants, used for microvascular protection, venotonic, anti-diarrheal, nutrient, astringent, hypoglycemic
leaf: acute or chronic dysentery, cystitis, DM, (external for burns or skin disease)
fruit: diarrhea, myopia, retinopathies, inflammation, varicose veins
AEs: diarrhea, long term use of leaf can damage liver and kidneys d/y hydroquinones
contraindicated: pregnancy, lactation
interacts: insulin, hypoglycemics, tannins
Valeriana officinalis
- which NT does it effect?
- contraindicated in?
- interacts with other things that affect? lifestyle?
- could decrease the absorption of ? due to ? content
Valerian root
- sedative, anodyne, spasmolytic, decreases degradation of GABA
indicated: insomnia, anxiety, smooth muscle spasms, epilepsy
AEs: drowsiness, headache, vertigo, restlessness, insomnia GERD, CNS paralysis
contraindications: liver disease
interactions: dont mix with other hepatotoxic agents - alcohol, opioids, barbs, benzos. *tannin content could decrease iron absorption
Veratrum album/viride
- actions?
- what drug is the antidote in overdose?
american hellebore dried rhizome and root low dose herb
-circulatory depressant, antispasmodic, hypotensive
album: protoveratrine A and B are sensory nerve irritants and inhibit activation of Na channels
- indicated: internal hypertension and topical insecticide
viride: alkaloids inhibit activation of Na channels in heart cell regulators to reduce BP and slow HR
- indicated: rapid full pulse, HTN, fever, inflammation, flushed skin, blood shot eyes
AEs: lacrimation, salivation, vomiting, burning sensation in mouth and throat, inability to swallow, vertigo, paralysis, convulsions, death give atropine and send to ED
do not ever prescribe this. extremely toxic CI in pregnancy and lactation
Verbascum thapsus
- used for?
- keynote cough?
- contraindicated?
Mullein leaf and flower
demulcent, relaxing expectorant, astringent, antitussive. GU sedative, anodyne, diuretic
indicated: internally to reduce hard cough with soreness coughing and respiratory irritation (less commonly chronic cystitis and urinary incontinence), externally for otitis media/externa and rheumatic joints
internal use is controversial bc it contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids > liver damage
Verbena officinalis
- indications? contraindications?
- pregnancy? lactation?
Vervain aerial parts
- diaphoretic, expectorant, galactogogue, emmenagogue, antiperiodic (the prevention of commonly recurring sxs)
- iridoid glycosides can cause paralysis and stimulates the uterus at high doses. verbenaline has antitussive and lactation-promoting properties
indicated: fever, sore throat, gargle, itchy skin, burns, arthritis, rheumatism, dislocations, contusions
dont use in pregnancy
Viburnum opulus and prunifolium
- actions and indications
Cramp bark and Black Haw bark and root
-spasmolytic, astringent, emmenagogue, nervine, sedative, hypotensive
indicated: dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, PMS, threatened miscarriage, premature labor, smooth muscle spasms, acute urolithiasis, myalgia, HTN, arthritis
raw fruit will cause GI discomfort
Vinca major/minor
- what does it contain?
- what drug is derived from it? to treat what?
Greater and lesser periwinkle dried leaves
- hypotensive: vincamine alkaloids
- circulatory stimulant/increased blood flow to the brain: vinpocetine pharmaceutical for alzheimers is derived from vincamine
indiacted: circulatory disorders, cerebral circulatory impairment, memory loss, hypertension, concussion management (get a CT first to rule out brain bleed)
AEs: GI complaints, flushing
contraindicated: pregnancy, severe cerebral hemorrhage
Viscum album
Viscum flavescens (Phoradendron serotinum)
- used in?
- use away from what supplement?
