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NPLEX 2 Flashcards > DONE: Botanicals > Flashcards

DONE: Botanicals Flashcards

Listed in alphabetical order. Main concepts at the end of the list marked with ZZ.

1
Q

Achillea millefolium

  • actions?
  • indications?
  • contraindications and AEs d/t?
A

Yarrow flowers asteraceae family
- bitter digestive stimulant, vulnerary, styptic/hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, diaphoretic

topical: wound and skin ulcers
internal: passive hemorrhage, meno or metrorrhagia, hematuria, anal or uterine hemorrhoids, cystitis, leukorrhea, poor digestion, fever, URTIs, joint pain

AEs: *thujone is an emmenagogue, abortifacient, and can cause convulsions

contraindicated: *b/c it is a bitter digestive: GERD< PUD, gastritis, biliary obstruction, acute cholelithiais, diarrhea. *avoid large doses in pregnancy
interacts: PPIs

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2
Q

Aconitum napellus

  • effects
  • effect on the heart
A

Monkshood root or leaf low dose herb

  • sensory and motor depressant: aconitine raises Na ion permeability and slows repol: it is initially stimulating, then causes paralysis
  • sedative
  • anti-pyretic

high doses: positive inotropic effect, then tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac arrest

indicated: trigeminal and intercostal neuralgia, fever, chills

side effects: highly toxic, tingling, decrease in body temperature

contraindicated: pregnancy, lactation

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3
Q

Actea (Cimicifuga) racemosa

  • mimetic of what hormone?
  • indicated?
  • contraindicated?
  • used with what pharmaceutical to decrease its SEs?
A

Black cohosh root
- uterine tonic, pituitary and estrogen mimetic, parturifacient, anti-rheumatic, spasmolytic, antitussive, nervine

indicated: dysmenorrhea, PMS, menopause, early labor, rheumatism, myalgia, OA and RA, whooping cough

AEs: in overdose: sedative, bradycardia, hypotension, blurred vision, N/V, HA

contraindicated: 1st TM of pregnancy and lactation, estrogen dependent tumors
interacts: HRT > excess estrogen that does NOT affect the uterus. reduces hot-flushes from tamoxifen

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4
Q

Aesculus hippocastanum

- used topically for? internally for?

A

Horse Chestnut leaves
- astringent, vasocontrictive, veno-tonic, anti-inflammatory, mild expectorant

topical: hemorrhoids, pruritis ani, varicose veins, nocturnal leg swelling
internal: venous insufficiency, DVT, varicose veins, thrombophlebitis, edema, chronic prostatitis

AEs: Nausea, unprocessed fruit is highly toxic

contraindications: high dose

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5
Q

Allium cepa

  • what is it?
  • name 4 actions?
  • contraindicated in what 2 diseases?
  • contraindicated with what therapy?
A

onion bulb

  • antimicrobial (staph)
  • reduces plt aggregation, LDL antioxidant, inhibits COX and LOX (decreases leukotrienes)
  • hypoglycemic: disulphides (make you cry): ADPS increases the 1/2 life of insulin, increases insulin secretion, and increases hepatic metabolism of glucose
  • carminative

indicated:

internal: urinary infections (urgency, pus, hematuria, stones), elevated cholesterol or blood pressure, platelet aggregation, inflammatory conditions, elevated blood glucose
external: dermatophytosis, onychomycosis, warts, vaginitis, otitis media

contraindicated: hypothyroidism (raw/disulphides reduce iodine uptake), bleeding disorders, anticoagulant therapy
interactions: warfarin, insulin, metformin, glyburide. rosiglitazone

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6
Q

Allium sativum

  • what is it?
  • 3 actions?
A

garlic bulb, oil

  • antimicrobial (fungus, protozoa, and bacteria)
  • hypotensive
  • hypolipidemic

indicated: URTIs with cough/catarrh/pertussis/otitis media, parasites (worms and candidiasis), high cholesterol and lipids (reduces serum chol and TGs, raises HDL), intermittent claudication, HTN, heart attack and stroke prevention
caution: might potentiate anticoagulants

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7
Q

Aloe vera

- explain difference between inner and outer

A

(outer): cathartic

gel (inner): vulnerary, inflammation and immune modulator, demulcent

  • external: burns, wounds, frost bite, ulcerations, stretch marks, warts, varicose veins
  • internal: gastritis, IBD, peptic ulcer, interstitial or infectious cramping
  • dont use in 3rd degree burns, deep/infected wounds, or wounds healing by 2ary intention

interacts: glyburide

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8
Q

Althaea officinalis

  • indicated for?
  • take away from other oral drugs how many hours?
A

Marsh Mallow
demulcent - urinary and GI, emolient, vulnerary, anti-inflammatory

indicated for uncomplicated cystitis (not pyeloneph), gastric inflammation, oral and pharyngeal irritation

CI: profuse catarrh or congestion of mucous membranes

take away from all other drugs 2 hours

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9
Q

Angelica sinensis

  • indicated for?
  • AEs with which pharm?
  • dont use in?
A

Dong Quai root
- uterine tonic , liver tonic, spasmolytic, anti-inflamatory, analgesic, sedative

indicated: amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, endometritis, estrogen imbalance, menopause, PMS, uterine tonic, liver, digestion, WHOLE BODY HERB

AEs: fever, GI, increased bleeding *monitor PT/INR in those taking blood thinners, photodermatitis

contraindicated: hemorrhagic disease, hypermenorrhea, chronic diarrhea, abd bloating, acute infection, pregnancy
interacts: warfarin

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10
Q

Arctium lappa

  • contraindicated?
  • indicated?
A

Burdock Root asteraceae family
Bitter, hepatoprotective, alterative, diuretic (avoid with Lithium), hypoglycemic

indicated: inflammatory and hormonal skin conditions - acne, stimulates digestive juice secretion, helps with appetite and anorexia nervosa, dry/scaly skin patches like eczema, psoriasis, dandruff
topical leaves: mastitis, OA, RA, sprains

AEs: nausea

interacts: additive effect with insulin

CI: asteraceae

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11
Q

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

  • class?
  • what kind of UTIs?
  • what two constituents does it contain?
  • take away from these 3 supplements?
A

Uva Ursi, Bearberry leaves
renal antimicrobial, not a diuretic

indicated for uncomplicated cystitis (not pyeloneph), alkaline UTIs, chronic bladder irritation with pain, tenesmus, blood and mucus

AEs: high tannins could cause GI discomfort. extended use esp in children > liver damage due to hydroxyquinones

contraindicated: pregnancy > 10 days, kidney disorders
interactions: tannins iron. avoid use with anything that acidifies the urine as this reduces the antimicrobial effect of the hydroxuquinones (vitamin C and cranberry)

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12
Q

Arnica montana

- used when?

A

Arnica flower Asteraceae family
- topical antiinflammatory, vulnerary, immune stimulant

used externally for bruises and to reduce pain, phlebitis, rheumatism, strains and sprains, myalgia

do not use in large open wounds > risk of toxicity

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13
Q

Artemesia absinthum

  • indicated for?
  • what makes it different from other artemesias?
  • large doses/continuous doses?
  • take away from what pharm? what supplement?
A

Wormwood leaf asteraceae family
bitter, carminative, antimicrobial, antidepressant

indicated: weak digestion, dyspepsia, stomach pain, colic, gas, *round worm and pinworms, depression, colds, influenza

AEs: dont take continuously, large doses of thujone can lead to vomiting, cramps, headache, dizziness, etc

CI: seizures, ulcers, pregnancy, breastfeeding

interacts: PPIs, Iron (separate by 1-2 hours)

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14
Q

Artemesia annua

  • indicated?
  • what makes it different from other artemesias?
  • combine with what supplement for optimal efficacy
A

Annual Wormwood root and leaf asteraceae family
- antiparasitic, antimicrobial, antineoplastic, bitter

Indicated: infection, *plasmodium/malaria, *cancer - leukemia and colon cancer

AEs: allergies or contact dermatitis

contraindicated: pregnancy, lactation, aster allergy

you SHOULD combine with iron for optimal efficacy!

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15
Q

Artemesia vulgaris

  • what makes it different from other artemesias?
  • contraindicated?
A

Mugwort root asteraceae family
bitter and nervine tonic, carminative, emmenagogue, nootropic is diff effect

indicatied: poor digestion, depression, amenorrhea

AEs: thujone is an emmenagogue, abortifacient, and can cause convulsion

contraindicated: GERD, active ulcers, gastritis, biliary obstruction, cholelithiasis, diarrhea, *pregnancy, lactation, asteraceae
interacts: PPIs, hypoglycemics

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16
Q

Asclepius tuberosa

  • actions?
  • indicated?
  • contraindicated?
  • interactions?
A

Pleurisy root
- diaphoretic, expectorant, antitussive, antispasmodic

indicated: infection, respiratory tract congestion (bronchitis, pleurisy, pertussis, pneumonia, cough, common cold, flu)

Aes: nausea and upset stomach

contraindicated: pregnancy, large doses for several days
interacts: cardiac glycosides

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17
Q

Aspidosperma quebracho

- indicated for? contraindicated?

A

Quebracho bark low dose herb
stimulating expectorant used in wet cough to promote expectoration. antitussive, antimicrobial

indicated: wet cough, dyspnea, asthma, emphysema, TB, hemoptysis, bronchitis, pneumonia

AEs: salivation, sweating, vertigo, stupor, OD = N/V

contraindicated in dry cough (same as sanguinaria, lobelia)

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18
Q

Astragalus membranaceus

  • actions?
  • could effect blood how?
  • dont use in?
A

Astragalus, Huang Qi
- Adaptogen and immune modulating, antibacterial, viral, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, hypoglycemic

indicated: deep immune system, allergies, resp infections, cancer

Aes: could increase fibrin formation

contraindicated in autoimmune conditions

interacts: acyclovir, IFN 1 and 2, corticosteroids

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19
Q

Atropa belladonna

  • class?
  • effects on heart?
  • adverse effects?
  • interacts with which class?
A

Belladonna leaves and root
contains tropane alkaloids atropine low dose herb

  • anticholinergic, parasympatholytic = competitive antagonism of Ach
  • spasmolytic, positive dromotropic, positive chronotropic, vasoconstrictor, smooth muscle inhibitor, bronchodilator

indicated: liver and GB complaints, smooth muscle

AEs: hot as a hare, red as a beet, dry as a bone, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter

contraindications: long-term use, high doses, BPH, urinary retention, prostate CA, tachycardia, arrhythmia, closed-angle glaucoma, GI stenosis, megacolon, pregnancy, lactation, children
interacts: potentiates anticholinergic drugs - atropine, bupropion, dextromethorphan, dicyclomine, diphenhydramine, tiotropium bromide, tolterodine, TCAs

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20
Q

Avena Sativa

  • classes
  • contraindicated in which pt population?
  • what class of meds does it effect absorption?
A

Oat seed
- nervine, nutritive, mild sedative

Beta-glucans in oat gum can increase food viscosity and peak post-prandial glucose, increases bile excretion and decreases lipids

indicated for:

internal: fatigue, anxiety, debility, autoimmune conditions like MS, rheumatism, insomnia, nicotine or opiate withdrawal
external: anodyne, eczema

contraindications: people with celiac disease
interactions: oat bran could effect absorption of statins - eat it 2 hours before or 4-6 hours after taking

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21
Q

Bacopa monnieri

- indications and class

A

bacopa aerial parts
-antioxidant, neuroprotective, inhibits ACHesterase, increases cerebral blood flow

indicated: cognition, anxiety, epilepsy, poor memory

AEs: palpitations, nausea, dry mouth, thirst

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22
Q

Baptisia tinctoria

  • use in combo with which 2 herbs?
  • effect on WBC?
A

Wild Indigo root low dose herb

  • raises leukocyte count, immune stimulating, antiviral when in combination w echinacea and thuja
  • antimicrobial, anti-catarrhal, alterative

indicated: infection, URIs with catarrh, pharyngitis, tonsilitis, mastitis, delirium, chronic fatigue

AEs: GI upset

CI: long term and high dose, pregnancy and lactation

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23
Q

Berberis (Mahonia) aquifolium

- indications different from vulgaris

A

Oregon Grape root
hepatic, antibiotic (not antiviral), bitter, alterative, cholagogue

indicated: poor digestion, chronic skin disease, acne, candida, mastitis, gastroenteritis, H pylori, hepatitis, lower UTI, vaginitis

AEs: N/V, hypotension, HF, convulsions, paresthesias

contraindicated: anything contraindicated in bitter digestive stimulants, late pregnancy
interacts: PPIs

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24
Q

Berberis vulgaris

- indications different from aquifolium

A

Barberry fruit and root bark
hepatic, bitter, cholagogue, choleretic, antimicrobial
hypoglycemic agent (berberine), berberine = metformin in some studies for reducing blood glucose

indicated: poor digestion, gastritis, H pylori, gastroenteritis, chronic hepatitis, liver disease, gallstones, malaria, splenomegaly

AEs: N/V, hypotension, HF, convulsions, paresthesias

contraindicated: anything contraindicated in bitter digestive stimulants, late pregnancy
interacts: PPIs

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25
Q

Boswellia serrata

  • when is it used?
  • enhances which drugs?
A

Frankincense gum resin
anti-inflammatory, circulatory stimulant, analgesic, antiseptic, astringent

indicated for: ulcerative colitis, OA, crohns, RA, chronic prostatits, inflammation, asthma

AEs: take with water and food to avoid GI irritation

*enhances NSAIDs - ASA, ibuprofen, naproxen and celecoxib

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26
Q

Bryonia alba/cretica dioica

  • used for?
  • how many berries would kill an adult and child?
  • contraindicated?
A

White and Red Bryony root low dose herb
- anodyne, sedative, antirheumatic, antiviral, cathartic

indicated: painful rheumatism, laxative, emetic, diuretic, ulcers, asthma, bronchitis

AEs: OD > vomiting, diarrhea, colic, collapse, paralysis 40. berries would kill and adult, 15 would kill a child

contraindicated: pregnancy, lactation, internal use

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27
Q

Calendula officinalis

  • indications
  • contraindications?
A

Calendula, Marigold flower Asteraceae family
- anti-inflammatory, vulnerary, mild antibacterial it promotes the formation of granulation tissue > important for epithelization and healing of wounds

indicated: skin conditions, surgical wounds, gingivitis, oral ulcers, varicose veins. (can be used internally for gastric ulcers)

CI: deep wounds, aster allergy

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28
Q

Camellia sinensis

  • what does it contain?
  • interacts with which class?
A

green tea leaf
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic, antimicrobial, diuretic, contains purine alkaloids

indicated: cancer and dental cavity prevention

AEs: gi irritation, reduced appetite, constipation or diarrhea - can avoid these by adding milk to tea

contraindicated: weakened cardio system, renal disease, thyroid hyperfunctioning, anxiety and anxiety-like disorders d/t stimulant. avoid in pregnancy and breastfeeding due to caffeine content
interactions: reduces effectiveness of anticoags

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29
Q

Cannabis sativa

  • which two situations is it most beneficial in?
  • issue with non pharm versions?
  • with which med is there a serious side effect? what is it?
A

Marijuana
demulcent, analgesic, sedative, antiemetic, psychoactive, anti-inflammatory, hypotensive

indicated: appetite stimulant, antiemetic (AIDS, CA)

side effects: dizziness, euphoria, laughing fits, paranoid, somnolence, abnormal thinking
* could be contaminated with aspergillus if not pharm

CI: pregnancy C, breastfeeding, schizophrenia

interacts: sildenafil > MI, CNS depressants, alcohol

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30
Q

Capsella bursa-pastoris

  • actions?
  • indicated?
  • contraindicated?
  • interacts?
A

Shepherd’s Purse aerial
styptic, astringent

indicated: nosebleeds, hemorrhage, wounds and burns
contraindicated: pregnancy
interacts: warfarin

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31
Q

Capsicum frutescens

  • what is it?
  • contraindicated?
  • interacts with what drug?
A

cayenne ground dried fruit

  • circulatory and vasomotor stimulant: lowers chol, TG, and LDL:HDL, decreases plt agg
  • rubefacient/counterirritant
  • gastric stimulant
  • antimicrobial
  • anti-inflammatory: stimulates production of collagenase (OA, RA), depletes substance P (pain transmission in C-fibers decreased)

indicated:

external: diabetic neuropathy, pruritis, psoriasis, OA, RA, migraines
internal: hypochlorhydria, H pylori, maldigestion, dyspepsia, biliary insufficiency, atonic constipation, atherosclerosis, GI or resp infection, hypercoagulation

contraindicated: pregnancy - uterine stimulant
interactions: compounds dry cough side effect of ACEIs

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32
Q

Cassia angustufolia (Senna alexandrina)

  • how does it work?
  • weird side effects?
  • pregnancy?
A

Senna
stimulating laxative, cathartic inhibits water and electrolyte absorption from the large intestine > increases volume and pressure of intestinal contents > stimulates colon motility

indicated: constipation

AEs: harmless red urine or feces, colic, pseudomelanosis coli, diarrhea, abortion

contraindicated: obstruction, acute inflamm disease, appendicitis, pregnancy
interactions: avoid hypoK drugs

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33
Q

Caulophyllum thalictroides
- treats?
contraindicated?
- dont use with what pharm?

A

Blue cohosh rhizome
- uterine tonic, parturifacient, emmenagogue, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, diuretic, diaphoretic

indicated: amenorrhea, menorrhagia, metrorrhaggia, dysmenorrhea, cyclic mastalgia, female infertility, uterine prolapse, to facilitate labor, rheumatism, OA, RA

AEs: dermatitis, GI irritation

CI: pregnancy

interacts: nitroglycerin

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34
Q

Ceanothus americanus

  • contains? which does ?
  • tonic to which organ?
A

New Jersey Tea
- tannins have astringent effect: reduced blood clotting time, also an expectorant and antispasmodic. spleen tonic, hypotensive, sedative

indicated: fatty liver, hepatitis, splenomegaly, LAD, bronchitis, asthma, cough, dysentery, GI bleeds, skin irritation and sores
interacts: could antagonize anticoagulants

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35
Q

Centella asiatica

  • class
  • used in which emergency scenario?
  • side effect on labs?
  • pregnancy?
A

Gotu Kola whole plant
- nervine, antipyretic

indicated: nervousness, poor memory, epilepsy, venous insufficiency
externally: inflamed skin, ulcers, psoriasis, snake bite poultice

AEs: photosensitization, DM or HLD (could increase blood glucose and lipids), possible infertility

contraindicated: pregnancy

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36
Q

Chamaelirium luteum

  • tonic for which 2 organs?
  • indications?
  • contraindicated?
  • pharm interaction?
A

false unicorn root
-uterine and ovarian tonic, emmenagogue, diuretic

indicated: amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, leukorrhea, estrogen imbalance, menopause, female infertility, uterine infection, ovarian cysts, leiomyoma, PMS, threatened miscarriage, premature labor, dyspepsia

AEs: N/V, anti-plt

contraindicated: early pregnancy, GI irritation
interacts: warfarin

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37
Q

Chelidonium majus

  • actions
  • topically for? internally?
  • contraindicated?
A

Greater celandine aerial parts, roots and rhizome
-alterative, choleretic, cholagogue, bitter, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, mild antitussive, anitmicrobial, antiviral (HPV)

topical: warts, eczema, corns, malignant tumors
internal: biliary insufficiency, prevent gall stones, whooping coug, asthma

CI: biliary obstruction, hepatic failure, acute diarrhea, cholelothiasis, hepatitis, chlecystitis, conconjugated hyperBRemia, pregancy, lactation, children

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38
Q

Chionanthus virginicus

- indications?

A

Fringe Tree dried root or tree bark
- cholagogue, alterative, bitter, diuretic

topical: wounds and inflammation
internal: liver and gallbladder dysfunction, jaundice, hepatomegaly, biliary insufficiency, gall stones, chronic skin conditions

CI: normal things for bitters

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39
Q

Cineraria maritima

  • use?
  • contraindicated?
A

Dusty Miller leaf Asteraceae family

indications: cataracts (topical) I have to SEE to go to the CINE MA

AEs: hepato-veno-occlusive disease, hepatic failure, death

CI: internal use, broken skin, pregnancy, lactation, aster family

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40
Q

Cinnamonum zeylanicum

  • which bug does it work against?
  • pregnancy?
A

Cinnamon oil from bark and leaf
astringent, carminative, antimicrobial (H pylori), vasodilating, diaphoretic, antispasmodic

indicated: loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia

AEs: GI irritant, N/V

contraindicated: pregnancy, allergy, ulcers, acid reflux, *prolonged use could be toxic

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41
Q

Coleus forskohlii

  • contains what?
  • effects on the heart? lunggs?
  • contraindicated?
A

Coleus root

  • diterpene glycosides
  • adenylate cyclase activator, positive ionotropic (contractility), vasodilator, hypotensive, bronchodilator, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antihistamine, anti-plt

indicated: asthma, dilated cardiomyopathy, HTN, allergies, glaucoma, hypothyroidism, obesity

AEs: gi stimulation and nausea

contraindicated: active peptic ulcers, pregnancy, lactation, children

interacts with: cardiac glycosides (digoxin, convallaria, digitalis, leonurus), anticoags, insulin and hypoglycemic drugs, antihistamines, levothyroxine, increase bleeds with NSAIDs, antagonize PPIs

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42
Q

Commiphora mukul

  • main use?
  • interacts with what drug?
A

Indian bdellium gum/resin

  • hypolipidemic: increases hepatic binding sites for LDL, inhibits chol synthesis, decreases TGs, increases fecal excretion of bile acids and chol
  • anti-inflammatory: decreases pain of OA after 1 month

indications: elevated LDL, HLD, inflammations (OA), nodulocystic acne
contraindicated: IBD
interactions: induce CYP450, decrease bioavailability of propranolol

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43
Q

Commiphora myrrha (molmol)