European/American mistletoe twigs low dose herb
- hypotensive, cytotoxic, immunostimulating: lectins: stimulated mononuclear phagocytic system and macrophage derived cytokines
- antineoplastic: stimulation of enzymes that repair damaged DNA
- anti-inflammatory, cerebral circulatory stimulant
indicated:
subQ injection: tumor inhibition
internal: HTN, weak irregular heart with hypertrophy, SOB, valvular insufficiency, nervous tachycardia, epilepsy, neuralgic or rheumatic pains
AEs: local inflammation around site, high fever, chills, headaches, death
contraindicated: chronic and progressive infections (TB, AIDS), CNS or spinal tumors, pregnancy, fever, allergy
interacts: tannins might complex with iron
Vitex agnus-castus
- effects on hormones?
- indications?
- contraindicated?
- interacts with pharms that affect which NT?
Chaste Tree berry
- normalizes female sex hormones and pituitary gland function, uterine tonic (supports the corpus luteum by increasing progesterone and decreasing estrogen), galactagogue
indications: teen acne, fibroids cysts, trying to conceive, post OCP use, irregular menstruation, short cycles, dysmenorrhea, PMS, menopause
AEs: rashes
contraindicated: stop taking as soon as you become pregnant, lactation
interacts: DA antagonists and DA receptor blocking agents
Withania somnifera
- used for?
- interactions with drugs?
Ashwagandha root
-Adaptogen, immune modulating, hypotensive, sedative, enhances cognition
indicated: stress, inflammation, insomnia, nervous exhaustion, asthma, bronchitis, infection, anxiety, low libido, opiate withdrawal
contraindicated: pregnancy
interacts: barbiturates, epileptics, immune suppression therapy
Zingiber officinale
- dont take more than how many grams in preg?
Ginger root
carminative, antispasmodic, warming stimulant, anti-emetic, rubefacient, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, anti-inflammatory
indicated for: nausea, flatulence, abd discomfort, and diarrhea, loss of appetite, motion sickness, RA (inhibits COX and LOX)
AEs: Gi complaints
contraindicated: no more than 2 g in pregnancy, dont take with gallstones, not in pts at risk of hemorrhage
interacts: anticoags
ZZ. Herbs that should not be used in children
Larrea, coleus, chelidonium, rhamnus, atropa, uva ursi, salix alba
ZZ. Herbs with cardiac glycosides
coleus, convallaria, digitalis, leonurus
ZZ. herbs/drugs with hypokalemic effects
which class of herbs do we want to avoid with hypokalemic substances?
diuretics (furosemide, HCTZ)
corticosteroids (hydrocortisone, prednisone, dexamethasone)
cardiac glycosides (digoxin, convallaria, digitalis, leonurus)
anti-arrhythmics (atenolol, propranolol, amiodarone)
pseudoephedrine
Glycyrrhiza
AVOID: diuretics and laxatives (as they can add to hypokalemia)
ZZ. Low dose herbs
Aconitum, Aspidosperma, Atropa Baptisia, Bryonia Convallaria Datura, Digitalis Ephedra Gelsemium sempervirens Hyoscyamus niger Iris versicolor Lobelia, Lycopus, Larrea Yohimbe, Phytolacca, Piper methysticum, piscidia, Podophyllum, Pulsatilla Rauwolfia Sanguinaria, Selenicereus Tanacetum, Thuja Veratrums, Viscums
ZZ. Name the 14 plants in the asteraceae family
People with allergies to the following should avoid Asters: pollen, ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, daisies, etc
Arnica, Artemesia Calendula, Cynara Echinacea, Eupatoriums Grindelia Inula Matricaria Silybum, Solidago Tanacetum, Taraxacum, Tussilago
ZZ. pharmaceuticals (7) that have anticholinergic effects, and which herbs we avoid with them?
atropine, bupropion, dextromethorphan, dicyclomine, diphenhydramine, tiotropium bromide, tolterodine
belladonna, stramonium, hyoscyamus
ZZ. we avoid these disease processes with bitter digestive stimulants
GERD, active peptic ulcers, gastritis, biliary obstruction, acute cholelithiasis, diarrhea
ZZ. What needs to be avoided with Lithium due to increased risk of ?