  • uses?
  • interacts w what pharm?
A

Myrrh resin from bark
- antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, expectorant, antitussive

indicated: topical mouth and pharynx inflammation. internal cough expectorant
contraindicated: pregnancy and lactation
interacts: insulin and hypoglycemics

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44
Q

Convallaria majalis

  • contains? does what to the heart?
  • how do you treat an OD?
  • contraindicated?
  • interactions?
A

lily of the valley flower tips and rhizome low dose herb

  • glycosides
  • positive ionotropic (contractility), negative chronotropic (rate), negative dromotropic (conduction), positive bathmotropic (excitability)
  • natiuretic, diuretic
  • dose-dependent venoconstrictive

indicated: arrythmia, cardiac insufficiency, hypotension

AEs: nausea, vomiting, headache, death treat with atropine - monitor K/glc/insulin

contraindications: digitalis and other cardiac glycosides (convallaria, digitalis, leonurus)
interactions: hypokalemic drugs/diuretics, corticosteroids. anti-arrhythmics, pseudoephedrine, glycyrrhiza, calcium > will promote arrhythmia, potentiates BBs

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45
Q 
Cordyseps sinensis
 - made from?
 indicated for?
 - contraindicated in? at toxic doses?
 - potentiates?
A

Caterpillar fungus
-bronchodilator, antibiotic, anti-cancer

indicated: acute infection, anemia, BM protection, fatigue, asthma, impotence, chronic cough, debility

at toxic doses: *constipation, abd distention, irregular menstruation, amenorrhea

potentiates Epinephrine

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46
Q

Corydalis ambigua

  • contains what?
  • used in?
  • contraindicated?
A

Corydalis root
*isoquinolone alkaloids
powerful analgesic, hypnotic, sedative, spasmolytic, tranquilizing, hallucinogenic. suppresses CNS, reduces BP, decreases GI motility

indicated: severe nerve damage, emotional disturbances and tremors, high blood pressure, small intestine spasms, dysmenorrhea

AEs: decreased menstrual flow, headaches, fatigue
overdose: clonic spasms with musculature tremor

contraindicated: pregnancy, breastfeeding

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47
Q

Crataegus oxyacantha (laevigata)

  • contains what?
  • similar to what drug class?
  • effects on heart?
  • drug interactions?
A

Hawthorn berries, flower, leaf

  • cardiac tonic: procyanidins and flavonoids increase coronary blood flow via vasodilation and red in peripheral resistance, positive ionotrope and chronotrope, similar to class III antiarrhythmics, lowers LDL
  • heart nutritive
  • hypotensive
  • anti-inflammatory: flavonoids decrease capillary fragility, prevent collagen destruction of joints

indicated: CHF, arrhythmias, valvular murmurs, cap fragility, HTN
interacts: antiplatelets increase bleed risk, may enhance glycoside drug/herbs, avoid with antiarrhthymics, increased side effects of BBs

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48
Q

Curcuma longa

  • actions?
  • indications?
  • contraindicated?
A

Turmeric rhizome
- hepatic, anti-neoplastic, anti-inflammatory, immune modulator, antibacterial, antiplatelet

Indicated for: reduction of pain and inflammation associated with OA, inflammatory conditions (IBD), gallstone prevention, jaundice, hepatitis, UBS, protection of NSAID induced ulcers, cancer, OA, RA, inflammation, asthma, skin, prevention of strokes and MIs

AEs: stomach stuff

CI: biliary obstruction, hyperchlorhydria, pregnancy

interacts: warfarin

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49
Q

Cynara scolymus

- indications? actions?

A

Artichoke Asteraceae family
- bitter, hypolipidemia

indicated: dyslipidemia, poor digestion

contraindicated in bitter CIs

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50
Q

Datura stramonium

  • which part of the plant is poisonous?
  • what does it contain? who is it similar to?
  • indicated for?
  • contraindicated?
  • drug interactions?
A

Jimson weed dried leaves flowers are poisonous, but fragrant low dose herb

  • contains tropane alkaloids (daturine, atropine, hyoscine, scopolamine*
  • these are anticholinergic and parasympatholytic
  • sedative, antispasmodic

indications (folk medicine, we dont use it): asthma, convulsive cough, pertussis, bronchitis, influenza, severe catarrh, expectorant

AEs: same as belladonna

contraindicated: glaucoma, pregnancy, with anticholinergic or TCAs
interacts: potentiates anticholinergic drugs - atropine, bupropion, dextromethorphan, dicyclomine, diphenhydramine, tiotropium bromide, tolterodine AND TCAs

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51
Q

Digitalis purpurea

- contains what? effects on heart?

A

foxglove leaf low dose herb

  • cardiac glycosides* positive ionotrope, negative chronotrope
  • cardiac stimulant, diuretic, emetic at high doses

indicated: CHF, atrial arrhythmias

AEs: narrow therapeutic range, GI sxs, yellow or green halo around objects

contraindicated: 1/2 degree AV block, severe carditis, angina, arrhythmias, bradycardia. cardiac hypertrophy, aortic stenosis, kidney failure, hypokalemia/calcemia, hypercalcemia, pregnancy, lactation
interactions: hypokalemic drugs/diuretics, corticosteroids. anti-arrhythmics, pseudoephedrine, glycyrrhiza, calcium > will promote arrhythmia, potentiates BBs

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52
Q

Dioscorea villosa

  • actions?
  • indications?
  • contraindicated in ?
A

Wild Yam root
- spasmolytic, antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, diaphoretic, hepatic, cholagogue

indicated: dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, PMS< threatened miscarriage, premature labor, smooth muscle spasm, colic, myalgia, neuralgia, OA RA acute rheumatism

CI: biliary obstruction, cholecystitis, biliary cancer, pancreatic cancer, hepatitis, cirrhosis, pregnancy in high doses

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53
Q

Echinacea angustifolia, pallida, and purpurea

  • actions?
  • indications and contraindications?
  • children?
  • dont use with what drugs?
A

Purple cone flower root leaf and flower asteraceae family
Adaptogen, immune modulator, immune stimulant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial/bacterial/viral, stimulates phagocytosis and activates macrophages, vulnerary and alterative

indicated: influenza, URTI, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, staph skin, vaginitis, mastitis, wounds, skin ulcers, acne, chronic skin disease, cancer, mycobacterial infection

contraindicated: aster family, TB, MS, AIDS, HIV, auto-immune disease, possible long term use
* safe for use in children*

interactions: immune suppression therapy

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54
Q

Eleutherococcus senticosus

  • actions?
  • indicated?
  • contraindicated?
A

Siberian ginseng root
- Adaptogen, immune modulating, adrenal support

indicated: pharyngitis, tonsillitis, infection, fatigue, hypoadrenocorticism, lack of stamina, tendency to infection

contraindicated in autoimmune conditions, hypertension, acute infections, and long term use

interacts with immune suppression therapy

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55
Q

Ephedra sinica

  • actions?
  • indications?
  • side effects?
  • contraindicated?
  • interactions?
A

Ephedra, Ma Huang stem low dose herb
adrenergic agonist, bronchodilator, antitussive, anti-allergic, decongestant, anti-secretory, vasoconstrictor, hypertensive, diaphoretic, diuretic

indicated: bronchitis, asthma whooping cough, sinusitis, allergies, weight loss

AEs: agitation, alertness, MI, cerebral vasculitis, stroke
OD: sympathomimetic

contraindicated: HTN, hyperthyroid, DM, BPH, glaucoma, CAD, anorexia, pregnancy, lactation, long term

interacts: potentiates sympathomimetics, caffeine, dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate, MAOIs
antagonizes a and B blockers, TCAs, and increases clearance of dexamethasone

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56
Q

Equisetum arvense

  • used for?
  • contraindicataed?
  • interactions?
A

Horsetail aerial parts
diuretic, astringent - decreases uric acid content in the blood by increasing clearance rate

indicated: UTI, kidney and bladder stones, nocturnal enuresis

CI: edema d.t impaired heart or kidney function, hypokalemia, and coagulation disorders

interactions: hypokalemic drugs, warfarin

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57
Q

Eschscholzia californica

  • who do we use in?
  • contraindicated?
  • drug interactions?
A

California poppy dried aerial perts
- nervine, hypnotic, anti-spasmodic, anodyne

indicated: sedative and hypnotic for children, nerve pain (not joint pain), anxiety, insomnia

AEs: addictive

contraindicated: pregnancy, lactation
interactions: could potentiate MAOIs and SSRIs

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58
Q

Eucalyptus globulus

  • topical? internal uses?
  • avoid with?
A

Eucalyptus lead
- antimicrobial, counter irritant, antispasmodic, expectorant, antiperiodic

topical: aching joints and muscles, add to bath water, insect repellant, wounds, burns, ulcers
internal: URTI, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, nasal stuffiness

CI: hypotension, kidney function impaired *infants - as it could produce a laryngeal spasms and respiratory arrest

interacts: hypoglycemic agents

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59
Q

Eupatorium perfoliatum

  • most indicated for?
  • contraindicated?
A

Boneset aerial parts asteraceae family
respiratory, diaphoretic, immune and digestive bitter stimulant, affinity for the respiratory and GI systems, urolithiasis, anti-catarrhal, asntispasmodic

indicated: influenza, aches and pain, fever,

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60
Q

Eupatorium purpureum

  • what is it?
  • class?
  • indications?
A

Grave root, Joe pye weed Root asteraceae family
- anti-lithic, diuretic

indicated: urolithiasis, dysuria, hematuria from prostatitis, gout

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61
Q 
Euphrasia officinalis (stricta)
 - used for?
A

Eyebright aerial parts
- anti-inflammatory, anti0catarrhal, astringent, vasoconstrictor

indicated: ophthalmitis, allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis, sinusitis, blepharitis, hordeolum, eye trauma

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62
Q

Foeniculum vulgare

- contraindicated in which allergy?

A

Fennel seeds
carminative, spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory, phytoestrogen, galactogogue

indicated: flatulence, colic, stimulates digestion and appetite, calming effect for bronchitis, cough, infant colic, dyspepsia, maldigestion, IBS, catarrh of URT

AEs: **celery allergy - although very rare*, CNS toxicity in high doses

contraindicated: pregnancy, < 2 yo, prolonged use

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63
Q

Fucus vesiculosis

  • contains?
  • treatment of?
  • contraindicated in?
  • decreases absorption of? due to ? content?
A

Bladderwrack, kelp
- iodine, nutritive, anti-obesity, antirheumatic

indicated for: RA, iodine-deficient hypothyroidism, goiter, obesity

AEs: could aggravate hyperthyroidism, long term ingestion could decrease iron absorption due to polysaccharide fucoidan, could be contaminated with heavy metals, acne

contraindicated: hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, lactation
interacts: anticoags, antiplatelet and thrombolytic agents

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64
Q

Galium aparine

  • external? internal indications?
  • avoid what with it?
A

Cleavers aerial parts
- alterative and lymphatic, diuretic and antinodular

indications: topical for acne and chronic skin diseases, ulcers, festering glands, lumps in breast and skin rashes. internal for acute lower urinary tract infections, urolithiasis, lymphadenitis

diuretic (avoid with Lithium)

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65
Q

Ganoderma lucidum

  • what is it?
  • actions?
  • weird AE and allieviated when coadministered with?
A

Reishi mushroom
- Adaptogen, immune activation, nervine, hypotensive, antiallergy, antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, antithrombotic

AEs: darkened stool, diarrhea allieviated when coadministered with Vit C

contraindicated: organ transplants and autoimmune
interacts: immunosuppressive, sedatives, anticoags, and statins

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66
Q

Gelsemium sempervirens

  • indicated?
  • contraindicated?
  • drug interaction?
A

Yellow jasmine dried rhizome low dose herb
contains indole alkaloids and hydroxycoumarins
- anticholinesterase, vasodilation, hypotensive, bronchodilation, affects smooth muscles, analgesic, mydriasis
- it stimulates, then depresses neural function > antispasmodic, cardio-sedative

indication:ovarian cyst pain, topical on the os to induce labor, insomnia, fever, nervous unrest, headache, convulsions, neuralgia, dysmenorrhea, asthma

AEs: double vision, dry mouth, vomiting > loss of speech, pupil enlargement, trembling, paralysis, cyanosis, coma, death

contraindicated: hypotension, MG, pregnancy, resp or cardiac disease

could potentiate aspirin

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67
Q

Gentiana lutea

- actions?

A

Gentian rhizome and root
bitter, cholagogue, hepatotonic, sialogogue, antimicrobial, emmenagogue

indicated: dyspepsia, loss of appetite, flatulence, stimulates bile secretion, increases gut motility

AEs: excess stomach acid and nausea

CI: diarrhea, ulcers

interacts: PPIs

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68
Q

Geranium maculatum

  • contains which constituent?
  • indications?
A

American Cranesbill rhizome and leaves
*tannins - astringent, styptic, venotonic

indicated for: diarrhea and bleeding, hemorrhoids, gastritis, varicose veins, ulcers, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, dysmenorrhea

only to be used short term

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69
Q

Ginkgo biloba

  • actions?
  • indications?
  • contraindications?
A

ginkgo leaf

  • anti-neoplastic, anti-inflammatory, vasodilator, antioxidant, inflammation modulator, bronchodilator
  • nootropic: inhibits cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (caffeine), increases neuronal activity and memory
  • anti-platelet: inhibits PAF (platelet activating factor) to decrease plt agg and degranulation

indicated: atherosclerosis, intermittent claudication, impotence, post-ischemic stroke, phlebitis, cerebrovascular insufficiency (depression, dementia, poor memory)
contraindicated: intracranial bleed, severe bleeding
interactions: blood thinners, as it inhibits PAF

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70
Q

Glycyrrhiza glabra

  • use against what bug?
  • relationship to adrenals?
  • adverse effects?
  • contraindicated in?
  • interactions?
A

Licorice root
- Adaptogen, phytoestrogen, hepatoprotective, expectorant, anti-inflammatory, demulcent, antiviral, antibacterial hy pylori

Indicated in: stress, fatigue, may be helpful in HIV infection, cough, bronchitis, catarrh of URT, ulcers, sore throat, gastritis, appendicitis, constipation, to increase milk production, adrenocorticoid insuff, insomnia

AEs: can lead to pseudoaldosteronism, rhabdomyolysis, hypokalemia, reduces thyroid activity

contraindicated in HTN as it can increase corticosteroids and HTN, hyperaldosteronism, cirrhosis, hepatitis, CHF, diabetes, pregnancy, long term use

interacts: cardiac glycoside drugs
* protects mucosal damage from ASA*

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71
Q

Grindelia robusta

  • indicated?
  • important AE?
A

Gumweed leaves and flower asteraceae family
inflammation modulator, respiratory stimulant**, relaxing expectorant, antispasmodic, cardiac tonic

indicated: asthma, dry cough*, URTI, bronchitis, cough w arrhythmia/cardiac cough

AEs: *selenium overdose, bradycaria

72
Q

Gymnema sylvestre

  • indications?
  • contraindicated in?
  • interacts with?
A

Gymnema leaf
- hypolipidemic, anti-obesity

indicated: DM, metabolic syndrome, weight loss, hypercholesterolemia

AEs: aggravates reflux
contraindicated: GERD

interactions: will decrease insulin requirement, potentiates hypoglycemic drugs, could potentiate atorvastatin

73
Q

Hamamelis virginiana

  • contains?
  • used?
  • high doses can cause?
A

Witch hazel twig and leaf
contains tannins - astringent, anti-inflammatory, local hemostatic effects

indications: external use all cases of bleeding, hemorrhoids, varicose veins, bruises, inflammation. can control diarrhea and dysentery, sore throat, tonsillitis, acute catarrh. can use internally, but use common sense.

AEs: high doses can increase risk of esophageal and liver cancer (drinking teas 15-20 cups/day)

74
Q

Harpagophytum procumbens

  • actions?
  • indications? - interactions with pharm?
A

Devil’s claw rhizome
antiinflammatory, antirheumatic, anodyne, analgesic, bitter digestive stimulant, hepatic

indicated: arthritis, tendonitis, dyspepsia, lack of appetite, liver and GB complaints
interactions: ulcers, drugs not to be used with bitters, decreases the need for NSAIDs and other analgesics

75
Q

Humulus lupulus

  • actions
  • contraindicated
A

Hops whole dried flowers

  • humulone can inhibit gram + and - bacteria, some fungi and yeast. other constituent has a sedative effects
  • nervine and sedative, phytoestrogen activity, digestive bitter, cholagogue, mild laxative

indicated for: sleeplessness from worry, anxiety, nervousness, stimulate appetite and increase gastric juice secretion

AEs: nausea, headache

contraindications: depression, pregnancy
interacts: barbiturates

76
Q

Hydrangea arborescens

  • indicated? actions?
  • at high doses > ?
A

Seven barks rhizome
- diuretic, anti-lithic, antimicrobial

used in UTIs, prostatitis, BPH, urolithiasis, dysuria, urethritis, acute nephritis, *acute pyelonephritis

AEs: high doses can cause vertigo and feelings of constriction in the chest

77
Q

Hydrastis canadensis

  • actions, indications, AEs
  • drug interactions, vitamin interaction.
A

Golden seal rhizome
- hepatic, bitter, choleretic, anti-catarrhal, antimicrobial, immune modulator, antineoplastic, spasmolytic, astringent, “king of the mucous membranes”

indicated: acute cystitis, poor digestion, catarrh on mucous membranes, URTIs, candidiasis, vaginitis, mastitis, gastroenteritis, H pylori, intestinal parasites, cholera, staph skin infection

AEs: dysbiosis, berberine displaces BR from albumin, GI., dyspnea, bradycardia, spasms, delirium, hallucinations

CI: bitter digestive CIs, long term high doses

interacts: PPIs, hypoglycemic drugs, barbiturates, *reduces absorption of B vitamins, paclitaxel

78
Q

Hyoscyamus niger

  • what does it contain? who is it similar to?
  • death by?
  • interactions?
A

Henbane leaves low dose herb

  • contains tropane alkaloids* - parasympatholytic or anticholinergic effects
  • sedative, hypnotic, antispasmodic

indications: dyspepsia, spasms, cough, nervous irritability, insomnia, delirium

AEs: same as bella donna and datura, death by asphyxiation

contraindicated: tachy arrhythmias, prostatic adenoma, angle-closure glaucoma, megacolon
interactions: anticholinergic drugs and amantidine

79
Q

Hypericum perforatum

  • comparable to which classes?
  • indicated to help wean people off?
  • effect on what labs?
  • contraindicated when?
  • CYP?
A

St. John’s Wort buds

  • comparable to TCAs and SSRIs, dose is dependent on the inhibition of re-uptake for NE and 5-HTP > may increase serotonin, lower cortisol and act on GABA-R
  • antibacterial, anti-viral
  • anti-inflammatory, suppresses leukocyte infiltration on wounds
  • astringent, vulnerary, nervine

indicated: depression, anxiety, skin inflammation wounds, burns, blunt injuries, wean people off MAOIs

AEs: high doses with exposure to UV light causes rash, alopecia, diarrhea, indigestion, fatigue, depression, elevated liver enzymes

contraindicated: suicidal ideation, high doses in pregnancy

  • useful in HIV infection, but avoided in patients who take antiretroviral drug therapy as it changes the metabolism and could lead to underexposure and treatment failure
  • induces CYP450 3A4: decreases effectiveness of warfarin
  • contraindicated in people taking OCPs, benzos, TCAs, SSRIs, theophylline, cyclosporine, digoxin, warfarin
80
Q

Inula helenium

  • kind of cough?
  • contraindicated?
A

Elecampagne rhizome asteraceae family
- respiratory expectorant, antiseptic, diaphoretic, pulmonary tonic and demulcent (mucilage), antimicrobial and antihelminthic, antibiotic, antitussive, anticatarrhal

indicated: asthma, COPD, wet cough and dry cough, spasmodic cough, URTI, bronchitis, intestinal parasites

CI: pregnancy and allergy

81
Q

Iris versicolor

- indicated?

A

Blue flag root low dose herb
- lymphatic alterative, cholagogue

indications: skin disease - eczema and psoriasis liver detox, indicated for an enlarged thyroid or lymphatic enlargement that is soft, without pain

82
Q

Juglans nigra

  • treats?
  • side effect?
  • pregnancy?
A

Black Walnut bark, leaves, rind
antihelminthic, antiparasitic, astringent, antimicrobial, hypolipidemic

indicated: parasites and worms, chronic constipation, dysentery, hemorrhoids, high cholesterol

AEs: N/V/diarrhea, *carcinogenic, mutagenic

CI: pregnancy, long-term use

83
Q

Juniperus communis

  • indicated for?
  • AEs? constiuent responsible?
  • contraindicated?
A

Juniper berry
- diuretic, bacteriostatic, antiseptic, urinary sedative, digestive stimulant bitter

indicated: hypochlorhydria, dydpepsia, maldigestion, biliary insufficiency, dyskinesia, anorexia, atonic constipation, gas lower UTI and renal atonia

AEs: has thujone: emmenagogue, abortifacient, convulsions

CI: pregnancy, breastfeeding, inflammatory renal dz

84
Q

Larrea tridentata

  • topical for? internal for?
  • avoid in which pt populations?
A

Chaparral aerial parts
- infection, anti-neoplastic, antimicrobial, antiallergic, antispasmodic, expectorant

topical: herpes, poultice for resp problems, skin complaints
internal: ; allergic rhinitis, cancer, infections d/t bacteria, yeast, larvae, viruses, and parasites

AEs: has a strong tae, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, hepatotoxicity, contact dermatitis

contraindicated: NOT safe for use in children, can be hepatotoxic in large doses, high doses and long term use
interacts: hepatotoxic drugs and CYP450

85
Q

Leonurus cardiaca

  • contains what?
  • indications?
A

Motherwort whole plant

  • cardiac glycosides
  • hypotensive, inhibits myocardial cell firing, diuretic, antispasmodic (uterus and blood vessels), sedative (but takes months), improves mesenteric circulation and coronary perfusion

indicated: nervousness, irritable, restless, menopause, hyperthyroidism, palpitations/anxiety, reduced coronary perfusion
contraindicated: pregnancy