diuretics: specifically arctium, galium, taraxacum whole plant
ZZ. Which five herbs would you pick for acne: Achillea, Arctium, Berberis aquifolium, Rumex, Galium, Plantago, Symphytum, Solidago, taraxacum
arctium, berberis, rumex: inflammatory and hormonal skin conditions - acne
galium: alterative and lymphatic - acne and chronic skin diseases
taraxacum (whole plant): hepatoprotective and diuretic
achillea - bitter digestive stimulant, vulnerary, styptic
plantago - demulcent and vulnerary for dermatitis, wounds and ulcerations
symphytum - demulcent, expectorant, vulnerary used topically for wound healing
solidago spp - antimicrobial and anticatarrhal used in URTI
ZZ. Which four would you use for reduction of pain and inflammation associated with OA? Boswellia serrata, Fucus vesiculosis, Curcuma longa, Esch californica, Corydalis spp. Harpagophytum procumbens, Smilax spp
Harpagophytum, Smilax, Curcuma, and Boswellia
fucus: RA and hypothyroidism
Corydalis: analgesic, hypnotic, and sedative used in dysmenorrhea
Esch: nerve pain, anxiety, insomnia (not joint pain)
ZZ. Which herbs contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids and why would they be unsafe?
hepatotoxic and carcinogenic in large doses
- petasides hybridus (not on list)
- verbascum
- symphytum
- tussilago
ZZ. Which plants are not safe for internal use?
Verbascum, Sanguinaria, Podophyllum, Pulsatilla, Melaleuca, Cineraria maritima, Bryonia *there mighttttt be more
ZZ. Which six might you use for prostate cancer? Larrea tridentata, Sanguinaria, Ginkgo biloba, Ganoderma lucidum, Serenoa repens, Hydrangea arborescens, Juniperus communis, Curcuma longa, Gallium aparine, Camellia sinensis
Ganoderma, Curcuma, Larrea, Ginkgo, Camellia - antineoplastic
serenoa: inhibits T activity
arctostaphylos uva-ursi, hydrangea, juniperus: antimicrobial and used in UTIs
gallium: alterative for chronic skin disease and lower urinary tract infections - not prostate CA
sanguinaria: rarely used internally d/t escharotic action
ZZ. Which three are indicated for uncomplicated cystitis? althea, alium, solidago, zea mays, eupatorium, matricaria, arctostaphylos uva-ursi
zea mays, althea, uva ursi (however they are not indicated in pyelonephritis - use ABX)
allium is antimicrobial, but not for UT
eupatorium is a diaphoretic and immune and digestive stimulant with an affinity for the resp and GI systems
ZZ. Which three would be useful and safe in HIV infection? Panax ginseng, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Larrea, Baptisia, Echinacea, Hypericum, Usnea, Hydrastis, Solidago
Panax ginseng, Glycyrrhiza and Echinacea - helpful in HIV infection
Hypericum is also helpful in HIV infection, but is avoided in pts on ART
Larrea: cancer and infection, not HIV
Solidago: URTI with significant cattarh
Usnea: antmicrobial
Baptisia: URI with cattarh
Hydrastis: antimicrobial and immune modulating
ZZ. Which three would you pick for IBS? mentha piperita, melissa officinalis, urtica dioica, zingiber officinale
melissa, mentha, zingiber
ZZ. which herbs effect breast milk?
lessens: salvia
increases: glycyrrhiza, verbena
ZZ. which herbs would you avoid with sympathomimetics?
what are the sympathomimetics?
ephedra, yohimbe, rauwolfia
S: albuterol, epinephrine, phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine, salbutamol
ZZ. go through all of the coughs and which herb is indicated? wet, dry, spasmodic?
wet: aspidosperma, inula, lobelia, sanguinaria
dry: grindelia, inula, symphytum
spasmodic: asclepius, ceanothus, datura, hyoscyamus, inula, larrea, lobelia*, prunus, thymus, trifolium, tussilago
ZZ. Herbs that interact with CYP:
inhibitors and inducers
garlic (allium sativum), ginkgo, ginseng, goldenseal (hydrastis), grapefruit juice
milk thistle, SJW, echineacea, piper methysticum, vaccinium, mentha piperita