86
Q 
Leptandra virginica (Veronicastrum virginicum)
 - actions? indications? CIs?
A

Black root
- hepatic, bitter digestive and hepatotonic, diaphoretic

indicated: poor digestion, hepatitis, liver congestion, cholecystitis

CI: normal bitter digestive

87
Q

Ligusticum porteri

  • actions?
  • indications?
A

Osha root
- antimicrobial, antiviral, antiseptic, stimulant, diaphoretic, carminative, (similar to lomatium)

indication: upper and lower respiratory tract infection, viral infections, induces sweating

dont use in pregnancy

88
Q

Ligustrum lucidum

  • when is it used?
  • adjunct to chemo why?
A

Chinese privet
- Adaptogen, immune modulating, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic

indicated: infections, hypercholesterolemia, hepatitis, adjunct to chemo to protect BM
interacts: could antagonize immune suppression therapy

89
Q

Linum usitatissimum

  • richest source of?
  • indicated?
A

Flax seed richest known source of omega 3s and lignans
demulcent, laxative, emollient, antitussive, anodyne, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, antineoplastic/antimycotic/antioxidant/antiestestrogenic (lignans)

indicated: constipation, GI irritation, nutritive, hormone balance, breast CA
contraindicated: ileus, stricture, acute inflammation
interactions: could delay absorption of other drugs

90
Q

Lobelia inflata

  • how does it act?
  • used in? not used in?
A

Indian tobacco, Pukeweed aerial parts low dose herb

  • initially CNS stimulation > respiratory depression (similar to nicotine in that it has peripheral and central nervous system effects)
  • parturifacient when applied to the os. stimulating expectorant, lung tonic, spasmolytic, nervine, diuretic cathartic

indicated: used in wet/spasmodic cough, acute asthma, URTI, dyspnea, smooth muscle spasm. topical for rigid os preventing labor

AEs:tachycardia, diaphoresis, resp dep, unconsciousness, death will vomit first

contraindicated in dry cough (same as sanguinaria, aspidosperma), cardiac hypertrophy, HTN, heart block, weak, pregnancy, lactation, infants, high doses

91
Q

Lomatium dissectum

  • indications?
  • side effect?
A

Indian balsam root
- antiviral, bacterial and fungicidal, immune stimulating, antitussive, expectorant

indicated: viral resp infection, cough, cold, bronchitis, influenza, pneumonia, TB

side effects: photosensitization
safe for use in children, but can cause a full body pruritic rash in rare cases, looks like measles

contraindicated: pregnancy

92
Q

Lycopus virginicus

  • lowers 3 hormones?
  • dont give with?
A

Bugleweed aerial perts low dose herb
- antigonadotropic (lower PRL), antithyrotropic (inhibits peripheral de-iodination of T4 > T3 in the liver), will normalize an overactive thyroid, inhibits TSH which then lowers T4 production, corrects heart beat irregularity, cardiac sedative, nervine, calms nervous cough

indications: a mild overactive thyroid, hyperthyroidism, nervousness, insomnia, PMS
contraindicated: hypothyroidism, goiter, dont give with thyroid hormone, infertility, pregnancy
interactions: hypothyroid meds

93
Q

Matricaria recutita (chamomilla)

  • helps prevent?
  • contraindicated?
  • interacts with which drugs?
A

Chamomile flower Asteraceae family
carminative, mildly bitter digestive, sedative, anti-inflammatory, anodyne, antimicrobial, anti-allergy, vulnerary, anti-emetic, spasmolytic, diaphoretic, hypnotic, anxiolytic, nervine

indicated: IBD, digestion complaints, decrease stomach ulcer healing time, helps prevent formation of ulcers d/t ASA/EtOH/stress, relax smooth muscle, stimulate B-lymphocyte and macrophage activity, atopic derm, skin ulcers, wounds, N/V in pregnancy, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, leukorrhea, infant colic, gas, gastritis, smooth muscle spasms, fever, periodontal disease, gingivitis, insomnia, anxiety, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis

AEs: sensitivity to chamomile, pregnancy?

interacts: can potentiate sedatives - antihistamines, barbiturates, benzos, opiates, hydrocodone, morphine, trazodone, zolpidem

94
Q

Medicago sativa

  • actions?
  • indications?
  • be wary if spoiled, could contain?
  • contraindicated in 3 things?
  • interacts with what 4 drugs?
A

Alfalfa whole plant or seeds
- phytoestrogen, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, cholesterol lowering (saponins)

indicated: endometriosis, hyperestrogen, infertility, menopause

AEs: if spoiled, might contain E coli, bacillus cereus, salmonella

contraindicated: gout, SLE, pregnancy
interacts: hypoglycemic drugs, anticoags, HRT, CYP450

95
Q

Melaleuca alternifolia

  • what bugs can it kill?
  • indications?
A

Tea tree leaves
- antifungal, microbial and antiseptic, immune stimulating: causes autolysis of bacteria staph aureus, E coli

topical: dermatophytosis, onychomycosis, acne, thrush, vaginitis, staph skin infections, wounds, insect bites

can have a burning sensation

dont use over large areas of broken skin or internally

96
Q

Melissa officinalis

- indicated?

A

Lemon balm leaves and oil
carminative, anti-spasmodic, and sedative, antiviral

indicated for IBS from anxiety and depression, relieves colic, cardiac problems related to anxiety/restlessness, also used as a topical for skin irritations

safe for use in children

(Lemon balm, leonurus, and lycopus for hyperthyroidism)

97
Q

Mentha piperita

  • avoid in what disease?
  • pregnancy?
  • pharm interaction?
A

Peppermint leaves
spasmolytic, antiviral, antimicrobial, diuretic, carminative, sedative, cooling to skin

indicated for: nausea, flatulence, abd discomfort, and diarrhea, cholelithiasis, infant colic, IBS, IBD, nausea. vomiting.
topical - myalgia, OA, RA, headaches, strains, sprains

AEs: avoid with G6PD def, prolonged use as an inhalant

contraindications: pregnancy (emmenagogue), GERD, biliary occlusion, GB inflammation, severe liver damage
interacts: CCBs

98
Q

Mitchella repens

  • actions?
  • indicated for?
  • contraindicated?
A

Partridge berry aerial parts
- parturifacient, uterine tonic, emmenagogue, alterative, astringent, diuretic

indicated: dysmenorrhea, infertility, leiomyoma, menorrhagia, poor uterine tone, preparing for childbirth

contraindicated in early pregnancy

99
Q

Momordica charantia

  • indicated for?
  • contraindicated?
A

Bitter melon leaves, fruits, seeds, and seed oil
hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic, emmenagogue

indicated for: late-onset diabetes, non-insulin dependent diabetes

AEs: possible food intolerance

contraindicated: pregnancy d/t emmenagogue/abortifacient activity, hypoglycemia, lactation
interacts: antidiabetic agents could increase risk of hypoglycemia, anticholesterol agents

100
Q

Olea europaea

- contraindications?

A

olive dried leaves and fresh branches w flower

fruit: lecithin and bitter, leaf: bitter glycoside
- nutritive, emollient, demulcent

leaf: increases phagocytosis, bitter, antibacterial and antiviral, antiviral, antipyretic, antifungal, hypotensive and hypoglycemic

olive leaf extract (oil): calcium elenolate kills viruses and bacteria, oleuropein inhibits LDL oxidation and antioxidant, increases coronary blood flow, emollient, cholagogue, mild laxative, hypotensive, hypocholesterolemic

indications:
fruit oil: externally for dry skin, cradle cap, internally to decrease heart disease risk
leaf: HTN
leaf extract: malaria, chills, diarrhea, severe viral infection, fevers and chills

contraindications: large gallstones
cautions: take after meals as the extract is a GI irritant

could potentiate warfarin and hypoglycemic drugs

101
Q

Panax ginseng/quinquefolius

  • which is yin/yang?
  • indications?
  • weird AE?
  • contraindicated?
  • interactions?
A

Korean/American Ginseng
- Adaptogen, vulnerary, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, phytoestrogen, ginseng - yang tonic, quin - yin tonic

indicated: may be helpful in HIV infection, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, cancer, infection, auto-immune disease, male infertility, fatigue, stress, diabetes, hyperestrogenism, hypoestrogenism, opiate withdrawal

AEs: mastalgia, PMB, ginseng abuse syndrome: euphoria, diarrhea, nervousness, insomnia, HTN, skin eruptions

contraindicated: HTN, hemorrhage, asthma, anxiety, depression, psoriasis, long term use, high doses, pregnancy

could potentiate MAOIs, morphine, insulin, hypoglycemic drugs, immune drugs. antagonize warfarin, immune suppression therapy

102
Q

Passiflora incarnata

  • effect on heart?
  • indications?
  • contraindicated?
  • interactions?
A

Passion flower whole plant

  • glycosides with hypotensive effects, stimulates respiration
  • nervine, sedative, antispasmodic

indicated: insomnia, nervousness, restlessness, spasms, convulsions, nervous palpitations and tachycardia
contraindicated: pregnancy (uterine stimulant)
interacts: SSRIs, MAOIs, sedatives

103
Q

Pausinystalia yohimbe

  • action!
  • treats?
  • AEs?
  • contraindicated?
  • interacts with what drugs?
A

Yohimbe bark low dose herb
- aphrodisiac, *a2 adrenergic blocker, serotonin antagonist: stimulates erection and salivation, prolongs and strengthens erection, cerebral stimulant

indicated: impotence, ED, depression, narcolepsy

AEs: nausea, salivation, dizziness, nervousness, insomnia, anxiety, mania, mydriasis, HTN, edema fatigue, paralysis, HAs, diuresis, palpitations, tachypnea, resp paralysis, cardiac paralysis, death

contraindicated: schizophrenia, panic attacks, PTSD, CAD, severe edema, HTN, angina, peptic ulcer, renal disease, liver disease, prostatitis, pregnancy, lactation
interacts: a-adrenergic blockers, TCAs, MAOIs, sympathomimetics, clonidine, atropine

104
Q

Phytolacca americana

  • indicated?
  • large doses can cause?
  • contraindicated?
A

Poke Root low dose herb
- alterative, lymphatic, antiviral, saponins have an emetic effect

indicated: cleansing of lymph glands, URTI (catarrh, tonsillitis, laryngitis, swollen glands, mumps), topical for mastitis

AEs: large doses - emetic and purgative

CI: pregnancy, long term in lactation and high doses

105
Q

Piper methysticum

  • inhibits which enzyme?
  • indicated for what kinds of neuralgia?
  • toxic to which organ? other AEs?
  • pregnancy? breastfeeding?
  • drug interactions?
A

kava kava rhizome low dose herb
- analgesic (inhibits COX2), antinociceptive, inhibits the limbic system (sedative, anxiolytic) and sodium ion currents (skeletal muscle relaxant, antispasmodic)

indicated for anxiety, restlessness, tension, agitation, neuralgia (facial, trigeminal, toothache) can help with benzo withdrawal symptoms

AEs: hepatotoxicity, addictive, exfoliative dermatitis, ulcers, vomiting, LOC

contraindicated in hx of liver disease, depression as it increases suicide danger, enters breast milk and should not be used in pregnancy

interacts: antipsychotics and benzos

106
Q

Piscidia erythrina (piscipula)

  • indications
  • AEs?
  • contraindicated?
  • interactions?
A

Jamaican dogwood bark low dose herb
- sedative, analgesic, anodyne

indicated: anxiety, fear, daytime sedative, myalgia, spasms

AEs: in high doses - N/V, salivation, sweating, hyporeflexia, bradycardia, mydriasis, depressed consciousness, convulsion, respiratory depression, heart failure, death

contraindicated: pregnancy
interacts: sedatives

107
Q

Plantago major

- used for?

A

Plantain leaf and aerial parts

  • demulcent and vulnerary, astringent and antimicrobial for dermatitis, wounds and ulcerations
  • expectorant: ideal for coughs and mild bronchitis,
  • astringent: diarrhea, hemorrhoids, cystitis
108
Q

Podophyllum peltatum

  • indications?
  • die by?
A

American mandrake, mayapple rhizome and resin not used anymore low dose herb
purgative, antitumor

indicated: warts, constipation, cancer

AEs: should not be taken internally: can aggravate abd pain, bloody watery diarrhea, vomiting bile, collapse and death via resp failure

contraindicated: pregnancy, gallstones

109
Q

Prunus (Pygeum) africana(um)

  • action?
  • indication?
  • contraindicated?
  • what pharm and herbs does it interact with?
A

dried bark
- prostatic tonic, 5aRI, anti-inflammatory

indicated: BPH, chronic prostatits, low prostatic secretions

AEs: possible GI irritation, nausea, stomach pain

contraindicated: pregnancy, lactation
interacts: 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (finasteride, pygeum, serenoa)

110
Q

Prunus sertotina

- used in what kind of cough?

A

Wild black cherry, choke cherry inner bark
- relaxing expectorant, astringent, antitussive, mild sedative

indication:irritating/spasmodic cough, bronchitis and whooping cough

AEs: large doses are toxic

contraindicated: pregnancy

111
Q

Pulsatilla vulgaris

  • indications?
  • AEs?
A

Pulsatilla, Wind Flower, Pasque Flower, fresh whole plant
- antipyretic, strong local irritant to mucus membrane and skin, nervine, sedative, emmenagogue

indicated: pain, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, PMS, leukorrhea, insomnia, nervousness, headache, URTI, asthma, indigestion, IBS

AEs: extended contact with plant > blisters, unsafe orally

contraindicated: pregnancy

112
Q

Quercus rubra

  • contains which constituent?
  • indicated in what 2 things topically? 1 thing internally?
  • dont use if someone has this kind of anemia?
A

Red Oak bark
* tannins = astringent, styptic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic

topical: varicosities, anal fissure, wounds, burns, strains, sprains weeping eczema, hemorrhoids
douche: leukorrhea, vaginal prolapse, PP uterine bleeding
internal: **diarrhea*, dysentery, rectal bleed, IBD, ulcers

AEs: IDA*, malabsorption occurs with long time use

contraindicated: HF, constipation, IDA
interactions: tannins reduce drug absorption

113
Q

Rauwolfia serpentina

  • contains what? has what effect on heart?
  • contraindicated?
A

snake root low dose herb

  • indole alkaloid reserpine*
  • antihypertensive alkaloids: releases noradrenaline and inhibits its resorption > lowers catecholamines > hypotensive effect
  • antiarrhythmic alkaloids ajmaline

indications: HTN, nervousness, insomnia

AEs: nasal congestion, depression, tiredness, ED

contraindicated: depression, PD, ulceration, pheochromocytoma, pregnancy, lactation
interacts: increases alcohol impairment, increases effect of neuroleptics and barbituates, severe bradycardia with digitalis glycosides, herb effect is reduced w/ levodopa, increase in extra pyramidal motor sxs w sympathomimetics

114
Q

Rhamnus frangula and purshiana

  • how does it work as a laxative?
  • indications?
  • weird AE?
  • contraindications?
  • interactions?
A

Frangula and Cascara sagrada dried bark
laxative, cathartic, emetic, bitter *induces active secretion of electrolytes and water into the lumen and inhibits the absorption of water and electrolytes by stimulating contractions

indicated: constipation

AEs: harmless red urine and feces, pseudomelanosis coli

contraindicated: pregnancy, breastfeeding, obstruction, children < 12, for more than 1-2 weeks, bloody diarrhea
interacts: hypoK drugs

115
Q

Rhodiola rosea

  • indications
  • do not use with which patients?
A

Rhodiola root
- adaptogen, antistress, antioxidant, antineoplastic, cardioprotective

indications: increase physical endurance, work, productivity, longevity, resistance to altitude sickness, fatigue, depression, anemia, impotence, GI ailments, infections, nervous system most indicated for fatigue, exercise endurance, and general well-being

AEs: activating yet antidepressant effect - do not use in patients with bipolar, take early in the day to not interfere with sleep

contraindications: manic
interactions: could interact with stimulants

116
Q

Ricinis communis

  • how does it work?
  • how many beans will kill someone
A

Castor oil from seeds **severely poisonous*
laxative, purgative *ricinoleic acid > an anti-aborptive and secretogenic

indicated: constipation, external for inflammatory skin disorders, furuncles, carbuncles, abscesses

AEs: same as all cathartic laxatives. 12 beans can kill someone - death by hypovolemic shock - TX with IV diazepam and fluids

avoid hypoK drugs

117
Q

Rosmarinus officinalis

  • how is it used topical? internal?
  • at toxic doses > ?
  • pregnancy?
  • pharm interactions?
A

Rosemary oil from leaves
antimicrobial, hypertensive, circ stimulant, antioxidant, carminative, circulation improvement when applied topically, nervine

topical: myalgia, neuralgia, arthritis
internal: dyspepsia, loss of appetite

AEs: at toxic doses > coma, spasm, vomiting, death

CI: pregnancy, epilepsy

interacts: doxorubicin, vinblastine

118
Q

Rubus idaeus

  • used in?
  • contraindicated?
  • contains?
A

Raspberry leaves and fruit
- parturifacient (strengthens contractions, reduces hemorrhage during labor), uterine tonic, astringent, inflammation modulator

indicated: prep for labor as it strengthens uterine tone, diarrhea, leukorrhea, aphthous ulcers, gingivitis, conjunctivitis
contraindicated: early stages of pregnancy
* contains tannins, vitamin C

119
Q

Rumex crispus

- indications

A

Yellow Dock root
regulator, alterative, hepatoprotective, laxative

indicated: mild constipation, sluggish digestion, liver congestion, scurvy, blood cleansing, inflammatory and hormonal skin conditions - acne

AEs: same as other cathartic laxatives

contraindicated: GI irritation, kidney disease, oxalates
interacts: hypoK drugs

120
Q

Salix alba

  • used for?
  • adverse effects?
  • contraindicated in?
A

white willow bark
- analgesic, anti-inflammatory, febrifuge, anti-rheumatic

indicated: rheumatism, gout, fevers, aches, pains, menstrual pain, sweating, hot flashes

AEs: *salicylism (N/V) from tannins, Gi irritation, tinnitus, lethargy, dizziness, cerebral edema, seizures

contraindicated: children w flulike sxs REYES SYNDROME, salicylate sensitivity, G6PD def, pregnancy, lactation, long term use
interacts: acetaminophen and NSAIDs, warfarin

121
Q

Salvia officinalis

  • external and internal indications?
  • breast milk?
  • contains? contraindications?
A

Sage leaf
antimicrobial, anti-secretory, astringent, anti-inflammatory, carminative

indicated: inflammation of mouth throat and tonsils, internally as a mouthwash for gingivitis, glossitis, stomatitis, gargle for aphthous ulcer, laryngitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis. a compress for wound healing
internal: carminative, can *lessen production of breast milk

AEs: thujone emmenagogue, abortifacient, convulsions

contraindicated - large doses due to thujone, pregnancy (stimulates uterine contraction)

122
Q 
Sambucus nigra (and canadensis?)
 - how is the flower, leaf, and berry used differently?
A

elder berry

flower: diaphoretic, anti-catarrhal, anti-spasmodic: *cold and influenza, *any catarrhal URTI
leaf: diuretic, diaphoretic, expectorant, emollient, vulnerary: *topically for bruises, sprains, wounds
berry: diaphoretic, diuretic, laxative, antirheumatic: rheumatism
* safe for use in children

123
Q

Sanguinaria canadensis

  • actions?
  • uses?
  • internal indication and contraindication? cough?
A

Bloodroot low dose herb
- stimulating expectorant, escharotic, antimicrobial, cholagogue, sialogogue

external: cervical dysplasia, BCC, SCC, tinea pedia, warts, nasal polyps
oral rinse: gingivitis, periodontal disease, tickling cough, amenorrhea, hep A
stimulating expectorant used in wet cough to promote expectoration - but we dont use internally anymore - DEATH

Aes: oral leukoplakia with long term use

contraindicated in dry cough (same as aspidosperma, lobelia), closed angle glaucoma, pregnancy, lactation, infants

124
Q

Schisandra chinensis

  • actions?
  • indicated?
  • contraindicated?
  • interacts with? decreases harmful effects of? used in treatment of which med recovery?
A

Schisandra berries
- Adaptogen and immune modulating, hepatoprotective, stimulant, sedative, expectorant, anti-tussive, sexual tonic

indicated: chronic hepatitis, liver damage fatigue, physical stress debility, depression, insomnia, liver detox

contraindicated in autoimmune conditions, epilepsy, severe HTN, intercranial pressure

interacts:potentiates barbiturates, decreases acetaminophen toxicity, inhibits CYP 450, used for withdrawal from benzos and opiates

125
Q

Scutellaria bicalensis

  • indicated for?
  • contraindicated?
A

Chinese skullcap root
antioxidant, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antirheumatic, anticancer

indicated: Bi CLEANSE the SInuS asthma, hay fever, dermatitis, acute infections (different than lateriflora indications)

AEs: hepatotoxicity, sedation, hypotension

CI: early pregnancy

interacts: warfarin, sedatives, barbiturates, benzos, opiates, trazodone, zolpidem

126
Q

Scutellaria lateriflora

  • indications?
  • AEs?
A

skullcap aerial parts
- anti-spasmodic and nervine, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anodyne

indicated: need to LAY on the FLORA: insomnia, anxiety, pain, nervousness, headache, delirium, seizures, irregular arrhythmias, fasciculations* (different than bicalensis indications)

AEs: tremors, hepatotoxic

127
Q

Selenicereus (cactus) grandiflorus

  • similar to what other herb?
  • what drugs does it interact with?
A

night-blooming cactus flowers and stems low dose herb
similar effects to digitalis (stimulation, vessel dilation) but also stimulates motor neurons of the spinal cord
-sympathetic stimulant to the heart and kidneys, diuretic

indicated: impaired heart function, rapid pulse with edema, mitral regurgitation, angina, palpitations, chest pain, dyspnea, arrhythmia, prostatitis, kidney congestion

AEs: nausea, vomiting, arrhythmia, tachycardia, confusion, headache, GI distress, heart failure

contraindicated: pregnancy, lactation, and high doses
interactions: might potentiate MAOIs (phenelzine)

128
Q

Serenoa repens

  • how does it act?
  • indications?
  • interacts with what pharms?
A

Saw palmetto fruit
- prostatic tonic, 5aRI (anti-androgenic, antiestrogenic, anti-inflammatory: inhibits the binding of DHT to receptors > prevents accumulation of the steroid. inhibits conversion of T > DHT and DHT > androgens

indicated: BPH, inflammation of urinary tract and bladder, nocturnal enuresis, libido

AEs: pregnancy, BF

contraindicated prior to surgery as it carries a risk of hemorrhage

interacts: warfarin, 5aRI, hormone-like drugs, adrenergic drugs, iron *tannins

129
Q

Silybum marianum

  • actions?
  • reduces AEs fo which 4 drugs?
A

Milk Thistle seeds asteraceae family
hepatotropic, hepatorestorative, cholagogue, anti-inflammatory
*silymarin: inhibits the entrance of toxins into liver, decreases production of free radicals in Kuppfer cells, inhibits LT formation (cirrhosis and fibrosis), increases GSH production

indicated: dyspepsia, toxic liver damage, hepatic cirrhosis

AEs: sweating, abd cramping, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

contraindicated: pregnancy
interacts: protects against SEs of acetaminophen, cisplatin, cyclosporine, and MTX. potentiates doxorubicin

130
Q

Smilax spp

- indications, actions?

A

Sarsaparilla root
- alterative, antirheumatic, diaphoretic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic (steroidal saponins)

indicated: GOUT, chronic dermatitis, psoriasis, fevers, arthritis, rheumatic complaints, reduction of pain and inflammation associated with OA

131
Q

Solidago spp.

  • actions?
  • pulm indication? kidney indication?
  • contraindicated?
A

Goldenrod aerial parts Asteraceae family
- antimicrobial and anticatarrhal, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, carminative, expectorant

indicated: URTI with catarrh*, influenza, flatulence, cystitis, urethritis, dysuria, anuria

contraindicated in high doses and aster allergy

132
Q

Symphytum officinale

  • used internally and externally for?
  • what does it contain? how is that harmful?
A

Comfrey root, rhizome, and leaf

  • demulcent (ulcers), expectorant, vulnerary used topically for wound healing, astringent (hemorrhages)
  • allantoin stimulates cell proliferation to support wound healing - internal and external*

topical: wounds, dermatitis, osseous fractures, ulcer, bruises, gingivitis, mastitis
internal: dry cough, hemoptysis, inflammation of the lungs and GI, UTI, dysentery, GU bleed

AEs: HVOD, hepatic failure

CIs: cannot use internally d/t unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids that are heptotoxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic saturated ones are OK (tussilago, inula, echinacea)

use with caution if sign of infection as it can cause would to close too soon and trap the infection

133
Q

Tanacetum parthenium

  • main indication?
  • contraindicated?
  • interactions?
A

Feverfew leaf and flower Asteraceae family
- antiinflammatory (inhibits PGs, not COX. blocks plt granule secretion, decreases vascular smooth muscle spasm), vasodilator, bitter, antitumor, anti mast cell

indicated: prevention and treatment of *migraine headaches (so is petasites but isnt on our list), digestive problems, RA, irregular menstruation
topical: antispetic, toothache, insecticide

AEs: blood thinning

contraindicated: pregnancy - may stimulate uterine contractions, aster family
interacts: morphine, blood thinners

134
Q

Tanacetum vulgare

  • components that lead to properties?
  • indications?
  • pregnancy?
A

Tansy flowering herb low dose herb asteraceae family

  • thujone - insect repellent *sesquiterpene lactones in leaves are antimicrobial and antihelminthic *polysaccharides are ulcer protective
  • emmenagogue, bitter, and astringent

indicated: worms, parasites, gingivitis, weak digestion, amenorrhea
contraindicated: pregnancy, GI irritation

135
Q

Taraxacum officinale

  • root/leaf differences
  • dont use with what pharms? which vit does it deplete?
A

Dandelion root/leaf asteraceae family

  • root is a hepatotonic and cholagogue, bitter, antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory
  • leaf is a bitter, diuretic, antiviral, choleretic

root: poor digestion, cholecystitis
leaf: lower UTIs, urolithiasis, edema, topical warts, CHF

leaf: contraindicated w use of BBs
contraindicated in bitter digestive complaints and asteraceae

whole plant is diuretic (avoid with Lithium)

interacts: PPIs, Li, hypoglycemics, reduces vit B absorption

136
Q

Theobroma cacao

  • indicated for?
  • can cause what 3 SEs?
A

Cocoa seed skins
purine alkaloids (theobromine and caffeine), fats (oleic and stearic acid), protein substances, starch, saccharides (glucose and fructose), isoquinolone alkaloids, catechin tannins
-methylxantines/thebromine: diuretic, broncholytic, and vasodilatory, muscle relaxant, stimlate cardiac muscle

indications: bronchial smooth muscle spasms, cardiovascular health, diarrhea

AEs: tannins can cause constipation, insomnia in high doses, amines can trigger a migraine

137
Q

Thuja occidentalis

  • topical? internal uses?
  • avoid at high doses due to?
  • contraindicated?
A

Thuja leaves
genitourinary antiseptic, diuretic

topical: warts, leukorrhea, anal fissures, chancre, ulcers
internal: pharyngitis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, incontinence, enuresis, GU catarrh

AEs (at high doses): N/V/impotence, fatty liver, insomnia, nightmares, hallucinations, convulsions. Thujone is an emmenagogue, abortifacient, and possible carcinogen

CI: large doses (thujone), pregnancy (abortifacient(, and lactation

138
Q

Thymus vulgaris

- actions? indications?

A

Thyme leaf and flowering top
- bronchial antispasmodic and expectorant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, protozoan, antioxidant, spasmolytic, carminative

indicated: dyspepsia and slow digestion, infected wounds and respiratory and digestive infections, spasmodic cough, eases sore throats
contraindications: long term use, pregnancy

139
Q

Tilea europa

- indicated?

A

Linden flower
diaphoretic, antitussive, spasmolytic, nervine, analgesic

indicated: cough and bronchitis

140
Q

Tribulus terrestis

  • effects in men? women? heart?
  • indicated?
  • contraindicated?
  • interacts which what 3 pharm class?
A

Bindii aerial parts
- sex hormone enhancer (estrogenic in females and androgenic in males), negative chronotropic

indications: infertility, impotence, decreased libido, fatigue, convalescence, CAD

AEs: aggravates GERD, insomnia, menorrhagia

contraindicated: GERD, cholestasis, BPH, pregnancy, lactation
interacts: could potentiate cardiac glycosides, BBs, and CCBs

141
Q

Trifolium pratense

  • actions? indications?
  • contraindications?
A

Red Clover flower
- alterative, expectorant, anti-spasmodic, anti-tumor

indicated: childhood eczema, psoriasis, chronic skin conditions (topical). coughs, bronchitis, whooping cough cancerous growths (topical)
contraindicated: estrogen sensitive breast cancers (disproven), bleeding disorders
interacts: warfarin

142
Q

Tussilago farfara
- contains what constituent? what mineral?
indicated?
- how should it be prepared?

A

Coltsfoot flower and leaf
*pyrrolizidine alkaloids: antibacterial, carcinogenic and hepatotoxic. demulcent, antiinflammatory (zinc content), antitussive, expectorant, antispasmodic

indicated: soothing expectorant for as antispasmodic cough, chronic or acute bronchitis, irritating cough, whooping cough, asthma

AEs: pyrrolizidine alkaloids - however no danger if they are in a tea form in low amounts

contraindicated: pregnancy, lactation

synergistic w hepatotoxic drugs

143
Q 
Ulmus rubra (fulva)
 - take 2 hours away from ?
A

Slippery Elm inner rind
demulcent, astringent, anti-inflammatory

indicated: irritated and inflamed mucus membranes, externally as a poultice for wounds burns and swollen glands

take 2 hours away from iron

144
Q

Urtica dioica

  • topically used for? externally?
  • contraindicated?
  • interacts with which supplement?
A

Stinging Nettle flowering plant and roots

  • leaf is astringent, diuretic, rubefacient, counter-irritant
  • lignans in the root bing to SHBG of prostate tissue, inhibiting prostate cell metabolism and growth (BPH sx relief), think 5aR inhibitor

topical flowering plant: rubefacient for rheumatic dz
internal flowering plant: UTIs, kidney and bladder stones
internal root: prostate, irritable bladder - reduces prostate sxs by reducing residual urine and increasing flow it does not eliminate the enlargement

AEs: stinging from the fresh leaf

contraindicated: pregnancy (diuretic effects), when there is fluid retention d/t reduced heart or kidney function
interacts: tannins iron

145
Q

Usnea barbata

  • anti? not anti?
  • what bugs does it get?
A

Old Man’s Beard
antimicrobial and antifungal (not so much antiviral), bitter

inhibits gram + bacteria, M tuberculum, pneumococcus, strep hemolyticus, corynebacterium diphtheriae

can be hepatotoxic when using isolated usneic acid

146
Q

Vaccinium myrtillus

  • used for?
  • interacts?
A

Bilberry, Blue Berry leaf and fruit
- contains potent antioxidants, used for microvascular protection, venotonic, anti-diarrheal, nutrient, astringent, hypoglycemic

leaf: acute or chronic dysentery, cystitis, DM, (external for burns or skin disease)
fruit: diarrhea, myopia, retinopathies, inflammation, varicose veins

AEs: diarrhea, long term use of leaf can damage liver and kidneys d/y hydroquinones

contraindicated: pregnancy, lactation
interacts: insulin, hypoglycemics, tannins

147
Q

Valeriana officinalis

  • which NT does it effect?
  • contraindicated in?
  • interacts with other things that affect? lifestyle?
  • could decrease the absorption of ? due to ? content
A

Valerian root
- sedative, anodyne, spasmolytic, decreases degradation of GABA

indicated: insomnia, anxiety, smooth muscle spasms, epilepsy

AEs: drowsiness, headache, vertigo, restlessness, insomnia GERD, CNS paralysis

contraindications: liver disease
interactions: dont mix with other hepatotoxic agents - alcohol, opioids, barbs, benzos. *tannin content could decrease iron absorption

148
Q

Veratrum album/viride

  • actions?
  • what drug is the antidote in overdose?
A

american hellebore dried rhizome and root low dose herb
-circulatory depressant, antispasmodic, hypotensive

album: protoveratrine A and B are sensory nerve irritants and inhibit activation of Na channels
- indicated: internal hypertension and topical insecticide

viride: alkaloids inhibit activation of Na channels in heart cell regulators to reduce BP and slow HR
- indicated: rapid full pulse, HTN, fever, inflammation, flushed skin, blood shot eyes

AEs: lacrimation, salivation, vomiting, burning sensation in mouth and throat, inability to swallow, vertigo, paralysis, convulsions, death give atropine and send to ED

do not ever prescribe this. extremely toxic CI in pregnancy and lactation

149
Q

Verbascum thapsus

  • used for?
  • keynote cough?
  • contraindicated?
A

Mullein leaf and flower
demulcent, relaxing expectorant, astringent, antitussive. GU sedative, anodyne, diuretic

indicated: internally to reduce hard cough with soreness coughing and respiratory irritation (less commonly chronic cystitis and urinary incontinence), externally for otitis media/externa and rheumatic joints

internal use is controversial bc it contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids > liver damage

150
Q

Verbena officinalis

  • indications? contraindications?
  • pregnancy? lactation?
A

Vervain aerial parts

  • diaphoretic, expectorant, galactogogue, emmenagogue, antiperiodic (the prevention of commonly recurring sxs)
  • iridoid glycosides can cause paralysis and stimulates the uterus at high doses. verbenaline has antitussive and lactation-promoting properties

indicated: fever, sore throat, gargle, itchy skin, burns, arthritis, rheumatism, dislocations, contusions

dont use in pregnancy

151
Q

Viburnum opulus and prunifolium

- actions and indications

A

Cramp bark and Black Haw bark and root
-spasmolytic, astringent, emmenagogue, nervine, sedative, hypotensive

indicated: dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, PMS, threatened miscarriage, premature labor, smooth muscle spasms, acute urolithiasis, myalgia, HTN, arthritis

raw fruit will cause GI discomfort

152
Q

Vinca major/minor

  • what does it contain?
  • what drug is derived from it? to treat what?
A

Greater and lesser periwinkle dried leaves

  • hypotensive: vincamine alkaloids
  • circulatory stimulant/increased blood flow to the brain: vinpocetine pharmaceutical for alzheimers is derived from vincamine

indiacted: circulatory disorders, cerebral circulatory impairment, memory loss, hypertension, concussion management (get a CT first to rule out brain bleed)

AEs: GI complaints, flushing

contraindicated: pregnancy, severe cerebral hemorrhage

153
Q

Viscum album
Viscum flavescens (Phoradendron serotinum)
- used in?
- use away from what supplement?

A

European/American mistletoe twigs low dose herb

  • hypotensive, cytotoxic, immunostimulating: lectins: stimulated mononuclear phagocytic system and macrophage derived cytokines
  • antineoplastic: stimulation of enzymes that repair damaged DNA
  • anti-inflammatory, cerebral circulatory stimulant

indicated:
subQ injection: tumor inhibition
internal: HTN, weak irregular heart with hypertrophy, SOB, valvular insufficiency, nervous tachycardia, epilepsy, neuralgic or rheumatic pains

AEs: local inflammation around site, high fever, chills, headaches, death

contraindicated: chronic and progressive infections (TB, AIDS), CNS or spinal tumors, pregnancy, fever, allergy
interacts: tannins might complex with iron

154
Q

Vitex agnus-castus

  • effects on hormones?
  • indications?
  • contraindicated?
  • interacts with pharms that affect which NT?
A

Chaste Tree berry
- normalizes female sex hormones and pituitary gland function, uterine tonic (supports the corpus luteum by increasing progesterone and decreasing estrogen), galactagogue

indications: teen acne, fibroids cysts, trying to conceive, post OCP use, irregular menstruation, short cycles, dysmenorrhea, PMS, menopause

AEs: rashes

contraindicated: stop taking as soon as you become pregnant, lactation
interacts: DA antagonists and DA receptor blocking agents

155
Q

Withania somnifera

  • used for?
  • interactions with drugs?
A

Ashwagandha root
-Adaptogen, immune modulating, hypotensive, sedative, enhances cognition

indicated: stress, inflammation, insomnia, nervous exhaustion, asthma, bronchitis, infection, anxiety, low libido, opiate withdrawal
contraindicated: pregnancy
interacts: barbiturates, epileptics, immune suppression therapy

156
Q

Zingiber officinale

- dont take more than how many grams in preg?

A

Ginger root
carminative, antispasmodic, warming stimulant, anti-emetic, rubefacient, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, anti-inflammatory

indicated for: nausea, flatulence, abd discomfort, and diarrhea, loss of appetite, motion sickness, RA (inhibits COX and LOX)

AEs: Gi complaints

contraindicated: no more than 2 g in pregnancy, dont take with gallstones, not in pts at risk of hemorrhage
interacts: anticoags

157
Q

ZZ. Herbs that should not be used in children

A

Larrea, coleus, chelidonium, rhamnus, atropa, uva ursi, salix alba

158
Q

ZZ. Herbs with cardiac glycosides

A

coleus, convallaria, digitalis, leonurus

159
Q

ZZ. herbs/drugs with hypokalemic effects

which class of herbs do we want to avoid with hypokalemic substances?

A

diuretics (furosemide, HCTZ)
corticosteroids (hydrocortisone, prednisone, dexamethasone)
cardiac glycosides (digoxin, convallaria, digitalis, leonurus)
anti-arrhythmics (atenolol, propranolol, amiodarone)
pseudoephedrine
Glycyrrhiza

AVOID: diuretics and laxatives (as they can add to hypokalemia)

160
Q

ZZ. Low dose herbs

A 
Aconitum, Aspidosperma, Atropa
Baptisia, Bryonia
Convallaria
Datura, Digitalis
Ephedra
Gelsemium sempervirens
Hyoscyamus niger
Iris versicolor
Lobelia, Lycopus, Larrea
Yohimbe, Phytolacca, Piper methysticum, piscidia, Podophyllum, Pulsatilla
Rauwolfia
Sanguinaria, Selenicereus
Tanacetum, Thuja
Veratrums, Viscums
161
Q

ZZ. Name the 14 plants in the asteraceae family

People with allergies to the following should avoid Asters: pollen, ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, daisies, etc

A 
Arnica, Artemesia
Calendula, Cynara
Echinacea, Eupatoriums
Grindelia
Inula
Matricaria
Silybum, Solidago
Tanacetum, Taraxacum, Tussilago
162
Q

ZZ. pharmaceuticals (7) that have anticholinergic effects, and which herbs we avoid with them?

A

atropine, bupropion, dextromethorphan, dicyclomine, diphenhydramine, tiotropium bromide, tolterodine

belladonna, stramonium, hyoscyamus

163
Q

ZZ. we avoid these disease processes with bitter digestive stimulants

A

GERD, active peptic ulcers, gastritis, biliary obstruction, acute cholelithiasis, diarrhea

164
Q

ZZ. What needs to be avoided with Lithium due to increased risk of ?

A

diuretics: specifically arctium, galium, taraxacum whole plant

165
Q

ZZ. Which five herbs would you pick for acne: Achillea, Arctium, Berberis aquifolium, Rumex, Galium, Plantago, Symphytum, Solidago, taraxacum

A

arctium, berberis, rumex: inflammatory and hormonal skin conditions - acne
galium: alterative and lymphatic - acne and chronic skin diseases
taraxacum (whole plant): hepatoprotective and diuretic

achillea - bitter digestive stimulant, vulnerary, styptic
plantago - demulcent and vulnerary for dermatitis, wounds and ulcerations
symphytum - demulcent, expectorant, vulnerary used topically for wound healing
solidago spp - antimicrobial and anticatarrhal used in URTI

166
Q

ZZ. Which four would you use for reduction of pain and inflammation associated with OA? Boswellia serrata, Fucus vesiculosis, Curcuma longa, Esch californica, Corydalis spp. Harpagophytum procumbens, Smilax spp

A

Harpagophytum, Smilax, Curcuma, and Boswellia

fucus: RA and hypothyroidism
Corydalis: analgesic, hypnotic, and sedative used in dysmenorrhea
Esch: nerve pain, anxiety, insomnia (not joint pain)

167
Q

ZZ. Which herbs contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids and why would they be unsafe?

A

hepatotoxic and carcinogenic in large doses

  • petasides hybridus (not on list)
  • verbascum
  • symphytum
  • tussilago
168
Q

ZZ. Which plants are not safe for internal use?

A

Verbascum, Sanguinaria, Podophyllum, Pulsatilla, Melaleuca, Cineraria maritima, Bryonia *there mighttttt be more

169
Q

ZZ. Which six might you use for prostate cancer? Larrea tridentata, Sanguinaria, Ginkgo biloba, Ganoderma lucidum, Serenoa repens, Hydrangea arborescens, Juniperus communis, Curcuma longa, Gallium aparine, Camellia sinensis

A

Ganoderma, Curcuma, Larrea, Ginkgo, Camellia - antineoplastic
serenoa: inhibits T activity

arctostaphylos uva-ursi, hydrangea, juniperus: antimicrobial and used in UTIs

gallium: alterative for chronic skin disease and lower urinary tract infections - not prostate CA
sanguinaria: rarely used internally d/t escharotic action

170
Q

ZZ. Which three are indicated for uncomplicated cystitis? althea, alium, solidago, zea mays, eupatorium, matricaria, arctostaphylos uva-ursi

A

zea mays, althea, uva ursi (however they are not indicated in pyelonephritis - use ABX)

allium is antimicrobial, but not for UT
eupatorium is a diaphoretic and immune and digestive stimulant with an affinity for the resp and GI systems

171
Q

ZZ. Which three would be useful and safe in HIV infection? Panax ginseng, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Larrea, Baptisia, Echinacea, Hypericum, Usnea, Hydrastis, Solidago

A

Panax ginseng, Glycyrrhiza and Echinacea - helpful in HIV infection

Hypericum is also helpful in HIV infection, but is avoided in pts on ART
Larrea: cancer and infection, not HIV
Solidago: URTI with significant cattarh
Usnea: antmicrobial
Baptisia: URI with cattarh
Hydrastis: antimicrobial and immune modulating

172
Q

ZZ. Which three would you pick for IBS? mentha piperita, melissa officinalis, urtica dioica, zingiber officinale

A

melissa, mentha, zingiber

173
Q

ZZ. which herbs effect breast milk?

A

lessens: salvia
increases: glycyrrhiza, verbena

174
Q

ZZ. which herbs would you avoid with sympathomimetics?

what are the sympathomimetics?

A

ephedra, yohimbe, rauwolfia

S: albuterol, epinephrine, phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine, salbutamol

175
Q

ZZ. go through all of the coughs and which herb is indicated? wet, dry, spasmodic?

A

wet: aspidosperma, inula, lobelia, sanguinaria
dry: grindelia, inula, symphytum
spasmodic: asclepius, ceanothus, datura, hyoscyamus, inula, larrea, lobelia*, prunus, thymus, trifolium, tussilago

176
Q

ZZ. Herbs that interact with CYP:

inhibitors and inducers

A

garlic (allium sativum), ginkgo, ginseng, goldenseal (hydrastis), grapefruit juice
milk thistle, SJW, echineacea, piper methysticum, vaccinium, mentha piperita

NPLEX 2 Flashcards (13 decks)

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